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Sodium–potassium alloy

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Sodium–potassium alloy
Sodium–potassium alloy under mineral oil.
Material typemetal alloy
Physical properties
Density (ρ)
  • 0.866 g/cm3, 20 °C (68 °F)
  • 0.855 g/cm3, 100 °C (212 °F)
  • 0.749 g/cm3, 550 °C (1,022 °F)
Thermal properties
Melting temperature (Tm)−12.6 °C (9.3 °F)
Thermal conductivity (k) at 100 °C (212 °F)22.4 W/(m⋅K)
Specific heat capacity (c)982 J/(kg⋅K)
Electrical properties
Surface resistivity33.5–72.0 μΩ⋅cm
Source[1]

Sodium–potassium alloy, colloquially called NaK (commonly pronounced /næk/),[2] is an alloy of the alkali metals sodium (Na, atomic number 11) and potassium (K, atomic number 19) that is normally liquid at room temperature.[3] Various commercial grades are available. NaK is highly reactive with water (like its constituent elements) and may catch fire when exposed to air, so must be handled with special precautions.

Properties

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Solid–liquid phase diagram of sodium and potassium.[4] X-axis is mass percent.

Physical properties

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NaK containing 40% to 90% potassium by mass is liquid at room temperature. The eutectic mixture consists of 77% potassium and 23% sodium by mass (NaK-77), and it is a liquid from −12.6 to 785 °C (9.3 to 1,445.0 °F), and has a density of 0.866 g/cm3 at 21 °C (70 °F) and 0.855 g/cm3 at 100 °C (212 °F), making it less dense than water.[3] It is highly reactive with water and is stored usually under hexane or other hydrocarbons, or under an inert gas (usually dry nitrogen or argon[5]) if high purity and low levels of oxidation are required.

A solid compound, Na2K, exists at low temperatures, containing 46 percent potassium by mass.

NaK has a very high surface tension, which makes large amounts of it pull into a bun-like shape. Its specific heat capacity is 982 J/(kg⋅K), which is roughly one quarter of that for water, but heat transfer is higher over a temperature gradient due to higher thermal conductivity.[6]

Chemical properties

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When stored in air, it forms a yellow potassium superoxide coating and may ignite. This superoxide reacts explosively with water and organics. NaK is not dense enough to sink in most hydrocarbons, but will sink in lighter mineral oil. It is unsafe to store in this manner if the superoxide has formed. A large explosion took place at the Oak Ridge Y-12 facility on December 8, 1999, when NaK cleaned up after an accidental spill and inappropriately treated with mineral oil was scratched with a metal tool.[7] The liquid alloy also attacks PTFE ("Teflon").[8] Sodium–potassium alloy polymerizes dimethyldichlorosilane into polysilanes with a Si-Si backbone and methyl radicals, primarily dodecamethylcyclohexasilane.[9]

Further alloys with low melting points

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Further alloys with low melting points are Cs77K23 at −37.5 °C (−35.5 °F), Cs19Na at −30 °C (−22 °F) and Na2Rb23 at −5 °C (23 °F). The alloy consisting of 40.8 % caesium, 11.8 % sodium and 47.4 % potassium has a melting point of −79.4 °C (−110.9 °F).[clarification needed]

Usage

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Shake the molten sodium-potassium alloy

Coolant

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NaK has been used as the coolant in experimental fast neutron nuclear reactors. Unlike commercial plants, these are frequently shut down and defuelled. Use of lead or pure sodium, the other materials used in practical reactors, would require continual heating to maintain the coolant as a liquid. Use of NaK overcomes this. The Dounreay Fast Reactor is an example.

The first nuclear reactor in space,[10][11] the United States' experimental SNAP-10A satellite, used NaK as coolant. The NaK was circulated through the core and thermoelectric converters by a liquid metal direct current conduction-type pump.[12] The satellite was launched in 1965,[13] and as of 2022 is the only fission reactor power system launched into space by the United States.[14]

The Soviet RORSAT radar satellites were powered by a BES-5 reactor, which was cooled with NaK.[15][16] In addition to the wide liquid temperature range, NaK has a very low vapor pressure, which is important in the vacuum of space.

An unintended consequence of the usage as a coolant on orbiting satellites has been the creation of additional space debris. NaK coolant has leaked from a number of satellites, including Kosmos 1818 and Kosmos 1867. The coolant self-forms into droplets of sodium–potassium of up to several centimeters in size.[17] These objects are space debris.[18]

The Danamics LMX Superleggera CPU cooler uses NaK to transport heat from the CPU to its cooling fins.[19]

Desiccant

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In contact with water, hydrogen is created.[20] Hence, sodium–potassium alloys are used as desiccants in drying solvents prior to distillation.

