Victorian National Party

National Party of Australia – Victoria
National Party of Australia – Victoria
Leader	Peter Walsh
Deputy Leader	Emma Kealy
Preceded by	Victorian Farmers' Union (VFU)
Headquarters	Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria
Youth wing	Young Nationals
Ideology	Conservatism (Australian); Agrarianism;
Political position	Centre-right
National affiliation	Federal National
Colours	Green and yellow
Legislative Assembly	9 / 88
Legislative Council	2 / 40
House of ; Representatives	3 / 39 (Victorian seats)
Senate	1 / 12 (Victorian seats)
Website
	vic.nationals.org.au
	Politics of Australia; Political parties; Elections;

The National Party of Australia – Victoria^[1] is a political party in Victoria, which forms the state branch of the federal Nationals. It represents graziers, farmers, miners and rural voters.

It began as a political activity of the Victorian Farmer's Union, which became involved in state politics in 1916. It was then known as the Country Party for many years, until becoming "The Nationals" in 1975.

In state parliament it is presently the junior partner in a centre-right Coalition with the Liberal Party, forming a joint Opposition bench. During periods of conservative government, the party's leader also serves as Deputy Premier of Victoria.

History

VFU/Country Party

The candidates sponsored by the Victorian Farmers' Union from 1916 initially used the same name but in parliament also called themselves the Country Party.^[2]

The Country Progressive Party split from the party in April 1926. In 1927 the VFU reorganised and renamed as the Victorian Country Party.^[3]

The CPP and VCP combined in September 1930 as the United Country Party.^[4]

In 1937, United Country Party federal MP John McEwen was expelled from the state branch for accepting a ministry in the Lyons-Page Coalition government. Following a tumultuous party conference in 1938, another federal MP, Thomas Paterson, led a hundred McEwen supporters to form the Liberal Country Party (LCP), a new party loyal to the federal party.^[5] In April 1943, the LCP reconciled with the UCP.^[6]

In the state election in June, the two parties notionally fielded separate candidates but formed a single block.

"United" was dropped from the name in March 1947.^[7]

The party has had a strained relationship with the Liberal Party of Australia for most of the time since the creation of the latter party in 1944. Following the sacking of Country Party leader John McDonald as Deputy Premier by the Liberals in 1948, in March 1949, the Liberals dissolved and formed the Liberal and Country Party, attempting to merge the Liberals and the Victorian branch of the Country Party together.^[8] This was seen by McDonald as a takeover attempt of the Country Party.^[9]^[10] Six Country MPs defected and joined the new party, which in 1965 became simply known as the Liberals.

While its federal counterpart has been in Coalition with the Liberals and their predecessors for all but a few years since 1923, the Victorian Country (and later Nationals) branch fought elections separately from the Liberals from 1952 to 1989. Even the presence of Victorian John McEwen as federal Country Party leader and the number-two man in the government from 1958 to 1971 didn't heal the breach.^{[citation needed]}

National Party

On 24 July 1975 the party changed its name to the National Party, following the Queensland branch who had made the change the previous year.^[11]

Pat McNamara became leader of the Victorian Nationals in 1988, and two years later reached a new Coalition agreement with the Liberals. The Liberals and Nationals fought the 1992, 1996 and 1999 elections as a Coalition under Jeff Kennett. The Liberals actually won majorities in their own right in 1992 and 1996. Although Kennett thus had no need for the support of the Nationals, he retained the Coalition, with McNamara as Deputy Premier.^{[citation needed]}

However, after the Kennett government's shock defeat in 1999, McNamara's successor as Nationals leader, Peter Ryan, tore up the Coalition agreement.^[12] The Nationals were steadily re-defining themselves as a party distinct from the Liberals. Soon after Ryan took over the leadership, they rebranded themselves as the "VicNats." Ryan uttered several sharp criticisms of the Liberals' most prominent figures, particularly their no-tolls policy on the Melbourne Eastlink freeway^[13] and on former leader Robert Doyle's remarks that the Liberals were twenty seats from government, a statement that assumed that the Nationals would support a Liberal government.^[14]

In mid-2000, McNamara left the parliament and his hitherto safe seat of Benalla was also lost to the ALP. At the 2002 election, the Nationals received 4.3% of the primary vote, maintaining their seven seats in the Assembly and four seats in the Council; the combined total of eleven was the minimum required to maintain Third Party status.^[15] However, they did manage to win back Benalla despite the ALP landslide; the only seat the ALP lost at that election.

