Onychonycteris
| Onychonycteris Temporal range: Early Eocene
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|---|---|
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| Fossil | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | †Onychonycteridae |
| Genus: | †Onychonycteris |
| Species: | †O. finneyi
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| Binomial name | |
| †Onychonycteris finneyi Simmons, Seymour, Habersetzer, and Gunnell 2008
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Onychonycteris is the more primitive of the three oldest bats known from complete skeletons, having lived in the area that is current day Wyoming during the Eocene period, 52.5 million years ago.
Taxonomy
[edit]Two specimens of Onychonycteris were found in the Green River Formation in 2003, and placed in a new family when the discovery was published in Nature, in February 2008.[1] Onychonycteris means "clawed bat", in reference to the fact that this animal had claws on all five of its digits, whereas modern bats only have claws on the thumb (in most species) or thumb and index finger (in pteropodids).[1] The specific epithet is a tribute to the fossil prospector and preparator who discovered it, Bonnie Finney.[1]
Description
[edit]
Onychonycteris was unique among bats in that it had claws on all five fingers, as opposed to two or three in all other known species.[2] Its unique limb proportions represent an intermediate between bats and non-flying mammals, with longer hind-limbs and proportionally shorter wings.[1] The aerofoil of O. finneyi lacks any aerodynamic equivalent among known bats,[3] and this aerofoil likely contributed to an undulating flight style that alternated fluttering and gliding.[1] This flight style may represent both a functional and evolutionary intermediate between gliding and powered flight.
Paleobiology
[edit]Flight vs. echolocation
[edit]Onychonycteris finneyi was the strongest evidence so far in the debate on whether bats developed echolocation before or after they evolved the ability to fly. O. finneyi had well-developed wings, and could clearly fly, but lacked the enlarged cochlea of all extant echolocating bats, closely resembling the old world fruit bats which do not echolocate.[1] This indicates that early bats could fly before they could echolocate.[4]
However, an independent evaluation of the Onychonycteris reference fossil in 2010 provided some evidence for other bone structures indicative of laryngeal echolocation, raising the possibility that Onychonycteris finneyi possessed the ability to echolocate after all.[5] They did acknowledge that the fossil itself has been flattened by the fossilization process (a 'pancake fossil'), and thus it was difficult to ascertain the exact bone structure and configuration, a fact that still casts a degree of uncertainty on the results of both studies.[6]
It is unknown whether Onychonycteris had the large eyes of most nocturnal animals as specimens with intact eye sockets have yet to be found.[1] A lack of enlarged eyes would indicate that this species may have been diurnal, solving the problem of how primitive bats evolved flight without the ability to navigate at night using echolocation.
Onychonycteris occurs alongside Icaronycteris index, previously thought to be the most primitive known bat species,[7] and Icaronycteris gunnelli.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Nancy B. Simmons; Kevin L. Seymour; Jorg Habersetzer; Gregg F. Gunnell (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation". Nature. 451 (7180): 818–21. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 14, 2008). "Primitive Bats Took to the Wing, but They Didn't Have That Ping". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ Amador, Lucila I.; Simmons, Nancy B.; Giannini, Norberto P. (March 2019). "Aerodynamic reconstruction of the primitive fossil bat Onychonycteris finneyi (Mammalia: Chiroptera)". Biology Letters. 15 (3): 20180857. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0857. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 6451380. PMID 30862309.
- ^ Moskowitz, Clara (February 22, 2008). "Early Bats Flew Without Navigation". LiveScience. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ Nina Veselka; David D. McErlain; David W. Holdsworth; Judith L. Eger; Rethy K. Chhem; Matthew J. Mason; Kirsty L. Brain; Paul A. Faure; M. Brock Fenton (2010). "A bony connection signals laryngeal echolocation in bats". Nature. 463 (7283). Nature Publishing Group: 939–942. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..939V. doi:10.1038/nature08737. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20098413. S2CID 205219552.
- ^ Cristen Conger (May 14, 2010). "Researchers battle over bats' ability to 'see'". Discovery News. Retrieved May 17, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Nancy B. Simmons; Kevin L. Seymour; Jörg Habersetzer; Gregg F. Gunnell (14 February 2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
- ^ Rietbergen, Tim B.; Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek; Aase, Arvid; Jones, Matthew F.; Medeiros, Edward D.; Simmons, Nancy B. (2023-04-12). "The oldest known bat skeletons and their implications for Eocene chiropteran diversification". PLOS ONE. 18 (4): e0283505. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1883505R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283505. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10096270. PMID 37043445.
