Ottoman–Persian Wars

Ottoman–Persian Wars
	Part of the Ottoman–Persian Wars and also Ottoman wars in Asia
Date	1514–1918
Location	Mesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus)
Result	Inconclusive
Belligerents
Safavid Empire; Afsharid Iran; Zand Iran; Qajar Iran; Kingdom of Kartli (1578–1588); Kingdom of Kakheti (1578); Principality of Samtskhe (1578, 1582–1587); Principality of Guria (1583–1587)	Ottoman Empire; Crimean Khanate; Kingdom of Imereti; Principality of Guria (1578–1583, after 1587); Principality of Mingrelia; Principality of Samtskhe (1578–1582); Shaybanids

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (historically known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)^[1]	Selim I	Ismail I	None	Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555^[2]	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	Ottoman Empire ^[3]
War of 1578–1590^[4]	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612, first stage	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)	Persian Empire
War of 1603–1612, second stage^[5] Shah Abbas' invasions of Georgia (1614–1617)	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639^[6]	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735, first stage Western Persia campaign of 1730 Tahmasp's campaign of 1731	Ahmed III, Mahmud I	Tahmasp II	Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732)	Ottoman Empire^[7]^[8]^[9]
War of 1730–1735, second stage^[10]	Mahmud I	Abbas III	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746^[11]	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive^[12]
War of 1775–1776^[13]	Abdulhamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	Persian Empire^[14]
War of 1821–1823^[15]	Mahmud II	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Persian Empire
Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)	Abdul Hamid II	Muzaffereddin Shah Qajar, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Ahmad Shah Qajar	None	Ottoman Empire
Persian Campaign of World War I	Mehmed V	Ahmad Shah Qajar	None	Inconclusive

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339–340
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277–281
^ Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21–25
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43–45
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78–82
^ Erewantsʻi, Abraham; Bournoutian, George (1999). History of the wars: (1721–1736). Mazda Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1568590851. (...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (23 December 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. ISBN 978-1851096725. Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions
^ A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-1438110257. But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1–8
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22–25
^ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
^ "KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.
^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195

Sources

Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.

[1] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339–340

[2] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277–281

[3] Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280

[4] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21–25

[5] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43–45

[6] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78–82

[7] Erewantsʻi, Abraham; Bournoutian, George (1999). History of the wars: (1721–1736). Mazda Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1568590851. (...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.

[8] Tucker, Spencer C. (23 December 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. ISBN 978-1851096725. Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions

[9] A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-1438110257. But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)

[10] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1–8

[11] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22–25

[12] Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170

[13] "KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica".

[HMF-14] Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.

[15] Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195

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v t e Safavid Iran
Dynasty	Safavid shahs List of mothers of the Safavid shahs Safavid dynasty Safavid dynasty family tree Grand viziers
Ideology and religion	Safaviyya Ideology of Safavids Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
Culture	Art Miniature School of Isfahan
Military and wars	Military of Safavid Iran Ottoman–Persian Wars Persian–Portuguese War Russo-Persian War Persian–Uzbek wars Mughal–Persian Wars Georgian-Safavid Wars Defensive walls
Other related topics	Ottoman–Safavid relations Gunpowder Empire Abbasi Abazi

See also

References

Sources