Byblian royal inscriptions

The Byblian royal inscriptions are five inscriptions from Byblos written in an early type of Phoenician script, in the order of some of the kings of Byblos, all of which were discovered in the early 20th century.

They constitute the largest corpus of lengthy Phoenician inscriptions from the area of the "Phoenician homeland"; it is the only major site in the region which has been excavated to pre-Hellenistic levels.^[1]

The five royal inscriptions

The Ahiram Sarcophagus (KAI 1), discovered in 1923, together with two fragments of alabaster vases with the name of Ramesses II.^[2] Currently in the National Museum of Beirut.
The Yehimilk inscription (KAI 4) published in 1930.^[3]^[4] Currently in the museum of Byblos Castle.
The Abiba’l inscription (KAI 5), on a throne on which a statue of Sheshonq I was placed, found in 1895,^[5] published in 1903.^[6] Currently in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.^[7]^[8]
The Osorkon Bust or Eliba'l Inscription (KAI 6), inscribed on a statue of Osorkon I; known since 1881, published in 1925.^[9]^[10] Currently at the Louvre.
The Safatba'al inscription or the "Shipitbaal inscription" (KAI 7), found in Byblos in 1936,^[11] published in 1945.^[12]^[4] Currently in the National Museum of Beirut.

KAI 2 is the Byblos Necropolis graffito and KAI 3 are the Byblos bronze spatulas; neither contain names of royalty or other historical information.

Gallery

Osorkon Bust inscription (Phoenician inscription on left and right of cartouche)
Ahiram sarcophagus inscription
Abiba’l inscription (Phoenician inscription more clearly visible on the archaeological copy)^[a]
Safatba'al inscription
Safatba'al inscription
Yehimilk inscription in the Byblos Castle Museum

Bibliography

Christopher Rollston, "The Dating of the Early Royal Byblian Phoenician Inscriptions: A Response to Benjamin Sass." MAARAV 15 (2008): 57–93.
Benjamin Mazar, The Phoenician Inscriptions from Byblos and the Evolution of the Phoenician-Hebrew Alphabet, in The Early Biblical Period: Historical Studies (S. Ahituv and B. A. Levine, eds., Jerusalem: IES, 1986 [original publication: 1946]): 231–247.
William F. Albright, The Phoenician Inscriptions of the Tenth Century B.C. from Byblus, JAOS 67 (1947): 153–154.
Vriezen, Theodoor Christiaan (1951). Palestine Inscriptions. Brill Archive. GGKEY:WGXUQKP9C87.

Notes

^ See here

References

^ Doak, Brian R. (26 August 2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1.
^ René Dussaud, Les inscriptions phéniciennes du tombeau d’Ahiram, roi de Byblos, Syria 5 (1924): 135–157.
^ Maurice Dunand, Nouvelle Inscription Phénicienne Archaique, RB 39 (1930): 321–331.
^ ^a ^b "Middle East Kingdoms- Ancient Central Levant States". Kessler Associates. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Vriezen 1951, p. 9.
^ Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, Inscription égypto-phénicienne de Byblos, Comptes rendu, Académie des inscriptions et belies-lettres (Paris, 1903).
^ "Ganz nach dem Geschmack von Lepsius!“ - Das Statuenfragment Scheschonqs I. aus Byblos im Vorderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin und Neues zur königlichen Skulptur der Libyerzeit
^ Lemaire, André, La datation des rois de Byblos Abibaal et Élibaal et les relations entre l’Égypte et le Levant au Xe siècle av. notre ère, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 2006 150-4 pp. 1697-1716
^ Vriezen 1951, p. 10.
^ René Dussaud, Dédicace dune stame d’Osorkon Ier par Elibaal, roi de Byblos, Syria 6 (1925): 101–117.
^ Vriezen 1951, p. 11.
^ Maurice Dunand, Biblia Grammata: Documents et Recherches sur le Dévelopment de L'écriture en Phénicie (Beyrouth: Direction des Antiquité, 1945): 146–151.

[13] See here

[Doak2019-1] Doak, Brian R. (26 August 2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1.

[2] René Dussaud, Les inscriptions phéniciennes du tombeau d’Ahiram, roi de Byblos, Syria 5 (1924): 135–157.

[3] Maurice Dunand, Nouvelle Inscription Phénicienne Archaique, RB 39 (1930): 321–331.

[HF-ByblosKings-4] "Middle East Kingdoms- Ancient Central Levant States". Kessler Associates. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

[FOOTNOTEVriezen19519-5] Vriezen 1951, p. 9.

[6] Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, Inscription égypto-phénicienne de Byblos, Comptes rendu, Académie des inscriptions et belies-lettres (Paris, 1903).

[7] "Ganz nach dem Geschmack von Lepsius!“ - Das Statuenfragment Scheschonqs I. aus Byblos im Vorderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin und Neues zur königlichen Skulptur der Libyerzeit

[8] Lemaire, André, La datation des rois de Byblos Abibaal et Élibaal et les relations entre l’Égypte et le Levant au Xe siècle av. notre ère, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 2006 150-4 pp. 1697-1716

[FOOTNOTEVriezen195110-9] Vriezen 1951, p. 10.

[10] René Dussaud, Dédicace dune stame d’Osorkon Ier par Elibaal, roi de Byblos, Syria 6 (1925): 101–117.

[FOOTNOTEVriezen195111-11] Vriezen 1951, p. 11.

[12] Maurice Dunand, Biblia Grammata: Documents et Recherches sur le Dévelopment de L'écriture en Phénicie (Beyrouth: Direction des Antiquité, 1945): 146–151.

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