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George Yeo who, in 1991, introduced the term

An OB marker, short for "out of bounds marker",[1] is used in Singapore to denote what topics are permissible for public discussion. Discussion topics that go beyond the OB marker, are considered to be either societal, cultural or political taboos.[2] The entire phrase "out of bounds marker", however, is rarely used within the political landscape.

Etymology

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A sign noting OB areas at a golf course in Kansas, the US. The term originated in such golf context.

The term is adopted from golf, where an out of bounds marker denotes the area beyond which playing is forbidden and not allowed. However, unlike golf, the OB markers of Singaporean political discourse are not visible. The term "OB markers" was first used in 1991 by the then-Minister for Information and the Arts George Yeo to describe the boundaries of acceptable political discourse.[3]

Considerations

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An additional complication is introduced by the fact that OB markers may shift depending on the political climate, so a topic that was previously permissible may be banned in the future, and vice versa. In 1999, George Yeo said that it is difficult to define exactly what the OB markers are in advance.[4] Straits Times editor-in-chief Cheong Yip Seng found OB markers "bewildering", stating that topics deemed off-limits during his tenure included stories about a stamp dealer, carpet auctions, monosodium glutamate, feng shui and unflattering pictures of politicians.[5]

In 2003, a Remaking Singapore sub-committee, chaired by Raymond Lim, described OB markers as "action and speech that engage directly in electioneering and party politics; that is, within the arena of the contest for political power".[6]

Notable cases

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There are several notable cases where the Singaporean government has flagged OB markers.

Catherine Lim

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In 1994, author Catherine Lim published an essay The PAP and the people - A Great Affective Divide suggesting that the People's Action Party is not representative of the people. Then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong warned her to join a political party if she wanted to air political views in public, and stated that "demolishing the respect for and standing of the Prime Minister and his government by systematic contempt and denigration in the media"[7] was out of bounds.

2005 White Elephant incidents

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Buangkok MRT station where, in 2005, the "White Elephant" incident took place

The lack of clear definition of OB marker resulted in mixed responses by the police and the government during the "White Elephant" incidents at Buangkok MRT station in 2005. An undisclosed person posted a series of cut-outs of elephants to criticise the delayed opening of the mass transit station. This led to a police investigation. Although the person was later let off with a stern warning,[8] Deputy Prime Minister Wong Kan Seng commented that "we cannot apply the law to some and turn a blind eye to others. If we do, then the law becomes the real white elephant."[9]

Later, a group of students from Raffles Girls' School were preparing to sell T-shirts bearing the phrase "Save the White Elephants" to raise fund for a charity. This prompted a warning from the police,[10] but later Wong admitted that the police had over-reacted.[11]

mrbrown

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In 2006, blogger mrbrown wrote the article "S'poreans are fed, up with progress!", for his weekly opinion column in Today concerning the rising costs of living in Singapore. The Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts labelled him a "partisan player" whose views "distort the truth",[12] and his column was suspended by the paper.

Criticism

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James Gomez, a Singaporean political science academic and member of the Singapore Democratic Party, has described OB markers as "unconstitutional: by subscribing to the idea of OB markers, people abandon their constitutional rights or risk having such rights abused." He described adherence to OB markers as a form of self-censorship.[13] The Southeast Asian Press Alliance has described the OB marker system as "a suffocating environment where the limits of one's freedom to express is defined by citizens themselves."[1]

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While OB Marker usually refers to the restriction on political discourse, there are other forms of restriction on speech in Singapore.

Race and religion

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Under the Singapore Sedition Act, topics known to be permanently out of bounds are comments that might produce ill-will and hostility between different races and religious groups. This applies to the Internet as well, where 3 people were arrested and charged under the Sedition Act for posting racist comments on the Internet, and two subsequently sentenced to imprisonment in September 2005.[14]

At Singapore's Speakers' Corner, the rules state that:

The speech should not be religious in nature, and should not have the potential to cause feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different racial or religious groups.[15]

Homosexuality

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Homosexuality has long been a taboo subject in Singapore. For example, in 2005, an overseas-located gay website was banned by the Media Development Authority.[16] However, in 2007, the proposal to repeal sections 377 and 377A of the Penal Code received a very public airing. This led to a local journalist, Sumiko Tan, suggesting that the OB markers have been redefined.[17] Section 377 was eventually repealed in 2023.

Others

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Other past and present topics widely considered out of bounds include:

  • Corruption or other alleged failings in government, such as in Lee v. FEER

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "SEAPA : Southeast Asian Press Alliance". Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  2. ^ "Limitations of Civil Freedoms in Singapore | InterNations GO!". www.internations.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Remaking Singapore team wants people to speak up without fear". Channel NewsAsia. 13 June 2003. Archived from the original on 9 April 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  4. ^ "Minister Yeo on OB markers and Internet". The Straits Times. 26 May 1999. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  5. ^ "OB Markers: My Straits Times Story by Cheong Yip Seng". Din Merican: the Malaysian DJ Blogger. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  6. ^ Ng Boon Yian (16 June 2003). "OB markers: We still need them?". Today. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  7. ^ ""PM tells Dr. Lim why he responded to commentary". In The Straits Times. 17/12/94."
  8. ^ "Residents bring up 'white elephant' Buangkok MRT during minister's visit". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  9. ^ Teo Hwee Nak (1 October 2005). "Some things are non-negotiable". Today. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Teens' white elephant T-shirt venture gets police attention". Today. 14 January 2006. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006.
  11. ^ "Police overreacted to white elephant T-shirt incident: DPM Wong". Channel NewsAsia. 21 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  12. ^ "Letter from MICA: Distorting the truth, mr brown?". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. 3 July 2006. Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  13. ^ Gomez, James (2000). Self-Censorship: Singapore's Shame. Singapore: Think Centre. ISBN 981-04-1739-X.
  14. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2005" Archived 12 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The United States Department of State. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  15. ^ "Reply to Questions in Parliament on Speakers' Corner,25 April 2000 Archived 15 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Ministry of Home Affairs (press release), 25 April 2000.
  16. ^ Chua Hian Hou (28 October 2005). "MDA bans gay website and fines another one" (reprinted, with commentary). The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
  17. ^ Sumiko Tan (4 November 2007). "The gay debate; For moderates like me, the vitriolic exchanges made me wonder: Why can't we just live and let live?". The Straits Times.
  • Koh Buck Song, "Internet OB Markers Should Protect Nation", The Straits Times, 5 August 1996, Life, pg 4.
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