Jump to content

North Lawndale, Chicago

Coordinates: 41°51.6′N 87°42.6′W / 41.8600°N 87.7100°W / 41.8600; -87.7100
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from North Lawndale)
North Lawndale
Community area
Community Area 29 - North Lawndale
The former Sears Merchandise Building's Tower, as seen from the Sunken Garden
The former Sears Merchandise Building's Tower, as seen from the Sunken Garden
Location within the city of Chicago
Location within the city of Chicago
Coordinates: 41°51.6′N 87°42.6′W / 41.8600°N 87.7100°W / 41.8600; -87.7100
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyCook
CityChicago
Neighborhoods
List
Area
 • Total3.20 sq mi (8.29 km2)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total34,794
 • Density11,000/sq mi (4,200/km2)
Demographics 2018[1]
 • White3.00%
 • Black87.39%
 • Hispanic8.83%
 • Asian0.17%
 • Other0.61%
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
parts of 60608, 60623 and 60624
Median household income$26,781[1]
Source: U.S. Census, Record Information Services

North Lawndale is one of the 77 community areas of the city of Chicago, Illinois, located on its West Side. The area contains the K-Town Historic District, the Foundation for Homan Square, the Homan Square interrogation facility, and the greatest concentration of greystones in the city. In 1968, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stayed in an apartment in North Lawndale to highlight the dire conditions in the area and used the experience to pave the way to the Fair Housing Act.

The community area was annexed from Cicero Township in 1869. After the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, plant workers moved to the area to support a new McCormick Reaper Company plant. Demographics shifted in 1890 towards immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with many Czech cultural institutions and churches established in the area. The Czech in the area migrated towards the suburbs until a new influx of residents, Jewish former residents of Maxwell Street, became the majority around 1918 before moving northward around 1955. In the 1950s, another wave of residents, black people from the South Side and American South, became the new majority. Real estate brokers used blockbusting and scare tactics to remove white residents throughout the next decade.

Beginning in the 1960s, riots, housing discrimination, predatory lending, and other social and economic disasters led to many businesses and residents leaving, with waves of job loss, abandoned property, and poverty ensuing. Community residents formed the grassroots organization the Contract Buyers League in 1968 to combat the discriminatory and predatory housing practices targeting the area. Assisted by a Jesuit seminarian and twelve white college students, the organization fought the discriminatory real estate practice known as "contract selling", renegotiating around 400 housing contracts and saving an estimated $25,000,000 for exploited black homeowners. In 1986, the Steans Family Foundation was founded to concentrate on grantmaking and programs in the community; the foundation noted signs of revitalization by the 1990s with new shopping and dining, the creation of Homan Square, and new residents moving in – this time Hispanic, and a stabilization in population decrease. Beginning in 2021, violence prevention groups led by READI Chicago, Communities Partnering 4 Peace, and Chicago CRED began using large-scale relationship-based intervention tactics in the neighborhood, and city funds created a Community Safety and Coordination Center to centralize community resources. From 2021 to 2022, North Lawndale saw a 58%[2] decrease in gun violence.

Reinvestment efforts in the decades following 1990 include proposals of new raised greenway parks and new affordable/mixed-income housing development, though the community has raised concerns of how to reinvest into the area without gentrification pricing out longtime residents. In 2022, the area had a new grocery store to alleviate the area food desert and received a proposal for a new STEAM academy.

History

[edit]

Annexation to Chicago and first waves

[edit]

Once part of Cicero Township in 1869, the eastern section of North Lawndale to Pulaski Road was annexed to Chicago by an act of the state legislature. Thereafter, streets were platted and drainage ditches were installed between Western (2400 west) and Pulaski Road (4000 west). The name "Lawndale" was supplied by Millard and Decker, a real estate firm which subdivided the area in 1870. In 1871, after the Great Chicago Fire, the McCormick Reaper Company (later International Harvester) constructed and occupied a new large plant in the South Lawndale neighborhood, and many plant workers moved to eastern North Lawndale. The remaining area west of Crawford Avenue was annexed in 1889 by a resolution of the Cook County Commissioners.

By 1890, North Lawndale was beginning to be heavily populated by Bohemian immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Czechs moved most heavily to the area from Crawford (Pulaski) west, and from 12th St. (Roosevelt Rd.) to 16th St. Real estate firm W.A. Merigold & Co. was the chief developer of that part of the community, which resulted in the name "Merigold" being associated with the neighborhood. Czech institutions popped up in Merigold, beginning in 1890 with the Slovanska Lipa/Sokol Tabor (Czech fraternal & gymnastic organization) at 13th & Karlov.