Relations with the Liberal Party soured further at the beginning of 2006 when Senator Julian McGauran defected from the Nationals to the Liberals.^[16] Federal party leader Mark Vaile accused McGauran of betrayal. Ryan was equally unsparing, saying of McGauran, "People treat deserters exactly in the way that this fellow will be treated and reviled for the rest of his days. And justifiably so."^[17]

2006 election

Many commentators had stated that The Nationals were facing electoral oblivion at the 2006 election, especially when rumours emerged of a possible preference deal between the Liberals and the ALP which would favour the Liberals against the Nationals, and the ALP against the Greens.^[18] Changes to the Upper House were also likely to slash the Nationals from four members to just one. Ten days prior to the election, Ryan gave what one commentator described the "speech of the campaign thus far" when he lambasted the major parties for their planned actions.

"Welcome", he said, "to Survivor Spring Street", an exercise in reality politics in which "associations that in some instances have been developed for years, amount to an absolute hill of beans", one in which the support offered through long-standing political partnership "is thrown back in your face".^[19]

The Nationals went on to increase their primary vote to 5.17%, winning two seats in the Assembly which were offset by two losses in the Legislative Council (the upper house).^[20] One notable victory was in Mildura, where Peter Crisp defeated the incumbent Russell Savage (one of the three independents who had removed the Nationals from power in 1999), an event which Ryan described as "an impossible dream".^[21]

Premier Steve Bracks resigned unexpectedly in July 2007. Unlike the Liberal leader, Ted Baillieu, Ryan commended Bracks on his parliamentary career and thanked him for his professionalism.^[22] This action is in step with what one commentator describes as "an unprecedented warm relationship with the state Labor Government", which includes reciprocating support for committee chairs.^[23]

Coalition

The Nationals stayed on the crossbench until 2008, when they formed a Coalition with the Liberals under Ted Baillieu.^[24] The renewed Coalition narrowly won the 2010 state election, but was ousted after one term in 2014. The Coalition arrangement was maintained while the two parties were in opposition.

According to The Age, between November 2018 and November 2021, the Coalition's Legislative Council members voted with the Andrews Government's position 28.9% of the time; of the parties in the Legislative Council, only the Liberal Democratic Party had a lower figure (22.1%).^[25]

Ongoing leadership instability in the Liberal Party driven by John Pesutto's controversial attitude towards female MPs sparked media speculation in June 2023 that the Nationals might break the coalition to distance themselves from the Liberal infighting.^[26]

Victorian Nationals leaders

#		Term start	Term end	Electorate	Time in office	Premier	Deputy Premier	Departure notes
1	John Allan (1866–1936)	27 November 1917	27 June 1933	Rodney (1917–1936)	15 years, 212 days	Yes (1924-1927)	No	Resigned
2	Murray Bourchier (1881–1937)	27 June 1933	14 March 1935	Goulburn Valley (1920–1936)	1 year, 260 days	No	No	Deposed; became Deputy Leader
3	Albert Dunstan (1882–1950)	14 March 1935	22 November 1945	Korong and Eaglehawk (1927–1945)	10 years, 253 days	Yes (1935-1943; 1943-1945)	Yes (1935)	Resigned
3	Albert Dunstan (1882–1950)	14 March 1935	22 November 1945	Korong (1945–1950)	10 years, 253 days	Yes (1935-1943; 1943-1945)	Yes (1935)	Resigned
4	John McDonald (1898–1977)	22 November 1945	20 April 1955	Shepparton (1945–1955)	9 years, 149 days	Yes (1950-1952; 1952)	Yes (1947-1948)	Resigned
5	Herbert Hyland (1884–1970)	20 April 1955	8 July 1964	Gippsland South (1929–1970)	9 years, 79 days	No	No	Deposed
6	George Moss (1913–1985)	8 July 1964	17 June 1970	Murray Valley (1945–1973)	5 years, 344 days	No	No	Resigned
7	Peter Ross-Edwards (1922–2012)	17 June 1970	20 October 1988	Shepparton (1967–1991)	18 years, 125 days	No	No	Resigned
8	Pat McNamara (1949–)	20 October 1988	16 December 1999	Benalla (1982–2000)	11 years, 57 days	No	Yes (1992-1999)	Resigned
9	Peter Ryan (1950–)	16 December 1999	3 December 2014	Gippsland South (1992–2015)	14 years, 352 days	No	Yes (2010-2014)	Resigned
10	Peter Walsh (1954–)	3 December 2014	Incumbent	Murray Plains (2014–)	9 years, 355 days	No	No

