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Northern treeshrew

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Northern treeshrew
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Scandentia
Family: Tupaiidae
Genus: Tupaia
Species:
T. belangeri
Binomial name
Tupaia belangeri
(Wagner, 1841)
Northern treeshrew range

The northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a treeshrew species native to Southeast Asia.[1]

In 1841, the German zoologist Johann Andreas Wagner first used the specific name Cladobates belangeri for treeshrews that had been collected in Pegu during a French expedition to Southeast Asia. These specimens were described by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1834 in whose opinion they did not differ sufficiently from Tupaia tana to assign a specific rank.[2][3]

Characteristics

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Skull of a northern treeshrew

Results of a telemetry study involving northern treeshrews showed that their body temperature varies from 35 °C (95 °F) during the night to 40 °C (104 °F) during the day. This difference is larger than in other endotherms, and indicates that the circadian rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity are synchronized.[4]

Adults weigh 0.2 kg (0.44 lb). The maximum longevity of the northern treeshrew is 11 years.[citation needed]

Besides humans, the northern treeshrew is the only mammal known to willingly consume spicy food. This is due to a genetic mutation rendering it much less sensitive to the effects of capsaicin.[5]

Phylogeny

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Complete mitochondrial genome data support the hypothesis of a closer phylogenetic relationship of Tupaia to rabbits than to primates.[6] This is however disputed by the more recent full genome sequencing data that places the species closer to primates (divergence ~90.9 million years ago) than to lagomorphs and rodents (~96.4 Million years ago).[7]

In medical research

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The northern treeshrew has attained growing interest for use as a medical model. In 2002, an article was published describing that its primary hepatocytes could be used as a model for studying the Hepatitis C virus, which is a major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide.[8] It was also used in studies on the development of photo reception,[9] investigation of retinal cones,[10] and refractive state and ocular component dimensions of the eye.[11] Many studies have been conducted regarding eye structure, development, and vision using the northern treeshrew model because of the similarity to human eye structure and sight that is uncharacteristic of conventional small lab animals, such as rodents.[12]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Han, K.H.; Duckworth, J.W.; Molur, S. (2016). "Tupaia belangeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41492A22280884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41492A22280884.en. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  2. ^ Wagner, J. A. (1841). "Das peguanische Spitzhörnchen". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Vol. Supplementband 2. Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugethier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. pp. 42–43.
  3. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1834). "Insectivores vivant dans le continent de l'Inde ou dans le grand Archipel indien. Les Tupaias". In Bélanger, C. P.; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I.; Lesson, R. P.; Valenciennes, M.; Deshayes, G. P.; Guérin, F. E. (eds.). Voyage aux Indes orientales, pendant les années 1825 a 1829 par M. Charles Bélanger. Vol. Zoologie, Mammifères. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. pp. 103–107.
  4. ^ Refinetti, R.; Menaker, M. (1992). "Body temperature rhythm of the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 263 (4): 453–457. doi:10.1002/jez.1402630413. PMID 1402741.
  5. ^ Han, Yalan; Li, Bowen; Yin, Ting-Ting; Xu, Cheng; Ombati, Rose; Luo, Lei; Xia, Yujie; Xu, Lizhen; Zheng, Jie; Zhang, Yaping; Yang, Fan; Wang, Guo-Dong; Yang, Shilong; Lai, Ren (2018-07-12). "Molecular mechanism of the tree shrew's insensitivity to spiciness". PLOS Biology. 16 (7): e2004921. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004921. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6042686. PMID 30001322.
  6. ^ Schmitz, J.; Ohme, M.; Zischler, H. (2000). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Tupaia belangeri and the phylogenetic affiliation of Scandentia to other eutherian orders". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17 (9): 1334–1343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026417. PMID 10958850.
  7. ^ Fan, Y.; Huang, Z.Y.; Cao, C.C.; Chen, C.S.; Chen, Y.X.; Fan, D.D.; He, J.; Hou, H.L.; Hu, L.; Hu, X.T.; Jiang, X.T.; Lai, R.; Lang, Y.S.; Liang, B.; Liao, S.G.; Mu, D.; Ma, Y.Y.; Niu, Y.Y.; Sun, X.Q.; Xia, J.Q.; Xiao, J.; Xiong, Z.Q.; Xu, L.; Yang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhao, X.D.; Zheng, Y.T.; Zhou, J.M.; Zhu, Y.B.; Zhang, G.J.; Wang, J.; Yao, Y.G. (2013). "Genome of the Chinese tree shrew". Nature Communications. 4: 1426. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1426F. doi:10.1038/ncomms2416. PMID 23385571.
  8. ^ Zhao, X., Tang, Z. Y., Klumpp, B., Wolff-Vorbeck, G., Barth, H., Levy, S., von Weizsäcker, F., Blum, H. E., Baumert, T. F. (2002). Primary hepatocytes of Tupaia belangeri as a potential model for hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Clinical Investigation 109(2): 221−232.
  9. ^ Taylor, W. Rowland; Morgans, Catherine (1998). "Localization and properties of voltage-gated calcium channels in cone photoreceptors of Tupaia belangeri". Visual Neuroscience. 15 (3): 541–552. doi:10.1017/S0952523898153142 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMID 9685206. S2CID 23937632.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. ^ Knabe, W., Skatchkov, S., Kuhn, H.-J. (1997.) Lens Mitochondria in the Retinal Cones of the Tree-shrew Tupaia belangeri. Vision Research 37 (3): 267–271.
  11. ^ Norton, T. T., McBrien, N. A. (1992.) Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Vision Research 32 (5): 833–842.
  12. ^ Shriver, J .G., Noback, C. R. (1967). "Color Vision in the Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis)". Folia Primatologia 6: 161−169.
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