In 1892, the Bohemian Catholic Church, Our Lady of Lourdes, was established at the corner of 15th & Keeler. In 1909 the Czech Freethinkers School, Frantisek Palacky, was built at 1525 S. Kedvale. The Merigold neighborhood was also known as Novy Tabor (New Camp) by the Czech immigrants who settled there. The premier Czech institution, established in 1912, was the Ceska Beseda (Bohemian Club) at 3659 W. Douglas Blvd. This club was attended by Chicago's Czech elite, as well as the visiting Czech elite of the rest of the United States and Czechoslovakia.

It was the place for its members to celebrate and enjoy literature, drama, and music by the most renowned and talented Czech artists. The ethnic Bohemians spread throughout the rest of the North Lawndale neighborhood; they were the original owners of many of the beautiful greystone buildings that graced the picturesque streets of the neighborhood. Many of the elite members of the Bohemian community resided in the vicinity of the 1800 and 1900 blocks of South Millard Avenue.

These wealthy men, as well as the rest of the Czech residents of North Lawndale, were strongly committed to their neighborhood, and were involved in civic affairs. Anton Dvorak Public Elementary School at 3615 W. 16th St. was named after the revered 19th-century Czech composer Antonín Dvořák. Several members of the North Lawndale Czech community occupied positions in city as well as county government. In the post-World War I years, the Czechs began leaving the neighborhood for newer housing in the western suburbs of Cicero, Berwyn, Riverside, and Brookfield.

By the 1920s, many of the Czechs were gone, and Jews became the majority ethnic group of the neighborhood after having left the crowded confines of the Maxwell Street ghetto. North Lawndale later became known as being the largest Jewish settlement in the City of Chicago, with 25% of the city's Jewish population.[3]

From about 1918 to 1955, Jews, overwhelmingly of Russian and Eastern European origin, dominated the neighborhood, starting in North Lawndale and moving northward as they became more prosperous. In the 1950s, blacks migrated into the area from the South Side and from southern states. Unscrupulous real-estate dealers all but evacuated the white population by using blockbusting and scare tactics related to the change in ethnicity. In a span of about ten years, the white population of North Lawndale dropped from 87% to less than 9%, but the number of total residents increased.

Housing and racial discrimination; decline

[edit]

In 1966, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited North Lawndale and "stayed in an apartment there to highlight the deplorable conditions, which included broken doors and rodent infestations. He used the experience to campaign against discriminatory housing practices nationwide, which helped pave the way for the Fair Housing Act."[4]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1930112,261—
1940102,470−8.7%
1950100,489−1.9%
1960124,93724.3%
197094,871−24.1%
198061,534−35.1%
199047,296−23.1%
200041,768−11.7%
201035,912−14.0%
202034,794−3.1%
[1][5]

According to the Steans Family Foundation, in the decades following the 1960s:[3]

there were a series of economic and social disasters ... Riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968, destroying many of the stores along Roosevelt Road and accelerating a decline that led to a loss of 75% of the businesses in the community by 1970. Industries closed: International Harvester in 1969, Sears (partially in 1974 and completely by 1987), Zenith and Sunbeam in the 1970s, Western Electric in the 1980s. By 1970 African Americans who could also left North Lawndale, beginning a precipitous population decline that continues to this day.

The poverty resulting from the loss of thousands of jobs due to restructuring of industries from the 1960s to the 1980s meant that money was not available for property maintenance. Houses were abandoned and thousands of structures were leveled during this time. Much land sat vacant until the building and real estate boom of the 2000s. Due to these factors, the total neighborhood population dropped from 124,937 in 1960 to 41,768 by 2000.[3]

Writer Jonathan Kozol devotes a chapter of Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (1991) to North Lawndale. He notes that a local resident called it "an industrial slum without the industry."[6] At the time, it had "one bank, one supermarket, 48 state lottery agents ... and 99 licensed bars."[6] According to the 1980 census, 58 percent of men and women 17 and older had no jobs.

In 1986, the Steans Family Foundation was founded to concentrate on grantmaking and programs in North Lawndale.[3] In the 1990s, the foundation noted signs of revitalization, "including a new shopping plaza and some new housing" associated with Homan Square, stabilization of the declining population, and a rise in new residents, mostly Hispanic. They constituted 4.5% of the population.

According to Charles Leeks, director of NHS, North Lawndale has the greatest concentration of greystones in the city. In late 2004, the City of Chicago enacted "The Historic Chicago Greystone Initiative" to promote the preservation of the neighborhood's greystone structures.

