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Sixpence (New Zealand coin)

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Sixpence
New Zealand
Value6d (£NZ)
Mass2.38 g
Diameter19.43 mm
EdgeMilled
Composition1933–1946: 50% silver, 50% quaternary alloy
1947–1965: cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel)
Years of minting1933–1965
Obverse
A coin featuring a crowned bust of King George V
DesignCrowned bust of George V
DesignerPercy Metcalfe
Reverse
A silver coin with a huia bird perched atop a small branch. To the upper left is the label "NEW ZEALAND", to the bottom right is the label "SIXPENCE 1934"
DesignHuia perched atop a branch.
DesignerGeorge Kruger Gray

The New Zealand sixpence is a coin of the New Zealand pound issued from 1933 to 1965. Equal to twice a threepence or half a shilling, the sixpence was one of five denominations of silver coins introduced in the initial issue of New Zealand coinage in 1933. Early designs for the coin featuring spears and silver ferns were rejected by design committees in Britain and New Zealand. The coin's final reverse, designed by George Kruger Gray, features a female huia, an extinct New Zealand bird, perched atop a branch. Issued in 50% silver until a postwar rise in silver prices triggered a shift to cupronickel in 1947, the coin was minted with relative consistency until 1965, when it was discontinued following decimalisation and the adoption of the New Zealand dollar.

Background

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Further information: Coins of the New Zealand pound

British silver coinage, including sixpences, first circulated in New Zealand during the early 19th century alongside various other silver coinage, including American, Spanish, French, and Dutch issues. The British pound sterling was confirmed as the sole legal tender in 1858,[1] but had in effect been the sole circulating currency since 1847.[2] Australia began issuing its own coinage in 1910, including the Australian sixpence. Widespread circulation of the Australian silver coinage in New Zealand began in 1930, when Australia devalued the Australian pound relative to the pound sterling. Large amounts of the devalued Australian currency began to flood into New Zealand, eventually making up 30–40% of all coinage in circulation by early 1933. The counterfeiting of silver coins also increased during this period.[3]

New Zealand followed in devaluing the New Zealand pound in 1933, triggering mass smuggling of silver coinage to Britain and its other colonial possessions. After several decades of proposals, the New Zealand government pursued the creation of a domestic coinage the same year.[4] The Coinage Act of 1933 outlined the weights and sizes of the six denominations of New Zealand silver coinage, defining the sixpence as a coin weighing 2.83 grams, with a fineness of 0.500.[5] The sixpence was worth two threepences, or half a shilling. Although domestic firms offered to produce the coinage, the New Zealand government deemed that domestic facilities were not sufficient for mass production, and contracted with the British Royal Mint for minting.[6]

Design

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A coin model featuring two hammers with a sickle overlayed between them, alongside the labels SIX D, NZ, and 1933.
Metcalfe's hammer and sickle pattern was rejected due to potential communist associations.

All coinage obverses from the initial 1933 issue featured a crowned bust of George V designed by Percy Metcalfe, initially for use on the Southern Rhodesian pound. This was based on an older crowned bust by Australian sculptor Bertram Mackennal, used on the coinage of other British colonies and dominions. Reverse designs were a matter of collaboration between the Royal Mint and the New Zealand government. Local artists and members of the New Zealand Numismatic Society were consulted throughout the design process, but British artists were tasked with creating an initial series of designs, despite requests from local art societies for domestic artistry of the coins. This task was given to Metcalfe and George Kruger Gray, another prolific Royal Mint designer. The two were tasked to submit designs for each of the five initial silver denominations of coinage.[7]

A colourful illustration of two huia birds perched atop a branch with berries.
Huia, as depicted in A History of the Birds of New Zealand

Metcalfe submitted a design for the sixpence featuring two hammers superimposed atop a sickle, most likely inspired by the mining hammers featured on the national coat of arms. This design, due to its resemblance to the Soviet Union's hammer and sickle iconography, was strongly rejected by the Royal Mint's Advisory Committee for "undesirable political associations."[8] Two alternate designs for the sixpence from Metcalfe, both featuring a stylised six surrounded by the letters "NZ", were described as banal and austere.[9]

