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Wheelchair rugby

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(Redirected from Murderball (sport))
Wheelchair rugby
Canada's Garett Hickling vs. USA's Bryan Kirkland at a wheelchair rugby game
Characteristics
TypeWheelchair sport, rugby sport
Presence
ParalympicYes, demonstrated in 1996, medal event since 2000
World GamesYes, demonstrated in 2022, to be a medal event in 2025

Wheelchair rugby (originally murderball, and known as quad rugby in the United States) is a team sport for athletes with a disability. It is practiced in over twenty-five countries around the world and is a summer Paralympic sport.

The US name is based on the requirement that all wheelchair rugby players need to have disabilities that include at least some loss of function in at least three limbs. Although most have spinal cord injuries, players may also qualify through multiple amputations, neurological disorders or other medical conditions. Players are assigned a functional level in points, and each team is limited to fielding a team with a total of eight points.

Wheelchair rugby is played indoors on a hardwood court, and physical contact between wheelchairs is an integral part of the game. The rules include elements from wheelchair basketball, ice hockey, handball and rugby union.

The sport is governed by the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) which was established in 1993.

History

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Wheelchair rugby was created to be a sport for persons with quadriplegia in 1976 by five Canadian wheelchair athletes, Gerry Terwin, Duncan Campbell, Randy Dueck, Paul LeJeune and Chris Sargent, in Winnipeg, Manitoba.[1]

At that time, wheelchair basketball was the most common team sport for wheelchair users. That sport's physical requirement for players to dribble and shoot baskets relegated quadriplegic athletes, with functional impairments to both their upper limbs and lower limbs, to supporting roles. The new sport—originally called murderball due to its aggressive, full-contact nature—was designed to allow quadriplegic athletes with a wide range of functional ability levels to play integral offensive and defensive roles.

Murderball was first introduced into Australia in 1982.[citation needed] The Australian team competing in the Stoke Mandeville games in England were invited by the Canadians to select a team to play them in a demonstration game. After receiving limited instructions on the rules and skills of the game the "contest" began. Following a fast and very competitive exchange, Australia won. The game was then born and brought back to Australia where it has flourished.

Murderball was introduced to the United States in 1979[2] by Brad Mikkelsen. With the aid of the University of North Dakota's Disabled Student Services, he formed the first American team, the Wallbangers. The first North American competition was held in 1982.

In the late 1980s, the name of the sport outside the United States was officially changed from Murderball to Wheelchair Rugby. In the United States, the sport's name was changed to Quad Rugby.

The first international tournament was held in 1989 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with teams from Canada, the United States and Great Britain. In 1990, Wheelchair Rugby first appeared at the International Stoke Mandeville Games as an exhibition event,[3] and in 1993 the sport was recognized as an official international sport for athletes with a disability by the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF). In the same year, the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) was established as a sports section of ISMWSF to govern the sport. The first IWRF World Wheelchair Rugby Championships were held in Nottwil, Switzerland, in 1995 and wheelchair rugby appeared as a demonstration sport at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta.

The sport has had full medal status since the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia, and there are now twenty-five active countries in international competition, with several others developing the sport.

Rules

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Wheelchair rugby court

Wheelchair rugby is mostly played by two teams of up to twelve players. Only four players from each team may be on the court at any time. It is a mixed-gender sport, and both male and female athletes play on the same teams.

Wheelchair rugby is played indoors on a hardwood court of the same measurements as a regulation basketball court—28 metres long by 15 metres wide. The required court markings are a centre line and circle, and a key area measuring 8 metres wide by 1.75 metres deep at each end of the court.

The goal line is the section of the end line within the key. Each end of the goal line is marked with a cone-shaped pylon. Players score by carrying the ball across the goal line. For a goal to count, two wheels of the player's wheelchair must cross the line while the player has possession of the ball.

A team is not allowed to have more than three players in their own key while they are defending their goal line. Offensive players are not permitted to remain in the opposing team's key for more than ten seconds.

A player with possession of the ball must bounce or pass the ball within ten seconds.

A team's back court is the half of the court containing the goal they are defending; their front court is the half containing the goal they are attacking. Teams have twelve seconds to advance the ball from their back court into the front court and a total of forty seconds to score a point or concede possession.

Physical contact between wheelchairs is permitted, and forms a major part of the game. However, physical contact between wheelchairs that is deemed dangerous—such as striking another player from behind—is not allowed. Direct physical contact between players is not permitted.

Fouls are penalized by either a one-minute penalty, for defensive fouls and technical fouls, or a loss of possession, for offensive fouls. In some cases, a penalty goal may be awarded in lieu of a penalty. Common fouls include spinning (striking an opponent's wheelchair behind the main axle, causing it to spin horizontally or vertically), illegal use of hands or reaching in (striking an opponent with the arms or hands), and holding (holding or obstructing an opponent by grasping with the hands or arms, or falling onto them).

Wheelchair rugby games consist of four eight-minute quarters. If the game is tied at the end of regulation play, three-minute overtime periods are played.