Contract Buyers League

[edit]
Main article: Contract Buyers League

The Contract Buyers League (CBL) was a grassroots organization formed in 1968 by residents of the North Lawndale community. Assisted by Jack MacNamara, a Jesuit seminarian, and twelve white college students based at Presentation Roman Catholic Church, led by Msgr. Jack Egan, the CBL fought the discriminatory real estate practice known as "contract selling".

Groups similar to the CBL formed in cities around the country to combat contract selling. The CBL was the most influential in winning justice for exploited black homebuyers. The CBL renegotiated 400 contracts for its members, saving residents an estimated $25,000,000. The FHA finally responded to pressure from the CBL by reforming its discriminatory underwriting policies in order to lend to blacks.[citation needed]

North Lawndale was featured in a video explaining the impact of housing discrimination and predatory lending in Chicago.[7][8]

Revitalization

[edit]

Though the departure of Sears and other businesses from the area had devastated the neighborhood, the repurposing of the Sears complex – known as Homan Square – would aid in rebuilding the community. Beginning in the mid 1990s, homeowners came to fill approximately 350 affordable housing units, and a new grocery store and the neighborhood's first Starbucks opened. However, the financial crisis of 2007–2008 set the area back; the grocery store and Starbucks closed, replaced with a grocery store with more limited options and creating a food desert.[4] In the following years, community nonprofit organizations led change in the area: UCAN, a center for disadvantaged youths moved to the area in 2016,[4] and violence prevention groups led by READI Chicago, Communities Partnering 4 Peace, and Chicago CRED reduced violence and crime in the area by tens of percentage points after beginning area operations in 2021,[9] returning $3-$7 to the community for every $1 invested.[10] Later in 2021, the city opened the community-led Community Safety and Coordination Center, a centralized community resource center for many types of issues.[11]

In 2022, the neighborhood's first black-owned grocery store opened, using produce and grocery giveaways that served 300-500 families per day to build trust in the neighborhood, following a strategy from the Black Panther Party.[12] This followed a black-owned health food store that opened in the neighborhood in 2018.[13]

Subsections

[edit]

K-Town

[edit]
See also: K-Town Historic District

K-Town is a nickname for an area in Humboldt Park, North Lawndale, and West Garfield Park[note 1] between Pulaski Road and Cicero Avenue in which the names of many north–south avenues begin with the letter K (Karlov, Keating, Kedvale, Keeler, Kenneth, Kenton, Keystone, Kilbourn, Kildare, Kilpatrick, Kirkland, Knox, Kolin, Kolmar, Komensky, and Kostner). The pattern is a historical relic of a 1913 street-naming proposal, by which streets were to be systematically named according to their distance from the Illinois-Indiana border; K, the eleventh letter, was to be assigned to streets within the eleventh mile, counting west from the state line. The eleventh mile is the easternmost area in which the plan was widely implemented, as many neighborhoods to the east were already developed and had street names in place. The portion of K-Town bounded by W. Kinzie St, W. Cermak Rd, S. Kostner Ave, and S. Pulaski Rd was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 2010.

John W. Fountain wrote in his 2005 memoir:

K-Town is a city within a city, a fifteen-minute drive from downtown Chicago's skyscrapers ... I used to joke that the "K" stood for "kill." I was only half-joking ... it had developed a reputation for being one of the rougher places in the city. ... K-Town is where my grandfather ... and all the other black folk that flocked to the West Side during the mid-to-late-1950s bought proud brick houses on tree-lined streets with crackless cement sidewalks. ...[14]

Homan Square

[edit]

The site of the former Sears headquarters was redeveloped beginning in 1988 as Homan Square. In 1993, residents at a community discussion expressed fear of being developed out, with renters having few protections from rising rent.[15] The development has included new construction of owned and rental mixed-income housing; adaptive reuse and restoration of historic properties for use as community center, school, and other facilities; a new community pool and recreation center; and associated retail.[4] Homan Square is often used as an example of the revitalization of North Lawndale.[16] The former Sears tower was rehabbed and reopened to the public as "The John D. and Alexandra C. Nichols Tower" in 2015.[4] It now houses non-profit groups and youth association offices. Despite the renaming, the tower retains the "Sears Roebuck" plaque on top of the building. The 14th floor of the tower is now used as a space for parties and other community events. A windowless portion of the building indicates the tower's former connection to the Sears Merchandise Building. The complex before demolition was situated along the former Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad line (now CSX).

Homan Square was the area that housed a police compound "likened to a CIA black site" in 2012, where people were held without their rights being respected.[17]

Infrastructure and transportation

[edit]

The United States Postal Service operates the Otis Grant Collins Post Office at 2302 South Pulaski Road.[18]

The Chicago Transit Authority's Pink Line serves this neighborhood. Stations are located at Kedzie, Central Park, Pulaski, and Kostner.

