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This article is about the mountain lion. For other uses, see P22.

P-22
P-22 in 2019
Other name(s)
  • P-022[1]
  • Puma 22
  • Hollywood Cat
SpeciesCougar (Puma concolor)
SexMale
Bornc. 2009 or 2010[1]
Santa Monica Mountains, California, U.S.
DiedDecember 17, 2022(2022-12-17) (aged 12–13)
San Diego, California, U.S.[2]
Cause of deathEuthanasia
Resting placeGriffith Park, Los Angeles, California
ResidenceGriffith Park, Los Angeles, California
Parent(s)
  • P-001 (father)
  • unknown female mountain lion (mother)
Weight123 lb (56 kg) (2012)[1]

P-22 (c. 2009/2010 – December 17, 2022) was a wild mountain lion who resided in Griffith Park in Los Angeles, California, on the eastern side of the Santa Monica Mountains.[1][3] P-22 was first identified in 2012[4] and was the subject of significant media attention, including numerous books, television programs and other works of art.[5][6] P-22 was often recorded prowling in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles.[6][7][8] He was monitored by a radio collar.[9][10] P-22 remained in Griffith Park for ten years until he was captured on December 12, 2022. He was then euthanized on December 17, 2022, after examinations revealed he was suffering from traumatic injuries consistent with being hit by a car, in combination with several longer-term health issues.[11][12]

Early life

[edit]

P-22 was born circa 2010 in the western part of the Santa Monica Mountains to P-001 and an unknown female lion.[1] Sometime before 2012, P-22 headed east within the Santa Monica Mountains to Griffith Park, where he settled after crossing two major Los Angeles freeways (Interstate 405 and Route 101).[3][13] His success in evading traffic on these major routes was highlighted, since multiple mountain lions have died after being struck by vehicles on Los Angeles freeways.[6][14] The exact route for P-22's journey is unknown.[15]

In Los Angeles

[edit]
P-22's home range (in red, right bottom) in comparison to other pumas'

The U.S. National Park Service noted that P-22's nine-square-mile Griffith Park habitat (23 km2) is too small for an adult cat by a factor of 31 and that it was unlikely he would ever find a mate there.[1] It’s the smallest ever recorded range for an adult male mountain lion.[16][note 1]

P-22 primarily resided in Griffith Park but was spotted by Angelenos throughout the Los Angeles neighborhoods of the Hollywood Hills,[18][19][20][21] Los Feliz,[22][23] and Silver Lake.[24][25]

2012 discovery

[edit]

The Griffith Park Connectivity Study, funded by Friends of Griffith Park, was launched in mid-2011. FoGP entered a study agreement and purchased thirteen wildlife cameras. The study objective was to evaluate the movement of large and medium-sized mammals to and from Griffith Park and the surrounding open space. It was the first project in the Griffith Park region targeting potential corridors. The study was expanded further in 2013, to include tunnels to the LA River and other passages.

Daniel S. Cooper led the study. Erin Boydston of USGS Western Ecological Research Center also supported the project. Miguel Ordeñana joined as a field biologist. The three ecologists, Cooper, Boydston, and Ordeñana, soon began to document deer, bobcats and coyotes crossing via one of the overpass bridges of the Hollywood Freeway in Cahuenga Pass. Ordeñana, poring over hundreds of motion-triggered photos, saw the first camera image taken on February 12, 2012 of the hind quarters of a male mountain lion on a rugged ridgeline just above Ford Theatre. The team released a Study Update in March 2012.[26][27][28][29]

Jeff Sikich led the mission to catch him. He was first caught in March of 2012.[27] He was fitted with an electronic neck collar that recorded his location over time.[15] He then weighed 90 pounds (41 kg).[1] He was designated P-22.[27] P is short for "puma" and 22 refers to him being the 22nd puma in the ongoing puma study.[1][3][note 2]

2013 National Geographic photos

[edit]

