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Slater Mill

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Coordinates: 41°52′39″N 71°22′57″W / 41.87750°N 71.38250°W / 41.87750; -71.38250
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Old Slater Mill
LocationRoosevelt Avenue, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Coordinates41°52′39″N 71°22′57″W / 41.87750°N 71.38250°W / 41.87750; -71.38250
Area4.23 acres (1.71 ha)[1]
Built1793
NRHP reference No.66000001
Significant dates
Added to NRHPNovember 13, 1966[2]
Designated NHLNovember 13, 1966[3]

The Slater Mill is a historic water-powered textile mill complex on the banks of the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, modeled after cotton spinning mills first established in England. It is the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in America to utilize the Arkwright system of cotton spinning as developed by Richard Arkwright.

The mill's founder, British immigrant Samuel Slater - having apprenticed as a young man with industrialist Jedediah Strutt in Belper, England - arrived in Rhode Island with the desire to use English mill plans to build like mills in America. Slater - with capital provided by Moses Brown of Providence, Rhode Island - first produced a working set of machines necessary to spin cotton yarn using water power, with construction of the machines completed in 1793, with a working mill, dam, waterway and waterwheel. Manufacturing was based on the Arkwright cotton spinning system, which included carding, drawing, and spinning machines.

While celebrated as bringing upon the Industrial Revolution with the establishment of the first successful textile mill in the nation, Slater’s initial employment of young children ages 7-13 also brought the mill notoriety. Renowned photographer Lewis Hines documented the extremely harsh working conditions for the children, and publication of the images helped lead to the establishment of new laws created to help protect children.

Slater’s hiring practices involving children and families established a pattern that was replicated throughout the Blackstone Valley known as the "Rhode Island System".

The Rhode Island System was later eclipsed by Francis Cabot Lowell's Waltham System. The mill and surrounding area were the site of early labor resistance, including the first factory strike in the United States, which was led by young women workers in 1824.[4]

Slater Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966, the first property to be listed on the register.[1][3] In December 2014, the mill was added to the newly formed Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park.

Architectural history

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The original portion of the Slater Mill built in 1793 was six bays long and two stories tall. Several additions were made beginning in 1801, and a second added in 1835. Between 1869 and 1872, a large addition was made to the north end of the mill. Cotton spinning continued until 1895, after which the mill was used for various industrial purposes until 1923. The building had suffered numerous fires in the past, and two fires occurred in 1912 which precipitated awareness of the building and the need for its preservation.

From mill to museum

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In 1921, the non-profit Old Slater Mill Association was founded with the purpose of saving the historic Mill. Efforts to restore the mill began in 1923; modern additions to the structure were removed, restoring the mill to its 1835 appearance. In 1955, it opened as a museum. Restoration of the nearby Wilkinson Mill (built 1810–1811) was completed in 1978 as part of the Slater Mill site.[5]

The Slater Mill site now serves as a museum, educational center, and music venue, which "celebrates innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit by engaging audiences in relevant cultural, historic, and artistic endeavors". It includes five acres of land on both sides of the Blackstone River, a dam on the river, two historic mills (the Slater Mill and Wilkinson Mill), and the Sylvanus Brown House (built in 1758 but moved to the site in the 1960s).[6]

The Slater Mill and other key buildings that are part of the Old Slater Mill Historic District were acquired by the National Park Service in 2021.[7]

  • Slater Mill (1793)
    Slater Mill (1793)
  • A spinning mule in Slater Mill
    A spinning mule in Slater Mill
  • Wilkinson Mill (1810–11)
    Wilkinson Mill (1810–11)
  • Sylvanus Brown House
    Sylvanus Brown House
  • View of the site
    View of the site
  • The Wilkinson Machine Shop
    The Wilkinson Machine Shop

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Blanche Higgins Schroer (September 15, 1975) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Old Slater Mill / Old Slater Mill; Slater Mill Historic Site, National Park Service and Accompanying 6 images, including print from ca. 1812, drawing from 1907, and photos from 1973 and 1974 and undated
  2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Old Slater Mill". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
  4. ^ DeFrancesco, Joey La Neve (2018). "Pawtucket, America's First Factory Strike". jacobinmag.com. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  5. ^ Creer, Philip D. (April 10, 1942). "Slater's Mill, supplemental information" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 1. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  6. ^ "Slater Mill". Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  7. ^ DaSilva, Melanie (January 26, 2021). "Slater Mill acquired by US National Park Service". WPRI.com. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
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