Kruger Gray submitted a design featuring crossed taiaha, similar in design to his earlier Southern Rhodesian threepence. This design was rejected by the Advisory Committee due to the impossibility of showing the majority of the spears' hafts. The committee recommended an alternate design containing a silver fern motif; his updated model showed two crossed ferns.[9]

New Zealand's prime minister George Forbes held a weak premiership, and finance minister Gordon Coates served de facto as acting prime minister, especially during Forbes' extended stays in Britain.[10] In July 1933, Coates appointed a Coinage Design Committee, separate from the Royal Mint, composed of various local artists alongside members of the New Zealand Numismatic Society. This new committee took significant issue with the Advisory Committee's approved coinage designs. A huia was suggested by the Design Committee, as fern designs were considered difficult to replicate on coinage.[11]

Kruger Gray referenced a huia depiction by J.G. Keulemans in A History of the Birds of New Zealand. Choosing a female bird to its curved beak, he rendered the bird on a branch against instructions for a plain field, claiming "I do not see how one can use the Huia without a branch!"[12] Following examination by the New Zealand committee and small modifications to the branch, the coin was approved for production.[13] The first sixpences, dated 1933, entered the country in January 1934.[14]

Reception

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Ethnologist Johannes Andersen, writing for The Dominion, described the huia on the coin's reverse as "attractive", but unsatisfactorily designed, due to poorly-rendered wings and a lack of differentiation on the white feathers at the end of the bird's tail.[15]

Mintage

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A silver-colored New Zealand sixpence with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II.
A silver-coloured New Zealand sixpence, 1965, featuring a Huia bird on a twig.
Sixpences were last minted in 1965.

Sixpence mintages were generally consistent throughout their period of circulation, with no key dates. They were issued for every year except 1938 and 1949.[16] Due to high prices of silver in the years following World War II, previously silver denominations (including the threepence) were instead made of a cupronickel alloy from 1947, besides a crown issue in 1949. Much silver coinage was recalled from circulation and melted down by banks. The sixpence was abolished in 1967 in favour of the new denominations of the New Zealand dollar.[17]

Other than proof sets issued in 1935 and 1953, proof sixpences were issued in extremely small numbers during most years of their production. Only twenty proof sixpences were made in 1933 and 1934. 25,000 "prooflike" sixpences were issued as part of a 1965 collector's set, alongside 10 proofs.[16]

George V sixpence mintage[16]
Date 1933 1934 1935 1936
Mintage 3,000,000 3,600,000 560,000 1,480,000
George VI sixpence mintage[16]
Date 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952
Mintage 1,280,000 0 700,000 800,000 440,000 360,000 1,800,000 1,160,000 940,000 2,120,000 3,200,000 2,000,000 0 800,000 1,800,000 3,200,000
Elizabeth II sixpence mintage[16]
Date 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
Mintage 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 2,000,000 2,400,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,600,000 800,000 1,200,000 800,000 3,800,000 8,600,000

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Matthews, Ken (March 2003). "The Legal History of Money in New Zealand" (PDF). Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin. 66 (1): 40–49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  2. ^ Hargreaves 1972, p. 32.
  3. ^ Hargreaves 1972, pp. 141–142.
  4. ^ Hargreaves 1972, p. 142.
  5. ^ An act to make Provision with respect to Currency, Coinage, and Legal Tender in New Zealand (Coinage Act). New Zealand Parliament. 1933. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ Hargreaves 1972, pp. 144–145.
  7. ^ Johnson, Robert A. (1934). Sixty-Fourth Annual Report of the Deputy Master and Comptroller of the Royal Mint – 1933 (Report). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  8. ^ Stocker 2005, p. 148.
  9. ^ a b Stocker 2005, p. 149.
  10. ^ Gardner, W. J. (1996). "Forbes, George William". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography – Te Ara. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  11. ^ Stocker 2005, p. 151.
  12. ^ Stocker 2005, p. 153.
  13. ^ Stocker 2005, p. 155.
  14. ^ Stocker 2005, p. 157.
  15. ^ Andersen, Johannes C. (30 April 1934). ""WARLIKE SHILLING": Experts Criticize New Zealand Coins". Dominion. p. 8.
  16. ^ a b c d e Cuhaj, George S. (2015). 2014 Standard Catalog of World Coins (41st ed.). p. 1636.
  17. ^ Hargreaves 1972, p. 181-183.

Bibliography

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