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On Top of Old Smoky

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(Redirected from Old Smokey Loco-Motion)
For the 1953 American film, see On Top of Old Smoky (film).
The Appalachian Mountains (probable place of origin) viewed from Clingman's Dome (perhaps, "Old Smoky")

"On Top of Old Smoky" (often spelled "Smokey") is a traditional folk song of the United States. As recorded by The Weavers, the song reached the pop music charts in 1951. It is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 414.

History as folk song

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It is unclear when, where and by whom the song was first sung. In historical times folk songs were the informal property of the communities that sang them, passed down through generations. They were published only when a curious person took the trouble to visit singers and document their songs, an activity that in America began only around the turn of the 20th century.[1] For this reason it is unlikely that an originator of "On Top of Old Smoky" could ever be identified.

One of the earliest versions of "On Top of Old Smoky" to be recorded in fieldwork was written down by the English folklorist Cecil Sharp, who during the First World War made three summer field trips to the Appalachian Mountains seeking folk songs, accompanied and assisted by Maud Karpeles. Sharp and Karpeles found to their delight that the Appalachians, then geographically isolated, were a strong preserve of traditional music and that many of the people they met were naturally gifted singers who knew a great number of songs.[2] They were also intrigued to find that many of the songs the people sang to them were versions of songs Sharp had earlier collected from people in rural England, suggesting that the ancestors of the Appalachian residents had brought them over from the old country.

In one version the first verse is the following;

On top of Old Smoky,
All covered with snow,
I lost my true lover
For courtin' too slow.[3]

The version of "On Top of Old Smoky" that Sharp and Karpeles collected was sung to them on 29 July 1916 by Miss Memory Shelton in Alleghany, Madison County, North Carolina.[4] Miss Shelton was part of a family several of whose members sang for Sharp.[5] Memory Shelton's version differs in notes, rhythm, and wording from the version most people know today, but only modestly so; for instance the words of the first verse are as follows:

On top of Old Smoky,
All covered in snow,
I lost my true lover
By sparking too slow.

where sparking is a now-rare word that means courting.[6] She also avoided the extreme prolongation of the syllables of Smoky and lover that are customary today, instead assigning just one musical beat to Smo- and lov- and two to -key and -er.[7] The version Miss Shelton sang has twelve verses. It was published twice; first in the preliminary volume of folk songs prepared by Sharp and Karpeles after their first summer of fieldwork (Sharp and Karpeles 1917), then in 1932 after Sharp's death, in the much larger compendium of Appalachian folk songs that Karpeles edited from the full notes of their three summers' fieldwork.[8]

American field workers were also active in the Appalachians. A (tuneless) text for "On Top of Old Smoky", similar to what Memory Shelton sang, was published by E. C. Perrow in 1915, slightly before Sharp's fieldwork.[9] In the following decades, still further variants of "On Top of Old Smoky" were recorded by fieldworkers in North Carolina[10] and Tennessee.[11]

Alternative tunes and words

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The Appalachian tradition characteristically spawned multiple variants of the same song. In the extreme case, the same basic set of words could be sung to more than one tune, or the same tune could adopt a completely different set of words. The now-standard tune of "On Top of Old Smoky" competed with a completely different tune, which Sharp and Karpeles encountered when they returned to the Appalachians for further fieldwork in 1917, and versions of this tune were also found by later fieldworkers.[12][13]

The tune of "On Top of Old Smoky" familiar to most people today was also paired with a completely different set of words in a folk song called "The Little Mohee", about a frontiersman who falls in love with an Indian maiden (or, in some versions, a sailor who falls in love with a South Seas maiden).[14] This tune was collected by the American fieldworkers Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway in Pine Mountain, Kentucky[15] from a singer named Mary Ann Bagley,[16] and published by them in 1916, hence a year before the Sharp/Karpeles version mentioned above.[17]

Because the versions gathered in fieldwork vary so much, there is no particular version of "On Top of Old Smoky" that can lay claim to being the "authentic" or "original" version. The version that Sharp and Karpeles collected from Memory Shelton can be read online (see Sharp and Karpeles (1917), in References below), and the version by Pete Seeger that greatly popularized the song in modern times (see below) is also online.[18]

Location of "Old Smoky"

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Old Smoky is plausibly a high mountain somewhere in the southern Appalachians, since so many versions recorded by fieldworkers were collected there. Possibilities include Kuwohi, named "Smoky Dome" by local Scotch-Irish inhabitants, but exactly which mountain it is may be lost to antiquity.

