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Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System

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Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System
AbbreviationOSIICS
StatusActive
Year started1993
First published1993
Latest version15
2024
OrganizationIOC
EditorsJohn Orchard, IOC consensus panel (version 13)
AuthorsJohn Orchard, Katherine Rae (version 10)
DomainMedical classification
LicenseOpen-access

The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS), previously OSICS,[1] is an injury classification system for sports injuries and illnesses. It was first created in 1993 and is free (open access) for sporting teams and competitions to use. It is one of the two major Sports Injury classification systems in use worldwide;[2] the other is the Sports Medicine Diagnostic Coding System.[3]

Usage

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OSIICS is used by multiple injury surveillance systems in the world of sport, including IOC,[4] UEFA,[5] professional English and international rugby union[6][7] cricket,[8] professional tennis,[9] Paralympic sport,[10] cycling[11] and other Australian[12][13][14][15] and European sports[16][17][18] and military studies.[19]

It has been translated into other languages including Spanish,[20] Italian (alongside the version 14 update)[21] and Catalan.[22]

International Olympic Committee (IOC) adoption

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In October 2019, the IOC hosted a 3-day consensus meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland to provide a standard method to report injuries and illnesses in sport.[23] At this meeting, the expert panel recommended that OSICS should be rebranded as OSIICS to also reflect the importance of illness in sport. New consensus injury and illness categories were chosen by the consensus panel and adopted by both OSIICS and the SMDCS.[24] The IOC recommendations have since been adopted by golf, tennis, cycling and parasport [25] and national datasets such as that of the Australian Institute of Sport.[26]

Structure

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The consensus structure as applied to OSIICS codes is summarised as follows:

Character Designation Examples
First Body part H = Head; N = Neck; S = Shoulder; U = Upper arm; E = Elbow, etc.
First Illness code M = Illness code
Second Pathology type M = Muscle strain; T = Tendinopathy; F = Fracture, etc.
Second Organ System C = Cardiovascular; D = Dermatological; P = Respiratory, etc.
Third Etiology E = Environmental Exercise-related; I = Infection; C = Degenerative or Chronic Condition, etc.

Evaluation

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The reason why sporting teams and competitions use sports-specific systems rather than general medical systems like the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is that the general medical disease systems have many more codes but do not contain the relevant codes for sports injury. OSICS has been found to be more applicable to sports injury coding than the ICD.[27] Most classification of disease has a focus on conditions that present to hospital and/or cause major morbidity or death, whereas in sports medicine there is a focus on conditions (injury and illnesses) that stop an athlete from being able to compete. OSICS has been evaluated for efficacy in multiple studies.[28][29][30]

History

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Previously published versions include version 1 in 1993,[31] version 6 in 1998, version 7 in 2000 and version 8 in 2002,[32] then version 10 in 2007,[33] version 13 in 2020 [34] and then version 14 in 2022. Most recently version 15 has been published in 2024.[35]

The major upgrade for version 10 was to include more illness codes and to expand codes to 4 characters. Version 13 was re-written to align categories with an IOC consensus statement.

Limitations

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OSIICS is almost exclusively used within the domain of professional and elite sport—with a high take-up in the field of sports medicine. The classification only includes diagnostic codes, and has no options for coding the mechanisms of injury or an injury's severity.[36]