Victorian Nationals deputy leaders

#		Term start	Term end	Electorate	Time in office	Deputy Premier	Leader	Departure notes
1	Francis Old (1875–1950)	1922	1924	Swan Hill (1919–1945)		No	John Allan
2	Alfred Downward (1847–1930)	1924	1927	Mornington (1894–1929)		No	John Allan
3	Murray Bourchier (1881–1937)	1927	29 October 1930	Goulburn Valley (1920–1936)		No	John Allan	Resigned
4	Albert Dunstan (1881–1937)	29 October 1930	14 March 1935	Korong and Eaglehawk (1927–1945)	4 years, 136 days	No	John Allan	Became leader following a successful challenge against Murray Bourchier
4	Albert Dunstan (1881–1937)	29 October 1930	14 March 1935	Korong and Eaglehawk (1927–1945)	4 years, 136 days	No	Murray Bourchier
(3)	Murray Bourchier (1881–1937)	14 March 1935	24 June 1936	Goulburn Valley (1920–1936)	1 year, 102 days	Yes (1935-1936)	Albert Dunstan	Resigned to become Victorian Agent-General in London
(1)	Francis Old (1875–1950)	30 June 1936	14 October 1937	Swan Hill (1919–1945)	1 year, 106 days	Yes (1936-1937)	Albert Dunstan	Deposed
5	Albert Lind (1878–1964)	14 October 1937	22 November 1945	Gippsland East (1920–1961)	8 years, 39 days	Yes (1937-1943)	Albert Dunstan	Resigned
6	Keith Dodgshun (1893–1971)	22 November 1945	20 April 1955	Rainbow (1945–1955)	9 years, 149 days	Yes (1950-1952); (1952)	John McDonald	Resigned due to ill health
7	George Moss (1913–1985)	20 April 1955	8 July 1964	Murray Valley (1945–1973)	9 years, 79 days	No	Herbert Hyland	Became leader following a successful challenge against Herbert Hyland
8	Bruce Evans (1925–2012)	8 July 1964	17 June 1970	Gippsland East (1961–1992)	5 years, 344 days	No	George Moss	Resigned
9	Milton Whiting (1922–2010)	17 June 1970	8 April 1982	Mildura (1962–1988)	11 years, 295 days	No	Peter Ross-Edwards	Deposed
10	Eddie Hann (1946–1990)	8 April 1982	20 October 1988	Rodney (1973–1989)	6 years, 195 days	No	Peter Ross-Edwards	Resigned
11	Bill McGrath (1936–2018)	20 October 1988	23 September 1999	Lowan (1979–1992)	10 years, 338 days	No	Pat McNamara	Resigned
11	Bill McGrath (1936–2018)	20 October 1988	23 September 1999	Wimmera (1992–1999)	10 years, 338 days	No	Pat McNamara	Resigned
12	Peter Ryan (1950–)	23 September 1999	16 December 1999	Gippsland South (1992–2015)	84 days	No	Pat McNamara	Became leader following the resignation of Pat McNamara
13	Barry Steggall (1943–)	16 December 1999	4 December 2002	Swan Hill (1983–2002)	2 years, 353 days	No	Peter Ryan	Resigned
14	Peter Walsh (1954–)	4 December 2002	3 December 2014	Swan Hill (2002–2014)	11 years, 364 days	No	Peter Ryan	Became leader following the resignation of Peter Ryan
14	Peter Walsh (1954–)	4 December 2002	3 December 2014	Murray Plains (2014–)	11 years, 364 days	No	Peter Ryan	Became leader following the resignation of Peter Ryan
15	Stephanie Ryan (1986–)	3 December 2014	11 July 2022	Euroa (2014–)	7 years, 220 days	No	Peter Walsh	Resigned
16	Emma Kealy (1977–)	11 July 2022	Incumbent	Lowan (2014–)	2 years, 134 days	No	Peter Walsh

Election results

Note that until the 1960s some seats were uncontested, which can distort the vote shares.

Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Government
1917	none	21,183	6.13	4 / 65	4	3rd	Crossbench
1920	John Allan	64,500	14.41	13 / 65	9	3rd	Crossbench
1921	John Allan	45,348	14.01	12 / 65	1	3rd	Crossbench
1924	John Allan	43,961	11.97	13 / 65	1	3rd	Crossbench
1927	John Allan	62,218	8.13	10 / 65	3	3rd	Crossbench
1929	John Allan	55,876	8.83	11 / 65	1	3rd	Crossbench
1932	John Allan	83,519	12.33	14 / 65	1	3rd	Coalition
1935	Murray Bourchier	115,064	13.71	20 / 65	6	2nd	Coalition
1937	Albert Dunstan	89,286	11.35	20 / 65	0	2nd	Minority government
1940	Albert Dunstan	109,626	14.06	22 / 65	2	1st	Minority government
1943	Albert Dunstan	123,902^[1]	14.39	25 / 65	5	1st	Minority government
1945	Albert Dunstan	163,940	18.67	18 / 65	7	2nd	Opposition
1947	John McDonald	177,698	14.92	20 / 65	2	2nd	Coalition
1950	John McDonald	128,537	10.64	13 / 65	7	3rd	Coalition
1952	John McDonald	85,843	8.34	12 / 65	1	2nd	Opposition
1955	Herbert Hyland	122,999	9.53	10 / 66	2	3rd	Crossbench
1958	Herbert Hyland	127,228	9.30	9 / 66	1	3rd	Crossbench
1961	Herbert Hyland	102,184	7.14	9 / 66	0	3rd	Crossbench
1964	Herbert Hyland	132,067	8.76	10 / 66	1	3rd	Crossbench
1967	George Moss	136,126	8.65	12 / 73	2	3rd	Crossbench
1970	George Moss	107,011	6.40	8 / 73	4	3rd	Crossbench
1973	Peter Ross-Edwards	113,029	5.96	8 / 73	0	3rd	Crossbench
1976	Peter Ross-Edwards	144,818	7.10	7 / 81	1	3rd	Crossbench
1979	Peter Ross-Edwards	119,385	5.61	8 / 81	1	3rd	Crossbench
1982	Peter Ross-Edwards	111,579	4.97	8 / 81	0	3rd	Crossbench
1985	Peter Ross-Edwards	174,727	7.29	10 / 88	2	3rd	Crossbench
1988	Peter Ross-Edwards	188,776	7.76	9 / 88	1	3rd	Crossbench
1992	Pat McNamara	204,525	7.83	9 / 88	0	3rd	Coalition
1996	Pat McNamara	184,419	6.69	9 / 88	0	3rd	Coalition
1999	Pat McNamara	135,930	4.80	7 / 88	2	3rd	Crossbench
2002	Peter Ryan	125,003	4.30	7 / 88	0	3rd	Crossbench
2006	Peter Ryan	153,299	5.17	9 / 88	2	3rd	Crossbench
2010	Peter Ryan	213,492	6.75	10 / 88	1	3rd	Coalition
2014	Peter Ryan	185,619	5.53	8 / 88	2	3rd	Opposition
2018	Peter Walsh	167,625	4.77	6 / 88	2	3rd	Opposition
2022	Peter Walsh	159,373	5.0	9 / 88	3	3rd	Opposition

¹ In 1943 the party reconciled with the breakaway Liberal Country Party. The two parties notionally fielded separate candidates but formed a single block; the table shows the combined result for the parties. The Country Party received 112,164 votes (13.03%) and 18 seats, the Liberal Country Party, standing as the Victorian Country Party, 11,738 votes (1.36%) and 7 seats, 6 of them unopposed.