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Pete Seeger in 1955

Cecil Sharp collected Appalachian folk songs just before the time when that music came to be "discovered" by the outside world and sold as a commercial product by the nascent recording industry,[19] a development which would ultimately create the modern genre of country music. The first to make a commercial recording of "On Top of Old Smoky" was George Reneau, "The Blind Musician of the Smoky Mountains", who worked as a busker in Knoxville, Tennessee, just west of the Appalachians. In 1925, Reneau made the trip to New York City to record the song, and others, for Vocalion (Vo 15366).[20] His version of "On Top of Old Smoky" used the alternative tune noted above.[21]

In the 1940s through the mid 1960s, the United States experienced a folk music revival, of which Pete Seeger was a leading figure. His music, some of it drawn from scholarly sources like Sharp,[22] was popular, and was disseminated widely in commercial recordings. Seeger modified a version of "On Top of Old Smoky" that he had learned in the Appalachians,[23] writing new words and banjo music.[20] He said that he thought that "certain verses go back to Elizabethan times."[20][24] The sheet music for the song credited Seeger for "new words and music arrangement".[20]

The Weavers, a folk-singing group that Seeger had co-founded, recorded a very popular version of the song, using Seeger's arrangement, on 21 February 1951.[3] It was released by Decca Records as catalog number 27515,[25] reaching No. 2 on the Billboard chart and No. 1 on the Cash Box chart, and selling over a million copies.

The enormous popularity of those recordings (and others following in their wake - see below) led to the curious situation of the song re-attaining folk status. It is one of the few songs that most Americans know from childhood, and many are unaware of the mid-century recordings that promulgated it so widely.[26]

Other versions

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A number of artists released their versions following the success of the Weavers' recording. A version by Percy Faith & His Orchestra with Burl Ives on vocals reached No. 10 on the Billboard chart in 1951.[27] It became one of Burl Ives' signature songs. Vaughn Monroe & His Orchestra also had success with the song, reaching No. 8 on the chart in June 1951.[28]

Following its reintroduction to America by the Weavers, the song became a standard item of popular music, sung by Bing Crosby,[29] Perry Como,[30] Gene Autry,[31] as well as (in a brief excerpt) Elvis Presley.[32]

The country music singer Kenny Rogers sometimes used the first part of "On Top of Old Smoky" as a joke in concert. He played the opening bars of "Lucille", one of his big hits, and told the crowd something along the lines of "None of you know what song this is". When the audience replied with "Yes, we do", Rogers then began to sing "On Top of Old Smoky."

A great many versions followed in the ensuing decades. The following list is ordered chronologically.

In 1951, Swedish revue group Flickery Flies with Brita Borg recorded a Swedish version.[33][34] This was during a time of collaboration with showbiz impresario and songwriter Povel Ramel[35] who in a revue paraphrased it as "Högt uppe på berget, jag har till en vän, förlorat en femma, jag lär nog aldrig se den utigen" (High up on the mountain, I have to a friend, lost a 5 kronor bill, I doubt I'll see it again).[citation needed]

Dave Van Ronk included the song on his album The Mayor of McDougal Street: Rarities 1957–1969. This version sounds much more Celtic in nature, with more vocal ornamentation and a looser rhythmic structure.

Television host Jack Narz recorded the song for his album Sing the Folk Hits With Jack Narz in 1959.

Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).

Harry Belafonte recorded a version on his 1962 album The Midnight Special. On the sleeves notes it states 'He wrote and tried out OLD SMOKEY during his 1961 summer tour'.

Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1962 album The Chipmunk Songbook.

Little Eva, singer of "The Loco-Motion", recorded a version called "Old Smokey Locomotion" (1963), with lyrics describing how the residents of Old Smokey caught on to The Locomotion.

