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The Rällinge statuette, believed to depict Freyr, Viking Age.[1]

The Germanic god Freyr is referred to by many names in Old Norse poetry and literature. Multiple of these are attested only once in the extant record and are found principally in Skáldskaparmál. Some names have been further proposed by scholars to have referred to the god in the Medieval period, including one from Old English literature.

Names

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Name
(Old Norse)		 Name
(Anglicised)		 Name meaning Attestations Notes
Árguð[2] Argud God of the Fertile Season[3] Skáldskaparmál (14)
Ballriði[4] Ballridi Bold rider[5] Lokasenna 37
Bani Belja[6] Bani Belja Beli's bane[7] Gylfaginning (61), Skáldskaparmál (262)
Belja dólgr[2] Belja dolg Adversary of Beli[3] Skáldskaparmál (14)
Blótgoð svía[8] Blotgod svia Sacrificial god of the Svear[9] Ögmundar þáttr dytts
Fégjafa[2] Fegjafa God of Wealth-Gifts[3] Skáldskaparmál (14) Also attested as a heiti for Njörðr in Skáldskaparmál (13)
Folkvaldi goða[10] Folkvaldi goda Foremost of the gods,[11] Great general of the gods[12] Skírnismál (3)
Ingunar-Freyr[4] Ingunar-Freyr Ingunar-Freyr[13] Lokasenna (43), Separate Saga of St. Olaf (Prologue)
Ǫflugr Atriði[2] Oflug Atridi The mighty attacking rider[9] Skáldskaparmál (261) Compare with Atriðr, a name for Odin[14]
Son Njarðar[2] Son Njardar Son of Njördr[3] Skáldskaparmál (14), Skírnismál (38, 39)
Svía goð[15] Svia god God of the Svear[9] Viðbœtir við Olafs sögu hins helga (Chapter 11)
Vanaguð[2] Vanagud God of Vanir[3] Skáldskaparmál (14) Also attested as a heiti for Njörðr in Skáldskaparmál (13)
Vananið[2] Vananid Kinsman of the Vanir[3] Skáldskaparmál (14) Also attested as a heiti for Njörðr in Skáldskaparmál (13)
Vanr[2] Van Wane[3] Skáldskaparmál (14) Also attested as a heiti for Njörðr in Skáldskaparmál (13)
Vaningi[10] Vaningi Member of the Vanir[16] Skírnismál (37) Also attested as a heiti for boar in Nafnaþulur (97)
Veralldar gud,[17] Veraldargoð[18] Veralldar gud, Veraldargod God of the world,[19] God of this world[20] Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta (Flateyjarbók I Chapter 323),Ynglinga Saga (Chapter 13) Compare with the Sámi god Vearalden Olmai (Man of the World)[9]
Yngvi[18] Yngvi Yngve[21] Ynglinga Saga (Chapter 12)
Yngvifreyr,[18] Ingifreyr[22] Yngvifrey Yngve Frey[21] Haustlöng (10), Nafnaþulur (22), Sturlaugs saga starfsama (Chapter 19), Ynglinga Saga (Chapter 14)

Proposed names

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Scholars have proposed names that may have been used historically to refer to Freyr. In contrast to the first table, these names rely to varying extents on speculation and are not unequivocal.