In 2022, the city heard proposals for the Altenheim Line, an elevated park similar to the Bloomingdale (606) Trail, that would be developed on the site of former rail lines with existing rail running near the park.[19] Some residents expressed concerns about gentrification; Alderman Michael Scott Jr. expressed that he was confident the community could avoid gentrification and keep residents there due to being able to control the market price with much land being owned by both the city and the Cook County Land Bank Authority.[19]

Crime

[edit]

Historian Paul Street, citing a 2001 demographic study by Claritas Inc., writes that more than 70% of men aged 18–45 residing in North Lawndale had criminal records.[20]

Beginning in 2021, violence prevention groups led by READI Chicago, Communities Partnering 4 Peace, and Chicago CRED began using large-scale relationship-based intervention tactics in the neighborhood. Flatlining Violence Inspires Peace provided street outreach workers, a major component of the joint movement. The initiatives also included providing the residents – with a focus on young men – with social services such as trauma-informed[10] cognitive behavioral therapy and economic opportunities such as job training and legal support.[21] Three years ago, the city's budget for violence prevention had been less than $1 million per year.[21] In 2021, the city spent approximately $50 million on violence prevention, with additional support from private funds,[22] which allowed violence prevention groups to work collaboratively instead of competing for grants.[23] The funds also supported the summer 2021 creation of a new, community-led Community Safety and Coordination Center, a central site for resources for gender-based violence, housing initiatives, youth programs, and physical and mental health, as well as job readiness programs partnered with labor unions.[11] In 2022, the budget accounts for $85 million towards similar services.[23]

Evaluations from the University of Chicago Crime Lab in 2022 found that participants in the youth program Choose to Change had "48% fewer violent crime arrests and 32% fewer school misconduct incidents than their control group peers," while participants in the male gun violence prevention program READI Chicago had "63 percent fewer arrests and 19% fewer victimizations for shootings and homicides."[9] The Crime Lab further stated that there is "about 85% confidence that for every dollar invested in a program like READI Chicago, society reaps $3 to $7 in return."[10]

From 2021 to 2022, North Lawndale saw a 58% decrease in gun violence.[2]

Education

[edit]

The area is in Chicago Public Schools and is served by the following high schools: Farragut Career Academy[24] and North Lawndale College Prep High School.

As of 2020, North Lawndale experienced much student loss, much of it due to people leaving the city but also due to having "the most charter schools and [the] highest percentage of students enrolled in charter schools" out of all Chicago community areas.[25] Less than 30% of students in the West Side attended their zoned public schools.[25] Early the same year, charter elementary school Frazier Preparatory Academy was closed for performance reasons, and students were split between Lawndale Community Academy, Sumner Math and Science Community Academy, and Crown Community Academy of Fine Arts. Later that year, the community heard proposals to merge the three schools into one new STEAM school due to low enrollment.

By 2022, the neighborhood received a new proposal to create the new STEAM elementary school without consolidating the other three schools; the new school's student body would be made of 80% Lawndale residents and 20% from elsewhere in the city.[26]

Notable people

[edit]

Arts, literature, and entertainment

[edit]

Athletes

[edit]

Business

[edit]

Military

[edit]

Politics, law, activism, and nonprofits

[edit]
[edit]

Since 2011, the neighborhood has been the primary filming location for the Showtime series Shameless, although the show is set in the city's Back of the Yards neighborhood.[citation needed]