National Geographic photographer Steve Winter worked with Jeff Sikich, a wildlife biologist with the National Park Service,[31][33] to photograph P-22. He spent 15 months putting up camera traps in Griffith Park, and getting his cameras stolen, before capturing the now-famous photo of P-22 under the Hollywood Sign.[9][33] This image appeared in the December 2013 issue of National Geographic.[33]

2014 health issues

[edit]
P-22 in March 2014 before his treatment for mange (left) and in December 2015, after treatment (right)

In 2014, the National Park Service reported that P-22 had contracted mange stemming from exposure to anti-blood-clotting rat poison.[34][35] The Park Service captured P-22, administered topical medications and injections of vitamin K in efforts to treat him, then released him back into Griffith Park. The mange eventually subsided and P-22's health improved. The National Park Service again captured P-22 in December 2015 and found he had fully recovered, gaining 15 pounds.[36][37]

2016 koala killing

[edit]

In 2016, the Los Angeles Zoo reported the disappearance of an elderly koala named Killarney, whose carcass was found outside of the koala enclosure.[38][39][40] Surveillance footage from the zoo showed P-22 (then seven years old) nearby on zoo grounds, although neither the GPS-tracking data nor camera footage recorded an actual interaction between the two animals.[38][39][41] Los Angeles City Council member Mitch O'Farrell called for investigating the relocation of P-22 after the incident.[42] The National Park Service called the koala killing "normal predatory behavior", and the Zoo declined to ask for a depredation permit for P-22, instead opting for more secure enclosure methods for some of its animals at night.[40]

Capture and death

[edit]

The National Park Service and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife announced in December 2022 that they would capture P-22 to evaluate his health,[43] following a pair of attacks on chihuahuas in the city.[44] Changes in his behavior had also been noticed including appearing to be agitated and venturing farther from his usual range.[45] On December 12, he was located in a Los Feliz homeowner's backyard and tranquilized by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.[46] He was first triaged at the Los Angeles Zoo, and then taken to the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. Officials initially said he was in stable condition[46][47] and were considering all options, including releasing P-22 back into the wild or keeping him in a wildlife sanctuary, but that euthanasia was off the table unless P-22 was determined to be suffering from a "really serious" health condition.[48]

The next day, officials announced that P-22 would likely not be released back into Griffith Park, and that his health had deteriorated. According to the Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Park Service, he was found to be significantly underweight, with thinning fur, possible mange, and damage to his right eye, possibly from a vehicle—a vehicle collision with a mountain lion had been reported the night of December 11, and P-22's radio collar data supported the idea that he had been the mountain lion involved.[11][49] Officials said P-22 would undergo further medical evaluations before a decision was made.[49]

He was examined by a team of doctors at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park which revealed serious health issues. His injuries included skull fractures, injuries to his right eye, skin injuries, and herniation of abdominal organs into his chest.[50] In addition to those health issues, P-22 was found to be suffering from multiple longer-term medical problems, including stage 2 kidney failure, heart disease, a parasitic skin infection of Demodex gatoi, and weight loss (he weighed 90 lb (41 kg) instead of his typical 125 lb (57 kg)).[12][2][51] On December 17, at 9:00 a.m., P-22 was euthanized.[11][12] A necropsy found he had a systemic ringworm infection which was a first to find this concurrent with a demodectic mange infection in a California mountain lion. The examination confirmed that the multiple severe injuries and chronic conditions impaired his ability to function in the wild and would have lowered his quality of life if placed in human care.[52]

Burial

[edit]

More than a year prior to P-22's actual death, Miguel Ordeñana applied for the Natural History Museum — in the event of P-22's death — to receive his remains for research purposes, and thought that P-22 would be put on display at the museum.[53] When P-22 died, local Native American tribes, who call mountain lions teachers, requested P-22 to be buried near Griffith Park with a ceremony that honors his spirit.[54] The museum announced that they did not plan to taxidermy his body or put his remains on display.[53]

After a necropsy, P-22 was transported from San Diego to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.[12] A blessing ceremony was held by museum officials and descendants from Gabrieleño/Tongva, Tataviam, and Chumash, Gabrielino-Shoshone, Akimel O'otham, and Luiseño Tribes to "welcome P-22 back to his homeland".[55] His remains were stored in a freezer at the museum until he was buried on March 4 in the Santa Monica Mountains at an undisclosed location.[56] The funeral was done in collaboration with local Indigenous partners, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Natural History Museum and the National Park Service.[57][58][59]