Much like able-bodied rugby matches, highly competitive wheelchair rugby games are fluid and fast-moving, with possession switching back and forth between the teams while play continues. The game clock is stopped when a goal is scored or in the event of a violation—such as the ball being played out of bounds—or a foul. Players may only be substituted during a stoppage in play.

Tries

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Goals (see above under Rules) are sometimes called "tries".[4]

Equipment

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The Boise Bombers Wheelchair Rugby Team pose following its third annual Toys For Tots match displaying a variety of gear.

Wheelchair rugby is played in a manual wheelchair. The rules include detailed specifications for the wheelchair. Players use custom-made sports wheelchairs that are specifically designed for wheelchair rugby. Key design features include a front bumper, designed to help strike and hold opposing wheelchairs, and wings, which are positioned in front of the main wheels to make the wheelchair more difficult to stop and hold. All wheelchairs must be equipped with spoke protectors, to prevent damage to the wheels, and an anti-tip device at the back.

New players and players in developing countries sometimes play in wheelchairs that have been adapted for wheelchair rugby by the addition of temporary bumpers and wings.

Wheelchair rugby uses a regulation volleyball typically of a 'soft-touch' design, with a slightly textured surface to provide a better grip. The balls are normally over-inflated compared to volleyball, to provide a better bounce. The official ball of the sport from 2013 to 2016 is the Molten soft-touch volleyball, model number WR58X.[5] Players use a variety of other personal equipment, such as gloves and applied adhesives to assist with ball handling due to their usually impaired gripping ability, and various forms of strapping to maintain a good seating position.

Classification

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Wheelchair rugby classifier examining a new player

To be eligible to play wheelchair rugby, athletes must have some form of disability with a loss of function in both the upper limbs and lower limbs.[6] The majority of wheelchair rugby athletes have spinal cord injuries at the level of their cervical vertebrae. Other eligible players have multiple amputations, polio, or neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, some forms of muscular dystrophy, or Guillain–Barré syndrome, among other medical conditions.

Players are classified according to their functional level and assigned a point value ranging from 0.5 (the lowest functional level) to 3.5 (the highest). The total classification value of all players on the court for a team at one time cannot exceed eight points.

The classification process begins with an assessment of the athlete's level of disability to determine if the minimum eligibility requirements for wheelchair rugby are met. These require that an athlete have a neurological disability that involves at least three limbs, or a non-neurological disability that involves all four limbs. The athlete then completes a series of muscle tests designed to evaluate the strength and range of motion of the upper limbs and trunks. A classification can then be assigned to the athlete. Classification frequently includes subsequent observation of the athlete in competition to confirm that physical function in game situations reflects what was observed during muscle testing.

Athletes are permitted to appeal their classification if they feel they have not been properly evaluated. Athletes can be granted a permanent classification if they demonstrate a stable level of function over a series of classification tests.

Wheelchair rugby classification is conducted by personnel with medical training, usually physicians, physiotherapists, or occupational therapists. Classifiers must also be trained in muscle testing and in the details of wheelchair rugby classification.

Active countries

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Countries playing wheelchair rugby

As of November 2022 there are thirty-one active countries playing wheelchair rugby and twenty-six more developing national teams,[7] divided into three zones:

International Competing Countries
Zone number Area Country
1 The Americas Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Paraguay
United States
2 Europe Austria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
3 Asia / Oceania Australia
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
New Zealand
South Africa
Thailand

International competitions

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World Wheelchair Rugby Championships 2002, Gothenburg, Sweden

The major wheelchair rugby international competitions are Zone Championships, held in each odd-numbered year, and the World Championships held quadrennially in even-numbered years. Wheelchair rugby is also an included sport in regional events such as the Parapan American Games.[8]

Since 2000, it has been one of the sports of the Summer Paralympic Games.

In July 2022, the World Games in Birmingham, Alabama hosted six teams to compete: Japan, USA, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and Great Britain. These games had been postponed from 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Recent results
Year Event City Country 1st place 2nd place 3rd place
2022 European Zone Championship Paris France France Great Britain Denmark
2021 Paralympic Games[9] Tokyo Japan Great Britain United States Japan
2019 European Zone Championship Vejle Denmark Great Britain Denmark France
2018 World Championship Sydney Australia Japan Australia United States
2017 European Zone Championship Koblenz Germany Great Britain Sweden France
2016 Paralympic Games

[10] [11]