Another Showtime TV series, The Chi, which debuted in 2018 and is set on the South Side of Chicago, films in the neighborhood.[citation needed]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Although these long streets extend beyond the bounds of North Lawndale, and West Garfield Park, published sources identify the name K-Town as referring specifically to an area of North Lawndale, and West Garfield Park, i.e. the area through which these streets pass.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Community Data Snapshot - North Lawndale" (PDF). MetroPulse. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  2. ^ a b adviser; Healy, Jackson (2022-06-06). "Violence prevention organizations announce drop in citywide, West Side shootings". The DePaulia. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  3. ^ a b c d Steans Family Foundation, Chicago, 2009. Retrieved on 2010-05-11.
  4. ^ a b c d e Westly, Erica (2019-03-12). "Former Sears Complex Returns as a Beacon in a Chicago Neighborhood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  5. ^ Paral, Rob. "Chicago Community Areas Historical Data". Robparal.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  6. ^ a b Jonathan Kozol (1991): Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools, Crown, ISBN 0-517-58221-X
  7. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "The Story of the Contract Buyers League". YouTube.
  8. ^ The Atlantic (2014-05-28), The Story of the Contract Buyers League (YouTube video), retrieved 2017-01-12
  9. ^ a b Naomi Andu. "Stopping the other 99% of gun violence". POLITICO. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  10. ^ a b c "Ripple Effect Transcript". www.chicago.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  11. ^ a b "To Combat Crime, City Launches Central 'Nerve Center' To Bring Violence Prevention Programs Under One Roof". Block Club Chicago. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  12. ^ "A Black-Owned Supermarket Coming To The West Side Is Giving Away Groceries Until It Opens". Block Club Chicago. 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  13. ^ "Black-owned health food store brings new life to North Lawndale food desert". Free Spirit Media. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  14. ^ John W. Fountain (2005): True Vine: A Young Black Man's Journey of Faith, Hope, and Clarity. Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-285-8; print[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ chicagoreader (1993-01-28). "The squabble at Homan Square: west-siders challenge developers' plans for the old Sears complex". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  16. ^ "Homan Square Community Campus". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  17. ^ "Held for hours at secret Chicago 'black site'". TheGuardian.com. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  18. ^ "Post Office Location - OTIS GRANT COLLINS". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  19. ^ a b "New elevated nature trail eyed for West Side". Chicago Sun-Times. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  20. ^ "Street, Vicious Circle, 16" (PDF). Prisonpolicy.org. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Street Outreach Groups Join Forces In Lawndale To 'Interrupt Violence Deep In The Trenches'". Block Club Chicago. 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  22. ^ "Anti-violence groups tout united front as summer nears". Chicago Sun-Times. 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  23. ^ a b "Anti-violence groups tout united front as summer nears". Chicago Sun-Times. 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  24. ^ Watkins, William Henry. Black Protest Thought and Education (Volume 237 of Counterpoints : studies in the postmodern theory of education, ISSN 1058-1634). Peter Lang, 2005. ISBN 0820463124, 9780820463124. p. 185 (Section "Farragut High School")
  25. ^ a b "Blueprint for change or another blow to North Lawndale? A call to close 3 schools and open another has split a Chicago community in need of rebuilding". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  26. ^ "West Side Groups Relaunch Plans To Open STEAM Academy— This Time Without Merging 3 Neighborhood Schools". Block Club Chicago. 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Cutler, Irving (October 26, 2009). "Chapter 3 - People". Chicago's Jewish West Side. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781439621004. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  28. ^ Kilian, Michael (March 3, 1991). "Classic overachiever". Chicago Tribune. p. SM20. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  29. ^ "Ruth Duskin in the 1940 United States Federal Census". Ancestry.com. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  30. ^ Fox, Margalit (June 5, 2015). "Ruth Feldman, 80, Dies; Quiz Kid Told What It Was Like in a Book". New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  31. ^ MORDECHAI S CHILLER. "GO WHERE I SEND THEE : A Former Minister Finds Torah" (PDF). Ou.org.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  32. ^ "Seven Things to Know About Kim Novak". MSN.
  33. ^ "Harold Ramis' Chicago Childhood was Basis for Lost Sitcom". DNAinfo. January 24, 2014. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  34. ^ "The Man in Tempo 3". Time. 1954-01-11. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  35. ^ Duncan, Francis (2001). Rickover: the struggle for excellence. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-55750-177-6.
  36. ^ Orr, David, ed. (February 1, 2012). "Resolution 12-R-54 Congratulating Ertharin Cousin on her appointment to lead the "United Nations World Food Program"". Journal of the Proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of Cook County. Chicago: Cook County Board of Commissioners. p. 12.
  37. ^ Zurowski, Cory (June 24, 2015). "Andrea Jenkins archives LGBTQ stories for the ages". City Pages. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  38. ^ Bruch, Michelle (May 5, 2015). "Building an archive of transgender history". Southwest Journal. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  39. ^ "North Lawndale". Encyclopedia. Chicago History. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2008. Against the wishes of King and his aides, housing authorities fixed the place up a bit before the activist and his family moved in. King later noted that in the more confined space, his children became more irritable and less patient. He also bonded with local residents by demonstrating his facility with a pool cue in a nearby billiards parlor.
  40. ^ Tagge, George (December 18, 1957). "Negro Slated for Alderman in 24th Ward: Democrats Pick City Aid, B. F. Lewis". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  41. ^ Illinois Blue Book 1939-1940. Illinois Secretary of State. p. 183. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  42. ^ "Golda Meir's Home in Chicago". Uncovered & Rediscovered | Stories of Jewish Chicago. Spertus Institute. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Lawndale,_Chicago&oldid=1237756925"