References

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  1. ^ Orchard, J; Rae, K; Brooks, J; Hägglund, M; Til, L; Wales, D; Wood, T (2010). "Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1". Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1: 207–14. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S7715. PMC 3781871. PMID 24198559.
  2. ^ Junge, A; Engebretsen, L; Alonso, JM; Renström, P; Mountjoy, M; Aubry, M; Dvorak, J (June 2008). "Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42 (6): 413–21. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046631. PMID 18390916. S2CID 44544320.
  3. ^ Meeuwisse, WH; Wiley, JP (May 2007). "The Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 17 (3): 205–7. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318057518f. PMID 17513913. S2CID 27748004.
  4. ^ Bahr, Roald; Clarsen, Ben; Derman, Wayne; Dvorak, Jiri; Emery, Carolyn A.; Finch, Caroline F.; Hägglund, Martin; Junge, Astrid; Kemp, Simon; Khan, Karim M.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Meeuwisse, Willem; Mountjoy, Margo; Orchard, John W.; Pluim, Babette; Quarrie, Kenneth L.; Reider, Bruce; Schwellnus, Martin; Soligard, Torbjørn; Stokes, Keith A.; Timpka, Toomas; Verhagen, Evert; Bindra, Abhinav; Budgett, Richard; Engebretsen, Lars; Erdener, Uğur; Chamari, Karim (1 April 2020). "International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (7): 372–389. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 7146946. PMID 32071062.
  5. ^ Ekstrand, J; Hägglund, M; Kristenson, K; Magnusson, H; Waldén, M (August 2013). "Fewer ligament injuries but no preventive effect on muscle injuries and severe injuries: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (12): 732–7. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092394. PMID 23813543. S2CID 2620167.
  6. ^ Fuller, CW; Sheerin, K; Targett, S (December 2013). "Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board injury surveillance study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (18): 1184–91. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091155. PMID 22685124. S2CID 22308429.
  7. ^ Fuller, CW; Taylor, A; Kemp, SP; Raftery, M (January 2017). "Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096275. PMID 27461882. S2CID 33840115.
  8. ^ Frost, WL; Chalmers, DJ (June 2014). "Injury in elite New Zealand cricketers 2002-2008: descriptive epidemiology". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (12): 1002–7. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091337. PMID 22942169. S2CID 45403308.
  9. ^ Pluim, BM; Fuller, CW; Batt, ME; Chase, L; Hainline, B; Miller, S; Montalvan, B; Renström, P; Stroia, KA; Weber, K; Wood, TO (December 2009). "Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (12): 893–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.064915. PMID 19900956. S2CID 34852889.
  10. ^ Steffen, Kathrin; Clarsen, Benjamin; Gjelsvik, Hilde; Haugvad, Lars; Koivisto-Mørk, Anu; Bahr, Roald; Berge, Hilde Moseby (2022). "Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 56 (4): 204–212. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489. hdl:11250/2830894. ISSN 1473-0480. PMID 34607800. S2CID 238262151.
  11. ^ Clarsen, Benjamin; Pluim, Babette M.; Moreno-Pérez, Víctor; Bigard, Xavier; Blauwet, Cheri; Del Coso, Juan; Courel-Ibáñez, Javier; Grimm, Katharina; Jones, Nigel; Kolman, Nikki; Mateo-March, Manuel (2021). "Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (22): 1262–1269. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103906. hdl:2263/80799. ISSN 1473-0480. PMID 33980546. S2CID 234475637.
  12. ^ Finch, CF; Cook, J; Kunstler, BE; Akram, M; Orchard, J (July 2017). "Subsequent Injuries Are More Common Than Injury Recurrences: An Analysis of 1 Season of Prospectively Collected Injuries in Professional Australian Football". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (8): 1921–1927. doi:10.1177/0363546517691943. PMID 28278378. S2CID 45869513.
  13. ^ Orchard, J; Seward, H (February 2002). "Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 36 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.1.39. PMC 1724448. PMID 11867491.
  14. ^ Ruddick, GK; Lovell, GA; Drew, MK; Fallon, KE (October 2019). "Epidemiology of bone stress injuries in Australian high performance athletes: A retrospective cohort study". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22 (10): 1114–1118. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.008. PMID 31307905. S2CID 196813367.
  15. ^ Joseph, C; Naughton, G; Antcliff, A (December 2019). "Australian netball injuries in 2016: An overview of insurance data". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22 (12): 1304–1308. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.016. PMID 31416755. S2CID 201018667.
  16. ^ Gómez-Carmona, P; Fernández-Cuevas, I; Sillero-Quintana, M; Arnaiz-Lastras, J; Navandar, A (1 November 2020). "Infrared Thermography Protocol on Reducing the Incidence of Soccer Injuries". Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 29 (8): 1222–1227. doi:10.1123/jsr.2019-0056. PMID 32188790.
  17. ^ Florit, D; Pedret, C; Casals, M; Malliaras, P; Sugimoto, D; Rodas, G (December 2019). "Incidence of Tendinopathy in Team Sports in a Multidisciplinary Sports Club Over 8 Seasons". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 18 (4): 780–788. PMC 6873129. PMID 31827363.