Rio de Janeiro Brazil Australia United States Japan
2015
Parapan Am Games[12] Toronto Canada Canada United States Colombia
European Zone Championship Nastola Finland Great Britain Sweden Denmark
2014 World Championship[13] Odense Denmark Australia Canada United States
2013 European Zone Championship Antwerp Belgium Sweden Denmark Great Britain
2012 Paralympic Games London UK Australia Canada United States
2011 European Zone Championship Nottwil Switzerland Sweden Great Britain Belgium
2010 5th World Championship[14] Vancouver Canada United States Australia Japan
2009 1st Americas Zone Championship Buenos Aires Argentina United States Canada Argentina
Asia-Oceania Zone Championship Christchurch New Zealand Australia New Zealand Japan
7th European Zone Championship Hillerød Denmark Belgium Sweden Germany
2008 Paralympic Games Beijing China United States Australia Canada
2007 4th Oceania Zone Championship Sydney Australia Australia Canada New Zealand
6th European Zone Championship Espoo Finland Great Britain Germany Sweden
2006 4th World Championship[15] Christchurch New Zealand United States New Zealand Canada
2005 5th European Zone Championship Middelfart Denmark Great Britain Germany Sweden
3rd Oceania Zone Championship Johannesburg South Africa New Zealand Australia Japan
2004 Paralympic Games Athens Greece New Zealand Canada United States
2002 3rd World Championship Gothenburg Sweden Canada United States Australia
2000 Paralympic Games Sydney Australia United States Australia New Zealand
1998 2nd World Championship Toronto Canada United States New Zealand Canada
1996 Paralympic Games (demonstration) Atlanta United States United States Canada New Zealand
1995 1st World Championship Nottwil Switzerland United States Canada New Zealand

Variations

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The paralympic version of wheelchair rugby has been adapted with new variations on the rules developed. These variations have broadened the classification system to allow players with higher functionality to compete.

Invictus Games[16]

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Team size reduces from 12 in the preliminary rounds to 10 in the semi-finals and final. Classifications in three categories:

  • "Maximum" players (1 point) - roughly in line with classification for the paralympic version of the game
  • "Moderate" players (2 points) - players with functional or physical impairments (eg all leg amputees (single and double) or significant balance issues (e.g. player must walk with assistive devices) )
  • "Open" players (3 points) - players with minor or non-permanent physical disabilities and other illnesses (e.g. PTSD, TBI, minor orthopedic injuries)

A maximum of 10 points from 4 players can be played on court at any time.

Wheelchair Rugby 5s

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The 5s version of wheelchair rugby was developed in the UK by Great Britain Wheelchair Rugby in 2017.[17] The game was officially adopted by World Wheelchair Rugby in June 2021.[18] Like the Invictus variation, the 5s game widens eligibility. Team size remains at 12. Classifications in broad groups:

  • 0.5 - Paralympic wheelchair rugby classifications from 0.5-1.5
  • 1.0 - Paralympic wheelchair rugby classifications from 2.0-3.5
  • 1.5 - GBWR Paralympic classification of 4.0 and players with an impairment in one upper limb
  • 2.0 - Players with an impairment in both lower limbs
  • 3.0 - Players with an impairment in one lower limb
  • 4.0 - Players with a diagnosed pain related impairment (GBWR only)

A maximum of 10 points from 5 players can be played on the court at any time.[19]

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Wheelchair rugby was featured in the Oscar-nominated 2005 documentary Murderball. It was voted the #1 Top Sport Movie of all time by the movie review website Rotten Tomatoes.[20]

The character Jason Street in the NBC television show Friday Night Lights, having been paralyzed in a game of American football in the pilot, tries out for the United States quad rugby team in a later episode.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "History of Wheelchair Rugby", iwasf.com
  2. ^ "International Wheelchair Rugby Federation : About Our Sport". www.iwrf.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07.
  3. ^ "Rugby", europaralympic.org/
  4. ^ Jason Coskrey (25 August 2021). "Japan holds off France in wheelchair rugby opener at Tokyo Paralympics". The Japan Times. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Yukinobu Ike led the way with 20 tries for Japan
  5. ^ "Official IWRF Molten Wheelchair Rugby Balls", iwrf.com, Archived 2017-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ International Wheelchair Rugby Federation. "About Wheelchair Rugby". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  7. ^ "World Wheelchair Rugby : Development". International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF). Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  8. ^ "TORONTO 2015 Parapan Am Games Footprint Announced".
  9. ^ "GB win first wheelchair rugby gold". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  10. ^ "2016 Paralympics Day 11 - Highlights". CNN. 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  11. ^ "Canadian wheelchair rugby team misses podium at 2016 Rio Paralympics". Comox Valley Record, Courtenay, British Columbia. 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  12. ^ "Wheelchair Rugby - Schedule & Results".
  13. ^ "2014 IWRF Wheelchair Rugby World Championship". 2014wrwc.dhif.dk. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  14. ^ Kingston, Gary (26 September 2010). "U.S. wins 2010 wheelchair rugby title in Richmond". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  15. ^ TVNZ, No title for Wheel Blacks, September 16, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
  16. ^ "SPORT & COMPETITION MANAGEMENT" (PDF). Invictus Games. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  17. ^ "GBWR Launches Variant Tournament". GBWR. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  18. ^ "IWRF Launch Wheelchair Rugby 5s". IWRF. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Wheelchair Rugby 5s Eligibility Criteria" (PDF). GBWR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  20. ^ [1] Archived October 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

References

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