Federal Elections


Election	Seats Won	±	Total Votes	%	±	Leader
1919	5 / 21	3	79,839	13.50%	13.50%	No leader
1922	5 / 20	0	65,341	14.20%	0.70%	Earle Page
1925	5 / 20	0	124,585	13.90%	0.30%
1928	3 / 20	2	94,071	11.10%	2.80%
1929	2 / 20	1	102,276	12.10%	1.00%
1931	4 / 20	2	89,557	9.60%	2.50%
1934	3 / 20	1	132,879	13.00%	3.40%
1937	4 / 20	1	145,500	15.00%	2.00%
1940	3 / 20	1	81,790	7.30%	7.70%	Archie Cameron
1943	3 / 20	0	85,270	7.10%	0.20%	Arthur Fadden
1946	4 / 20	1	116,446	9.40%	2.30%
1949	3 / 33	1	106,190	8.20%	1.20%
1951	3 / 33	0	67,831	5.20%	3.00%
1954	3 / 33	0	43,390	3.40%	1.80%
1955	3 / 33	0	72,877	5.50%	2.10%
1958	5 / 33	2	103,735	7.40%	1.90%	John McEwen
1961	5 / 33	0	111,637	7.50%	0.10%
1963	5 / 33	0	116,790	7.60%	0.10%
1966	5 / 33	0	130,468	8.30%	0.70%
1969	5 / 34	0	113,958	6.80%	1.50%
1972	6 / 34	1	134,158	7.40%	0.60%	Doug Anthony
1974	6 / 34	0	151,707	7.50%	0.10%
1975	5 / 34	1	186,667	8.90%	1.40%
1977	3 / 33	2	120,032	5.60%	3.30%
1980	3 / 33	0	109,506	4.90%	0.70%
1983	3 / 33	0	114,065	4.90%	0.00%
1984	3 / 39	0	145,435	6.40%	1.50%	Ian Sinclair
1987	3 / 39	0	154,088	6.30%	0.10%	Ian Sinclair
1990	3 / 38	0	154,069	6.00%	0.30%	Charles Blunt
1993	3 / 38	0	137,470	5.00%	1.00%	Tim Fischer
1996	2 / 37	1	128,091	4.60%	0.40%
1998	2 / 37	0	77,385	2.70%	1.90%
2001	2 / 37	0	91,048	3.10%	0.40%	John Anderson
2004	2 / 37	0	105,577	3.51%	0.41%	John Anderson
2007	2 / 37	0	95,859	3.02%	0.49%	Mark Vaile
2010	2 / 37	0	101,419	3.19%	0.17%	Warren Truss
2013	2 / 37	0	86,045	2.61%	0.58%	Warren Truss
2016	3 / 37	1	163,514	4.75%	2.14%	Barnaby Joyce
2019	3 / 38	0	136,737	3.70%	1.05%	Michael McCormack
2022	3 / 39	0	127,883	3.77%	0.07%	Barnaby Joyce

References

^ "Current register of political parties". Australian Electoral Commission. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018.
^ Costar, Brian (2006). "John Allan: The first agrarian". In Strangio, Paul; Costar, Brian (eds.). The Victorian Premiers, 1856-2006. The Federation Press. p. 196n. ISBN 9781862876019.
^ "THE NEW FOR THE OLD V.F.U. BECOMES V.C.P." Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. Vic. 25 March 1927. p. 2. Retrieved 13 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Paul, J. B., "Dunstan, Sir Albert Arthur (1882–1950)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 December 2022
^ Costar, B. J. (1988). "Paterson, Thomas (1882–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ "Victorian C.P. Amalgamation". The Daily Advertiser. Wagga Wagga, N.S.W.: National Library of Australia. 10 April 1943. p. 2. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ "26 Mar 1947 - LIBERAL-CP POLL TALKS - Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. 26 March 1947. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Plans for United CP-Lib Party". The Argus. 5 February 1949. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
^ Brian Costar (1985). "National–Liberal Party Relations in Victoria". In Hay, P. R.; et al. (eds.). Essays on Victorian Politics. Warrnambool: Warrnambool Institute Press.
^ Ian Hancock (2002). John Gorton: He Did It His Way. Hodder. ISBN 0733614396.
^ Davey, Paul (2006). The Nationals: The Progressive, Country and National Party in New South Wales 1919 to 2006. The Federation Press. p. 453. ISBN 9781862875265.
^ Chris Johnston – Attack the best defence for Ryan. Thanks, Cicero – The Age, 27 November 2006
^ Nick Lenaghan Opposition splits on tollway
^ Jason Dowling State Nationals send warning to Doyle, The Age, 29 January 2006
^ Victorian Electoral Commission – 2002 Election Results Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Liberals accept McGauran The Herald Sun, 3 February 2006
^ PM denies Liberals poached McGauran The Age, 24 January 2006
^ Paul Austin – Nats 'will retaliate' on preferences – The Age, 7 November 2006
^ Paul Austin – The preferences fallout: Peter Ryan plays 'Survivor of Spring Street' – The Age, 16 November 2006
^ Victorian Electoral Commission – 2006 Election Results Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Chris Johnston – Attack the best defence for Ryan. Thanks, Cicero – The Age,27 November 2006
^ Steve Bracks Resigns Archived 25 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Comments by Baillieu and Ryan, 28 July 2007
^ Jason Dowling – Wanna be in my gang? – The Age, 4 March 2007
^ David Rood – Libs, Nats revive coalition – The Age, 11 February 2008
^ Sakkal, Paul (26 November 2021). "'Is this what compliant looks like?': Victoria's crossbench conflict". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^ Smethurst, Annika (15 June 2023). "Is it time for the Victorian Coalition to file for divorce?". The Age. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