  18. ^ Geßlein, M; Frodl, A; Millrose, M; Biber, R; Bail, HJ; Wolpert, AK (June 2020). "How dangerous is American football in a German amateur league? An injury analysis according to playing position over a period of four seasons". Der Unfallchirurg. 123 (6): 473–478. doi:10.1007/s00113-019-00743-z. PMID 31720735. S2CID 209256153.
  19. ^ Gruhn, J; Leggat, P; Müller, R (February 1999). "Injuries presenting to Army physiotherapy in north Queensland, Australia". Military Medicine. 164 (2): 145–52. doi:10.1093/milmed/164.2.145. PMID 10050575.
  20. ^ Beas-Jiménez, JD; Garrigosa, AL; Cuevas, PD; Riaza, LM; Terés, XP; Alonso, JM; Recio, MIÁ; Bolados, CC (April 2021). "Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 (4): 2325967121993814. doi:10.1177/2325967121993814. ISSN 2325-9671. PMC 8044570. PMID 33954218.
  21. ^ Orchard, J; Genovesi, F (22 June 2022). "Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) version 14 and Italian translation". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 56 (20): 1144–1145. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105828. PMID 35732471. S2CID 249956079.
  22. ^ Til, L; Orchard, J; Rae, K (2008). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". APUNTS. Medicina de l'Esport. 159: 109–12. doi:10.1016/S1886-6581(08)70085-9.
  23. ^ "Medical and Scientific Commission". International Olympic Committee. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  24. ^ International Olympic Committee Injury and Illness Epidemiology Consensus, Group.; Bahr, R; Clarsen, B; Derman, W; Dvorak, J; Emery, CA; Finch, CF; Hägglund, M; Junge, A; Kemp, S; Khan, KM; Marshall, SW; Meeuwisse, W; Mountjoy, M; Orchard, JW; Pluim, B; Quarrie, KL; Reider, B; Schwellnus, M; Soligard, T; Stokes, KA; Timpka, T; Verhagen, E; Bindra, A; Budgett, R; Engebretsen, L; Erdener, U; Chamari, K (February 2020). "International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 8 (2): 2325967120902908. doi:10.1177/2325967120902908. PMC 7029549. PMID 32118084.
  25. ^ Dvorak, J; Pluim, BM (January 2021). "Injury and illness surveillance in sports: how golf, tennis, cycling and parasport extended the IOC consensus statement to tailor injury and illness surveillance to specific sports". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (1): 6–7. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102616. hdl:2263/80798. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 33122251.
  26. ^ "The definitions and use of the injury record within the Athlete Management System Data Dictionary Version 2.1" (PDF). The AIS. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  27. ^ Rae, K; Britt, H; Orchard, J; Finch, C (December 2005). "Classifying sports medicine diagnoses: a comparison of the International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS-8)". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (12): 907–11. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.017517. PMC 1725095. PMID 16306497.
  28. ^ Crossway, AK; Games, KE; Eberman, LE; Fleming, N (2017). "Orchard Sports Injury Classification System 10.1 Plus: An End-User Study". International Journal of Exercise Science. 10 (2): 284–293. PMC 5360368. PMID 28344740.
  29. ^ Finch, CF; Orchard, JW; Twomey, DM; Saad Saleem, M; Ekegren, CL; Lloyd, DG; Elliott, BC (April 2014). "Coding OSICS sports injury diagnoses in epidemiological studies: does the background of the coder matter?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (7): 552–6. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091219. PMC 3963545. PMID 22919021.
  30. ^ Hammond, LE; Lilley, J; Ribbans, WJ (July 2009). "Coding sports injury surveillance data: has version 10 of the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System improved the classification of sports medicine diagnoses?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 498–502. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051979. PMID 19050000. S2CID 24330003.
  31. ^ Orchard, John (1993). "Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS)". Sport Health. 11: 39–41.
  32. ^ Orchard, John; Rae, Katherine; Brooks, John; Hägglund, Martin; Til, Lluis; Wales, David; Wood, Tim (11 October 2010). "Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1". Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1: 207–214. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S7715. ISSN 1179-1543. PMC 3781871. PMID 24198559.
  33. ^ Rae, K; Orchard, J (May 2007). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 17 (3): 201–4. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318059b536. PMID 17513912. S2CID 31994177.
  34. ^ Orchard, JW; Meeuwisse, W; Derman, W; Hägglund, M; Soligard, T; Schwellnus, M; Bahr, R (April 2020). "Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System (SMDCS) and the Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS): revised 2020 consensus versions". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (7): 397–401. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101921. hdl:11250/2663641. PMID 32114487. S2CID 211724559.
  35. ^ Orchard, JW; Rio, E; Crossley, K; Orchard, JJ; Mountjoy, M (16 March 2024). "Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) Version 15". Journal of sport and health science. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.03.004. PMC 11184301. PMID 38494156.
  36. ^ Beas-Jiménez, JD; Garrigosa, AL; Cuevas, PD; Riaza, LM; Terés, XP; Alonso, JM; Recio, MIÁ; Bolados, CC (April 2021). "Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 (4): 2325967121993814. doi:10.1177/2325967121993814. ISSN 2325-9671. PMC 8044570. PMID 33954218.
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