Legacy and tributes

[edit]
Park rangers and volunteers during P-22 Day in 2017

Numerous members of the community and public figures released statements or condolences shortly following news of his death, including Governor of California Gavin Newsom, U.S. representative Adam Schiff, California State Representative Laura Friedman, and Los Angeles City Councilmember Nithya Raman, among many others.[60][61][62][63][64] In his statement, Newsom said that "P-22's survival on an island of wilderness in the heart of Los Angeles captivated people around the world and revitalized efforts to protect our diverse native species and ecosystems."[60] The Greek Theatre in Griffith Park was the site of a celebration of the life of P-22, presented by National Wildlife Federation on February 4, 2023.[65]

In 2016, Beth Pratt, a California regional executive director for the National Wildlife Federation helped establish the #SaveLACougars campaign and held the first celebration of P-22 Day.[66] The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County has an exhibit about him.[67]

Since first being spotted in Los Angeles, P-22 became the subject of multiple books, television programs, and works of art. More broadly, the image of P-22 has risen to use as a symbol representing Los Angeles culture and wildlife conservation both in California and more generally.[68][69][66] Articles commemorating P-22 before and after his death noted the challenges the mountain lion faced. The Los Angeles Times' obituary for P-22 called him "an aging bachelor who adjusted to a too-small space in the big city," and described his border-crossing journey to Griffith Park as something that many Los Angeles residents could empathize with.[11]

The Los Angeles Public Library issued a limited-edition library card featuring P-22 in the National Geographic photo with the Hollywood Sign in the background.[70]

In February 2023, Southern California U.S. representatives Adam Schiff, Julia Brownley, and Ted Lieu wrote a letter to the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee nominating P-22 to appear on a future stamp design.[71]

Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing

[edit]

P-22 became the poster puma for the promotion of the Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing. In order to get to Griffith Park, P-22 had to cross two freeways, the 101 and the 405.[72] While he survived his crossings, many pumas do not. The wildlife crossing over the 101 freeway was proposed in 2015. The funds were raised, and the project broke ground in April 2022.[73][74]

Murals

[edit]

Multiple murals around the city prominently feature P-22. Muralist Jonathan Martinez painted three: one in Watts, one at Esperanza Elementary School in Westlake, and another at Ladera STARS Academy in Thousand Oaks.[75][76][77][78] In 2022, artist Corie Mattie painted two P-22 murals, one in Silver Lake as a part of the #SaveLACougars campaign, and the other in Fairfax following P-22's death.[79][80][81] Mattie painted a third P-22 mural on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood in 2024.[82]

[edit]

Books

[edit]
Year Title Author Publisher Notes Ref.
2017 We Heart P-22: A Coloring + Activity Book Celebrating L.A.'s Most Famous Mountain Lion Narrated Objects [83][84]
2018 P-22: The Journey Sherry Mangel-Ferber and Calandra Cherry Ghost Cat Publications [85]
2020 The Cat That Changed America Tony Lee Moral [5][86]
2020 P-22: The Park Calandra Cherry and Sherry Mangel-Ferber Ghost Cat Publications [5]
2021 Cougar Crossing: How Hollywood's Celebrity Cougar Helped Build a Bridge for City Wildlife Meeg Pincus Beach Lane Books Illustrated by Alexander Vidal [87][88][89]
2023 Open Throat Henry Hoke Farrar, Straus and Giroux Fictionalized portrayal of P-22

Film and television

[edit]
Year Title Notes Ref.
2017 The Secret Diary of P-22 Short film [90][91]
2017 The Cat That Changed America [69][30][92]
2022 America's Most Infamous Mountain Lion [27]