Hydraulic fluid

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Eutectic NaK (NaK-77, an alloy of 77% potassium and 23% sodium by mass) can be used as a hydraulic fluid in high-temperature and high-radiation environments, for temperature ranges of −12 to 760 °C (10 to 1,400 °F). Its bulk modulus at 538 °C (1,000 °F) is 2.14 GPa, higher than of a hydraulic oil at room temperature. Its lubricity is poor, so positive-displacement pumps are unsuitable and centrifugal pumps have to be used. Addition of caesium shifts the useful temperature range to −71 to 704 °C (−96 to 1,299 °F). NaK-77 was tested in hydraulic and fluidic systems for the Supersonic Low Altitude Missile.[21] NaK may also be used to transmit forces inside high temperature pressure transducers as an alternative to mercury.[22]

Chemical methods

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NaK can be used as catalyst in some reactions, such as isobutylbenzene, a precursor to ibuprofen.[23]

Synthesis and production

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Industrially, NaK is produced in a reactive distillation.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Foust, O. J.; United States Atomic Energy Commission (1972). Sodium-NaK engineering handbook. New York: Gordon & Breach. ISBN 978-0-677-03030-2. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  2. ^ Houghton, Rick, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials Archived 2017-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, 2007, p.89
  3. ^ a b "Sodium-Potassium Alloy (NaK)" (PDF). BASF. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  4. ^ G.L.C.M. van Rossen, H. van Bleiswijk: Über das Zustandsdiagramm der Kalium-Natriumlegierungen, in: Z. Anorg. Chem., 1912, 74, S. 152–156.
  5. ^ Strem Chemical. "MSDS". Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  6. ^ "Danamics LM10 - Liquid metal put to the test". NordicHardware. 2008-12-04. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  7. ^ "Y-12 NaK Accident Investigation". U.S. Department of Energy. February 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28.
  8. ^ Klinkrad, Heiner (October 2009). Liquid-metals Handbook. p. 97. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
  9. ^ West, Robert; Brough, Lawrence; Wojnowski, Wieslaw (2007). "Dodecamethylcyclohexasilane". Inorganic Syntheses: 265–268. doi:10.1002/9780470132500.ch62. ISBN 9780470132500.
  10. ^ "History of US Astronuclear Reactors part 1: SNAP-2 and 10A", Beyond NERVA, April 3, 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  11. ^ Andrew LePage, "The First Nuclear Reactor in Orbit", Drew Ex Machina, April 3, 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  12. ^ Schmidt, G.L. (September 1988). SNAP 10A Test Program. Rockwell International, Canoga Park, California. DCN: SP-100-XT-0002.
  13. ^ "Reactor goes into space". The Canberra Times. Vol. 39, no. 11, 122. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 April 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 25 April 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ NASA Utilization of Space Nuclear Systems for Robotic and Human Exploration Missions (PDF) (Report). NASA. July 2022. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  15. ^ "Old Nuclear-Powered Soviet Satellite Acts Up". Space.com. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  16. ^ Klinkrad, Heiner (2006-02-23). Space debris: models and risk analysis. Springer. p. 83. ISBN 978-3-540-25448-5. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
  17. ^ C. Wiedemann et al, "Size distribution of NaK droplets for MASTER-2009", Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Space Debris, 30 March-2 April 2009, (ESA SP-672, July 2009)
  18. ^ A. Rossi et al, "Effects of the RORSAT NaK Drops on the Long Term Evolution of the Space Debris Population" Archived 2016-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, University of Pisa, 1997.
  19. ^ "Danamics LMX Superleggera Cooler Review". bit-tech.net. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
    "Danamics LMX Superleggera review - Liquid Metal?". guru3D.com. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  20. ^ Klell, Manfred; Eichlseder, Helmut; Trattner, Alexander (2018), "Speicherung und Transport", Wasserstoff in der Fahrzeugtechnik, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 109–139, doi:10.1007/978-3-658-20447-1_5, ISBN 978-3-658-20446-4, retrieved 2020-06-10
  21. ^ Vernon R. Schmitt, 2002, Controlled Bombs and Guided Missiles of the World War II and Cold War Eras, ISBN 0768009138
  22. ^ "NaK Melt Pressure Transducers & Transmitters". www.mpipressure.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  23. ^ U.S. Patent #2995610, "Isobutylbenzene Preparation". Assigned August 8, 1961 to Standard Oil Co.
  24. ^ Jackson, C. B.; Werner, R. C. (1957-01-01). "18". The Manufacture of Potassium and NaK. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 19. pp. 169–173. doi:10.1021/ba-1957-0019.ch018. ISBN 9780841221666.
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