External links

Official website

[1] "Current register of political parties". Australian Electoral Commission. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018.

[2] Costar, Brian (2006). "John Allan: The first agrarian". In Strangio, Paul; Costar, Brian (eds.). The Victorian Premiers, 1856-2006. The Federation Press. p. 196n. ISBN 9781862876019.

[vcp-3] "THE NEW FOR THE OLD V.F.U. BECOMES V.C.P." Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. Vic. 25 March 1927. p. 2. Retrieved 13 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.

[4] Paul, J. B., "Dunstan, Sir Albert Arthur (1882–1950)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 December 2022

[5] Costar, B. J. (1988). "Paterson, Thomas (1882–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

[6] "Victorian C.P. Amalgamation". The Daily Advertiser. Wagga Wagga, N.S.W.: National Library of Australia. 10 April 1943. p. 2. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

[7] "26 Mar 1947 - LIBERAL-CP POLL TALKS - Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. 26 March 1947. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

[8] "Plans for United CP-Lib Party". The Argus. 5 February 1949. Retrieved 29 November 2019.

[hay-9] Brian Costar (1985). "National–Liberal Party Relations in Victoria". In Hay, P. R.; et al. (eds.). Essays on Victorian Politics. Warrnambool: Warrnambool Institute Press.

[gorton-10] Ian Hancock (2002). John Gorton: He Did It His Way. Hodder. ISBN 0733614396.

[11] Davey, Paul (2006). The Nationals: The Progressive, Country and National Party in New South Wales 1919 to 2006. The Federation Press. p. 453. ISBN 9781862875265.

[12] Chris Johnston – Attack the best defence for Ryan. Thanks, Cicero – The Age, 27 November 2006

[13] Nick Lenaghan Opposition splits on tollway

[14] Jason Dowling State Nationals send warning to Doyle, The Age, 29 January 2006

[15] Victorian Electoral Commission – 2002 Election Results Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[16] Liberals accept McGauran The Herald Sun, 3 February 2006

[17] PM denies Liberals poached McGauran The Age, 24 January 2006

[18] Paul Austin – Nats 'will retaliate' on preferences – The Age, 7 November 2006

[19] Paul Austin – The preferences fallout: Peter Ryan plays 'Survivor of Spring Street' – The Age, 16 November 2006

[20] Victorian Electoral Commission – 2006 Election Results Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[21] Chris Johnston – Attack the best defence for Ryan. Thanks, Cicero – The Age,27 November 2006

[22] Steve Bracks Resigns Archived 25 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Comments by Baillieu and Ryan, 28 July 2007

[23] Jason Dowling – Wanna be in my gang? – The Age, 4 March 2007

[24] David Rood – Libs, Nats revive coalition – The Age, 11 February 2008

[25] Sakkal, Paul (26 November 2021). "'Is this what compliant looks like?': Victoria's crossbench conflict". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 1 December 2021.

[26] Smethurst, Annika (15 June 2023). "Is it time for the Victorian Coalition to file for divorce?". The Age. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

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