P-22's highway journey was parodied in an easter egg in season 4 episode 6 of the television show Bojack Horseman.[93][94] He was also featured in a clue on the game show Jeopardy! in 2022.[95] P-22 was mentioned in the Hulu original series, This Fool. When the main character Julio Lopez is taken for an unwanted hiking trip by his ex-girlfriend Maggie, he worries that they will be devoured by P-22. The mountain lion later appears instead to menace a happy couple who has just gotten engaged.[96][97] A memorial dedication was included at the end of the season 2 premiere episode The Rooster.[98]

Playwright Amy Raasch portrays P-22 in her recurring one-woman stage production The Animal Monologues.[99][100]

Music

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ P-22 is likely not the first mountain lion to have taken up residence in Griffith Park, although the duration of his stay was remarkably long. A mountain lion's body was found in Griffith Park sometime in 1996 or 1997, after being hit by a vehicle. Another mountain lion was sighted several times in Griffith Park in 2004 and rangers found evidence (including deer remains) to support its presence there.[17]
  2. ^ Mountain lions studied by the National Park Service in the Santa Monica Mountains are numbered sequentially by capture date.[30][31] In 2015, radio station KPCC held a poll to choose a "more personal" common-use name for P-22. Proposed names included Felix (like Felix the Cat), Yossarian (based on Catch-22), Tukuurot (Tongva word for mountain lion), Pete Puma (Looney Tunes), Pounce de Leon (Juan Ponce de León), Huell, and Puma Thurman (Uma Thurman). However, the winning name by a large margin was P-22, and so his name stayed.[32]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b "Mountain Lion P-22 Compassionately Euthanized Following Complete Health Evaluation Results" (Press release). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. December 17, 2022. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Groves, Martha (August 14, 2012). "Mountain lion makes itself at home in Griffith Park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  4. ^ "Mountain Lion Captured, Collared and Released in Griffith Park Area". National Park Service. April 9, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Guldimann, Suzanne (December 18, 2020). "Two New Books Celebrate the Life of Mountain Lion P-22". Topanga New Times. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Gammon, Katharine (February 13, 2022). "'The Brad Pitt of mountain lions': how P22 became Los Angeles' wildest celebrity". The Guardian. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  7. ^ Martinez, Christian (April 7, 2022). "Mountain lion P-22 makes another curious visit to the 'luckiest person in L.A.'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  8. ^ Pridgen, Andrew (October 5, 2022). "'They're out there': Why California mountain lion sightings are on the rise". SFGATE.
  9. ^ a b Keefe, Alexa (November 14, 2013). "A Cougar Ready for His Closeup". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021.
  10. ^ Bradley, Ryan (2016). "Mysterious American Cat: The Mountain Lions of Los Angeles". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 92 (3): 24–29. JSTOR 26447081.
  11. ^ a b c d Nelson, Laura J.; Queally, James (December 17, 2022). "P-22, L.A. celebrity mountain lion, euthanized due to severe injuries". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d Kiszla, Cameron (December 17, 2022). "P-22 euthanized days after capture; cougar had been struck by car, wildlife officials say". KTLA. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  13. ^ Witt, Emily (May 17, 2022). "An Urban Wildlife Bridge is Coming to California". The New Yorker.
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  35. ^ Hillard, Gloria (June 21, 2014). "LA Mountain Lion A Poster Cat For California's Rat Poison Problem". Weekend Edition Saturday. NPR.
  36. ^ Kim, Jed (January 7, 2016). "Mountain lion P-22's health much better in latest checkup". KPCC.
  37. ^ Branson-Potts, Hailey (January 7, 2016). "Griffith Park mountain lion P-22 looking healthy again". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022.
  38. ^ a b Martinez, Michael (March 10, 2016). "Mountain lion featured in National Geographic mauls koala in L.A. Zoo". CNN.
  39. ^ a b Serna, Joseph; Branson-Potts, Hailey (March 11, 2016). "Is P-22 mountain lion too dangerous for Griffith Park? Koala death sparks debate". The Baltimore Sun.
  40. ^ a b Kaplan, Sarah (March 17, 2016). "L.A. Zoo to the mountain lion that probably ate its koala: No hard feelings". The Washington Post.