Name
(Old Norse or Old English)		 Name
(Anglicised)		 Name meaning Attestations Notes
Álfr[23] Alf Elf[23] Skáldskaparmál (69), Vafþrúðnismál (46,47) as a component of the sun kenning álfröðull Proposed by Alaric Hall due to Snorri's description of Freyr ruling over the sun's shining, the name of his servant Skírnir is derived from skírr ('bright'), and the partial synonymity between álfr and vanr.[23]
Alfwalda[24] Alfwalda Ruler of elves[25] Beowulf (Line 1313) Argued by Paul Beekman Taylor to refer to Freyr, based on the association between Freyr and elves seen in the Dvergatal, in which both Yngvi and Álfr are listed, and in Grímnismál, when he is described as ruling over Álfheimr.[25] Alaric Hall describes the reading of alfwalda, rather than amending to alwalda (all-ruler), as reasonable but notes the argument is highly speculative.[23]
Fróði Frodi, Frode Wise[26] Ynglinga saga (Chapter 12) In the euhemeristic Ynglinga saga, Fróði's Peace began under the rule of the Freyr, and was maintained after his death through offering him blóts and veneration. Referring to the figure after which the period of peace is named, Rudolf Simek states that "it has been realized for a long time that Fróði and Freyr are identical."[27] In Skírnismál (1), Freyr is also referred to as Old Norse: inn fróði (the wise one).[10][28]
Þrór[29][30] Thror Related to Old Norse: Þróaz ("to grow, to increase"). Has been proposed to mean "The sexually prolific" and "The thriving".[31][32][33] Grímnismál (49), Ynglingatal (51) A name for Óðinn, proposed by John McKinnell to have been a name for Freyr due to the description of the Norwegian branch of the Ynglings as 'Þrór's descent' (Old Norse: niðkvísl Þrós) and its use as a heiti for boar in Nafnaþulur (97).[32] Olof Sundqvist supports this idea, noting also that Freyr is described as Þroskr in Skírnismál.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Lindow 2001, p. 121.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Skáldskaparmál (ON).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Brodeur 1916.
  4. ^ a b Lokasenna (ON).
  5. ^ Sundqvist 2013.
  6. ^ Gylfaginning (ON).
  7. ^ Young 1992.
  8. ^ Ögmundar þáttr dytts.
  9. ^ a b c d Sundqvist 2013, pp. 11–35.
  10. ^ a b c Skírnismál (ON).
  11. ^ Bellows 2004, Skírnismál.
  12. ^ Orchard 2011, För Skírnis.
  13. ^ Bellows 2004, Lokasenna.
  14. ^ Atriða.
  15. ^ Viðbœtir við Olafs sögu hins helga.
  16. ^ Simek 2008.
  17. ^ Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar (ON).
  18. ^ a b c Ynglinga saga (ON).
  19. ^ Gunnell 2017, p. 123.
  20. ^ Laing 1961, p. 15.
  21. ^ a b Laing 1961, p. 14.
  22. ^ Sturlaugs saga (ON).
  23. ^ a b c d Hall 2007.
  24. ^ Beowulf.
  25. ^ a b Taylor 1998, pp. 99–106.
  26. ^ Kruken 1995.
  27. ^ Simek 2008, p. 92.
  28. ^ Bellows 2004, Skírnismal.
  29. ^ Grímnismál (ON).
  30. ^ Ynglingatal (ON).
  31. ^ a b Sundqvist 2002.
  32. ^ a b McKinnell 2005, p. 148.
  33. ^ Mallet 2018, p. 546.

Bibliography

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Primary

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  • "Beowulf on Steorarume [Beowulf in Cyberspace]: Bilingual Edition (OE text & translation)". heorot.dk. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  • "Grímnismál (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  • "Gylfaginning (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  • "Lokasenna (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  • "Ögmundar þáttr dytts – heimskringla.no". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  • "Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  • "Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 12 January 2022.≈
  • "Skírnismál (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  • "Ynglingatal – heimskringla.no". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  • "Ynglinga Saga (Old Norse)". Heimskringla. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  • "Viðbœtir við Olafs sögu hins helga – heimskringla.no". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  • "Sturlaugs saga starfsama, chapter 19". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  • Bellows, Henry Adam (2004). The Poetic Edda : The Mythological Poems. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486437108.
  • Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (1916). The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson. New York, The American-Scandinavian Foundation. ISBN 9798534277388.
  • Laing, Samuel (1961). Heimskringla. Part two, Sagas of the Norse Kings. London: Dent. ISBN 0460008471.
  • Orchard, Andy (2011). The Elder Edda : a book of Viking lore. London: Penguin Books. p. 60. ISBN 9780141393728.
  • Wills, Tarrin (2 September 2020). "Skaldic Project - Atriða". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  • Young, Jean (1992). The prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson : tales from Norse mythology. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780520273054.

Secondary

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