In 1978, "On Top of Old Smokey" was released by Swedish pop group ABBA (with lead vocals by Frida) as part of a medley that also included "Pick a Bale of Cotton" and "Midnight Special". The medley featured as the B-side to the group's single "Summer Night City".

Bruce Springsteen performed the song in Portland, Oregon a few months after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens as a tribute during The River Tour.

In 1991,[36] Swedish comedy group(s) Galenskaparna och After Shave performed a variant in their "Grisen i Säcken" revue.

Alternative country band The Gourds gangstered the lyrics to "On Top of Old Smoky" in the song "I'm troubled" on their 1998 release Gogitchyershinebox.[37][38]

Parodies

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The Mexican trio in the Goofy short For Whom the Bulls Toil made in 1953, attempted to sing "On Top of Old Popocatépetl". [citation needed]

The hit song from 1963 "On Top of Spaghetti" by Tom Glazer begins with the quatrain

On top of spaghetti
All covered with cheese,
I lost my poor meatball
When somebody sneezed.

This version too seems to have entered modern folklore, and it widely is known to children; one source writes of the original "On Top of Old Smoky" "if you can listen to it and not think about spaghetti, sneezing and meatballs, more power to you."[39] The song reached #7 in Canada.[40] The Dutch version, with as first line "een bord met spaghetti" ("a plate with spaghetti") by Rijk de Gooijer came out in 1963 as well. American musician Little Richard recorded a version of "On Top of Spaghetti" for his 1992 children's album Shake It All About.

In his medley "Schticks of One and Half a Dozen of the Other" (1963), Allan Sherman sings a modified version: "On top of Old Smokey, all covered with hair/Of course I'm referring to Smokey the Bear."