  41. ^ Domonoske, Camila (March 11, 2016). "LA's Famous Mountain Lion Suspected In Koala Killing". The Two Way. NPR.
  42. ^ Lovett, Ian (March 23, 2016). "Prime Suspect in Koala's Murder: Los Angeles's Mountain Lion". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  43. ^ "California Department of Fish and Wildlife and National Park Service Team Up to Evaluate P-22". wildlife.ca.gov (Press release). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. December 8, 2022. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  44. ^ Yee, Gregory (December 10, 2022). "The search for P-22 is on. Here's why capturing L.A.'s star mountain lion could take weeks". Los Angeles Times.
  45. ^ Kranking, Carlyn (December 19, 2022). "Why Los Angeles Fell in Love With the Mountain Lion Known as P-22". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  46. ^ a b Martinez, Christian; Nelson, Laura J.; Solis, Nathan (December 12, 2022). "P-22 captured in backyard of Los Feliz home, resident says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  47. ^ Albeck-Ripka, Livia (December 12, 2022). "The Lion Sleeps Tonight: P-22, Elusive L.A. Fixture, Is Captured". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  48. ^ Martinez, Christian; Solis, Nathan; Nelson, Laura J.; Yee, Gregory (December 13, 2022). "What will happen to P-22 after his capture? 'No options are off the table' for big cat". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  49. ^ a b Martinez, Christian; Solis, Nathan (December 13, 2022). "P-22's health seriously deteriorating, with euthanasia or sanctuary possible". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  50. ^ Heyward, Giulia (December 17, 2022). "P-22, Hollywood's famous mountain lion, is euthanized after suffering injuries". NPR News. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  51. ^ Pratt, Beth (December 17, 2022). "A Eulogy for P-22, A Mountain Lion Who Changed the World". nwf.org. National Wildlife Federation.
  52. ^ "Final necropsy results released for mountain lion P-22". CDFW News. California Department of Fish and Wildlife. June 14, 2023. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  53. ^ a b Solis, Nathan (December 23, 2022). "Dispute arises over P-22's remains as Indigenous people fight for Griffith Park burial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
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  57. ^ Arce, Ernesto; Ogilvie, Jessica P. (March 6, 2023). "P-22 Has Been Laid To Rest In The Santa Monica Mountains In A Private Ceremony". LAist. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
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  60. ^ a b "Governor Newsom Statement on Mountain Lion P-22". gov.ca.gov (Press release). Sacramento, California. Office of Governor of the State of California. December 17, 2022.
  61. ^ McDaniel, Justine (December 17, 2022). "Iconic L.A. mountain lion euthanized after 'extraordinary life'". The Washington Post.
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  69. ^ a b Dickinson, Ian (March 11, 2021). "World's largest wildlife crossing one step closer to becoming a reality". Earth Touch News Network.
  70. ^ Von Quednow, Cindy; Riesmeyer, Andy (February 23, 2023). "Los Angeles Public Library releases limited-edition library card honoring P-22". KTLA. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  71. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (February 3, 2023). "A P-22 postage stamp? Schiff kicks off effort to honor L.A.'s celebrity puma". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  72. ^ Cowan, Jill (May 4, 2023). "The Enduring Power of a Big Cat in Star-Obsessed Los Angeles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  73. ^ Guidi, Ruxandra (May 1, 2022). "The lion king of Los Angeles". High Country News. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  74. ^ "Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing". Annenberg Foundation. July 10, 2023.
  75. ^ City News Service (April 19, 2021). "New Watts mural features famed P-22 mountain lion". KNX News 97.1 FM.
  76. ^ Keller, Bertram (May 27, 2021). "Mural in Watts Illustrates When Nature Imitates Life". Los Angeles Sentinel.
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  82. ^ Tokumatsu, Gordon (October 17, 2024). "Muralist honors legendary mountain lion P-22 with artwork in Hollywood". NBC4.
  83. ^ We Heart P-22: A Coloring + Activity Book Celebrating L. A.'s Most Famous Mountain Lion. Narrated Objects. November 2017. ISBN 9780999167007.
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