Use in classical music

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In 1953, Ernő Dohnányi used the tune (and also two other traditional American folktunes) in his final composition American Rhapsody.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See Folk song. For a detailed history of how Appalachian folk song was "discovered" around this time by scholars and other urbanites, see [1].
  2. ^ See Sharp's Preface to Sharps and Karpeles (1932).
  3. ^ a b Pete Seeger interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  4. ^ See [2].
  5. ^ See [3], as well as Sharp and Karpeles (1916) identifying Memory Shelton as daughter of Mrs. Noah Shelton.
  6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, entry "spark".
  7. ^ Pete Seeger (1961:60-61) offered two versions of the song, one with prolonged notes, the other not. He commented on the difference, hinting that the prolonged-note version was his own: "The first version given here [prolonged notes] shows how some songs can be adapted slightly for group singing. At the bottom is the tune as it sounds better sung in the old solo way." The version with prolonged notes has, in small print, a representation of the "lining out" (spoken cuing of the next line for the group) that Seeger performed in his influential recording (see below) with the Weavers.
  8. ^ Sharp and Karpeles (1932), vol. 2, song 64A
  9. ^ Perrow is not clear on where he got the text from; his label says: "From North Carolina; mountain whites; MS. written for E. N. Caldwell; 1913". E. C. Perrow (1915) Songs and Rhymes from the South. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 28, No. 108 (Apr. - Jun., 1915), pp. 129-190. Available on JSTOR (pay site), and currently posted online at [4].
  10. ^ Seven versions collected in North Carolina are given by Brown and White (1977:170-173).
  11. ^ A list (without words or music) of five versions is given in Edwin C. Kirkland (1946) A Check List of the Titles of Tennessee Folksongs. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 59, No. 234 (Oct. - Dec., 1946), pp. 423-476. Available on JSTOR.
  12. ^ Sharp and Karpeles version published in Sharp and Karpeles (1932), vol. 2, p. 127. Two further versions of this alternative tune, collected in the 1950s, were published Brown and White (1977).
  13. ^ Indeed, it appears that in 1916 Memory Shelton first sang this alternative tune to Sharp and Karpeles, then thought better of it, because the alternative tune appears, crossed out, at the top of the page of field notes Sharp and Karpeles made (Sharp and Karpeles 1916) when they worked with Miss Shelton.
  14. ^ "The Little Mohee" can be perused in Richard Chase (2014) American Folk Tales and Songs. Courier Corporation. Extract online at Google Books: [5].
  15. ^ Pine Mountain, KY is likewise in the Appalachians, 72 air miles (but a three hour drive) from Allegheny, N.C., where Memory Shelton sang. Data from Google Maps.
  16. ^ Data from the Brown University archive of Wyman's field notes (p. 7), online at [6]. The date of the field note entry is 8 May 1916.
  17. ^ Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway (1916) Lonesome tunes: Folk songs from the Kentucky mountains. New York: H. W. Gray. The tune varies slightly from what is familiar today. The song may be viewed at Google Books: [7].
  18. ^ See [8].
  19. ^ Williams (1995) gives 1923 as the first year that a folk musician was recorded for commercial purposes; this was a recording of the North Georgia fiddler John Carson by the Okeh Record Company. Williams, Michelle Ann (1995) Great Smoky Mountains Folk Life. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, p. 58
  20. ^ a b c d Liner notes from Pete Seeger American Favorite Ballads, Vol 1, Folkways SFW CD 40150
  21. ^ His recording is posted at the "Joop's Musical Flowers" site, cited below.
  22. ^ See John Morrish (2007) The Folk Handbook: Working with Songs from the English Tradition. Hal Leonard Corporation, p. 180.
  23. ^ Seeger was himself a fieldworker as well as performer; see Thomas A. Adler (2011) Bean Blossom: The Brown County Jamboree and Bill Monroe's Bluegrass Festivals University of Illinois Press, p. 72. In Seeger (1961:60) he says "I learned it from someone in the [Great] Smoky Mountains," though he does not say who or when.
  24. ^ Seeger's view is not implausible, since many American and English folk songs have common ancestry (see above), and the words for some English ballads are indeed preserved (as broadside ballads) from Elizabethan times.
  25. ^ "DECCA (USA) numerical listing discography: 27500 - 27999". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  26. ^ "How to Write a "On Top of Old Smokey" Poem". PoetryTeachers.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  27. ^ "The Billboard Music Popularity Charts: Records Most Played by Disk Jockeys". Billboard. May 26, 1951. p. 20.
  28. ^ "The Billboard Music Popularity Charts: Records Most Played by Disk Jockeys". Billboard. June 2, 1951. p. 20.
  29. ^ See [9].
  30. ^ See
  31. ^ Tyler, Don (2007). Hit Songs, 1900-1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era. McFarland. p. 318. ISBN 9780786429462..
  32. ^ See [10].
  33. ^ "Brita Borg". Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  34. ^ Brita Borg med Flickery Flies - Högt uppe på berget. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 4 May 2016 – via YouTube.
  35. ^ "Allan Johansson". Discogs. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  36. ^ sv:Grisen i säcken
  37. ^ Gourds Chords Page (archived)
  38. ^ Sparks, Jack (30 June 2004). "El Platáno Blanco's Guide to Live Music". Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  39. ^ See http://soundbeat.org/episode/on-top-of-old-smokey/
  40. ^ "CHUM Hit Parade - July 1, 1963 "Glazer, Tom & The Do-Re-Mi Children's Chorus"".

References

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  • Brown, Frank, and Newman Ivey White (1977) The Frank C. Brown Collection of NC Folklore: Vol. V: The Music of the Folk Songs. Durham: Duke University Press. The material on "On Top of Old Smokey" can be read online at Google Books: [11].
  • Seeger, Pete (1961) American favorite ballads: Tunes and songs as sung by Pete Seeger. New York: Oak Publications.
  • Sharp, Cecil and Maud Karpeles (1916) "Old Smokey", unpublished page of field notes. Archives of Clare College, Cambridge; posted online by the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library: [12].
  • Sharp, Cecil and Maud Karpeles (1917) English folk songs from the southern Appalachians : comprising 122 songs and ballads, and 323 tunes. New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons. An early sketch containing a subset of the material in Sharp and Karpeles (1932). The relevant page of the book is currently posted on the internet at [13].
  • Sharp, Cecil and Maud Karpeles (1932) Folk songs of the Southern Appalachians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. "On Top of Old Smoky" is song 64A of Volume 2.
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  • Extensive discussion at the site "Joop's musical flowers": [14]
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