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Mudhalvan

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Mudhalvan
Poster
Directed byS. Shankar
Written byS. Shankar
Dialogues by
Produced byS. Shankar
R. Madhesh
StarringArjun
Manisha Koirala
Raghuvaran
CinematographyK. V. Anand
Edited byB. Lenin
V. T. Vijayan
Music byA. R. Rahman
Production
company
Distributed byS Films
Release date
  • 7 November 1999 (1999-11-07)
Running time
171 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Mudhalvan (transl. Chief Minister) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language political action film produced by R. Madhesh and S. Shankar, co-written and directed by Shankar. The film stars Arjun, Manisha Koirala, and Raghuvaran in lead roles, while Vadivelu and Manivannan appear in supporting roles. The film featured an award-winning soundtrack composed by A. R. Rahman, cinematography by K. V. Anand, and dialogue by Sujatha.[1]

The film revolves around an ambitious TV journalist, Pughazhendi, who gets his first interview with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Pughazh asks hard questions, and the Chief Minister starts trembling and asks him to put his money where his mic is and become his replacement CM for a day. After initially rejecting the offer, Pugazh agrees and does such a great job on his first day, that the actual cabinet collapses and fresh elections are held, where state voters eventually elect him as their new Chief Minister. The subsequent unpopularity and jealousy that the old Chief Minister goes through results in him taking revenge on Pugazh, and how he is stopped forms the crux of the story.

The film was released on 7 November 1999, as a Diwali release. The film received critical acclaim and became a major blockbuster. The film ran for over 100 days in theatres and won awards on a regional scale. Mudhalvan was the second-highest grossing Tamil film of 1999. The film was later remade in Hindi as Nayak: The Real Hero (2001) by the same director.

Plot

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N. Pugazhendi "Pugazh" is a news reporter working for QTV in Chennai. One day, a riot occurs between the students and the bus drivers in the city following a communal clash that disrupts normal life. The Chief Minister of the state, Aranganathar, informs the police over wireless not to arrest the protesters as they belong to his community and political party. The conversation is recorded by Pugazh in his video camera. Pugazh meets Thenmozhi and falls for her honesty and bravery. However, her father does not accept the marriage proposal as he wants to get Thenmozhi married only to a government employee.

One day, QTV arranges a live interview with Aranganathar, and the anchor in charge left his job and joined another television channel UTV, a rival of QTV. Pugazh is thrilled and excited as he gets the opportunity to interview the CM. During the course of the interview, Pugazh unmasks many events done by Aranganathar and his party against the welfare of the state, for political reasons with the necessary evidence, and he also blames Aranganathar for not taking action while at the riot by evidencing his recorded video taken at the time of the riot. Aranganathar justifies his indifferent stands and challenges Pugazh to accept his post for a day so that he will realise the pressures faced on a daily basis. Pugazh, after a brief trepidation, accepts the challenge provided the constitution permits. Lawmakers confirm that such a provision is possible, and Pugazh is sworn in as the CM for 24 hours.

To everyone's surprise, Pugazh does not prefer speaking to the waiting media crew, but he gets into action immediately by collecting a list of irresponsible civil servants and issuing suspension letters immediately. He helps poor people rightfully reclaim houses allotted by the government and requests every Indian citizen to pay all required taxes even if it is for a day, highlighting the effects of avoiding the same. Mayakrishnan, an honest official, is the government secretary and helps Pugazh through his one-day mission. Finally, Pugazh digs a case of corruption against the ruling party leading to the arrest of multiple ex-ministers and even Aranganathar. The same night, Aranganar obtains bail through the attorney general, without even going to Jail. Within minutes of release, he takes Pugazh's success as his defeat and a demean to his long-standing political career and sends goons to kill Pugazh, who fights off and escapes with minor injuries.

Pugazh visits Pooncholai and is applauded by the villagers for his actions in the Agri department. He spends his day with Thenmozhi in peace. Meanwhile, Aranganathar's image is tarnished before the public, and all of his coalition parties refuse to support him to become CM again, resulting in the dissolution of the legislature, and precipitating a General election. Surveys from multiple media indicate enormous public support for Pugazh to become CM, leading to Aranganathar's anger. He uses his clout to get Pugazh's house partly demolished. Mayakrishnan meanwhile goes to the QTV office to convince Pugazh to come to politics, but Pugazh refuses and states that he is preparing for the TNPSC exam. QTV headquarters is then attacked heavily and Pugazh is nearly beaten to death.

The next morning, a huge crowd gathers in front of Pugazh's house, requesting him to contest in the upcoming election. Many political parties also come forward to get his support. However, Pugazh doesn't wish to contest as he wants to lead a normal life. Thenmozhi's father meets him and advises him not to go into politics while accepting his marriage to Thenmozhi, but Mayakrishnan makes Pugazh understand the vast support he has and shows the plight of people and advises him to sacrifice his comfort zone for the sake of achieving heights in the politics and doing good for the people. Finally, Pugazh accepts and contests in the ensuing election. His party wins by the vast majority of votes never seen in the political history of Tamil Nadu and takes all seats in the Legislature.

After assuming the office, Pugazh is keen on state development and gets busy with his schedule of doing welfare to the people, while Aranganathar and other politicians unite and plot to avenge their political failure. Aranganathar hired a hitman to kill Pugazh with the help of Chinnasamy, his right-hand henchman . Pugazh goes to see Thenmozhi in Pooncholai village through personal way but due to his Z cadre police security, he cancel the meeting. To avoid their presence Pugazh change his look as a traditional Tamil man by wearing white dhotis, yellow colour shirt and blue scarf. Pugazh goes to meet Thenmozhi without the police security's knowledge. Pugazh visits there and enjoys with Thenmozhi. But unfortunately the hitman came there after spotting Pugazh with the help of a man. Pugazh narrowly escapes from the murder attempt with the help of the Z Cadre security guard officials, who kill the hitman. Thenmozhi's father begged to Pugazh that he can't sent Thenmozhi with him due to his job or else he should resign it to join with Thenmozhi . Heartbroken Pugazh tells to his parents about the incident but they will help him by talking peacefully to Thenmozhi's father . Mayakrishnan phoned Pugazh to inform that someone has set a bomb in his house. When Pugazh hears this news from outside (there was no range inside the house, when Mayakrishnan phoned him), the bomb explodes by taking the lives of his parents. Pugazh gets devastated after seeing this . Enraged at learning that Aranganathar is behind in this who planned to bomb in Pugazh's home to kill him but unfortunately his parents get killed . Pugazh goes to Aranganathar to tell that why did he killed his parents instead of him. But he acts smartly that he didn't know about this incident. Pugazh challenges the latter that the law will not spare him. Aranganathar plans to create havoc in the state and has his men plant bombs across Chennai. Pugazh comes to know about this through a letter written by a priest who had accidentally sheltered these criminals (bomb planners) in latter's house. Pugazh and Mayakrishnan from Chinnasamy get to know about the places where the bombs are being planted. The bomb squad diffuses all the bombs except one.

Meanwhile, Aranganathar blames Pugazh to be the man behind the entire episode and claims it was a ploy to win public support. Pugazh realises that he will be prevented from performing his duties and invites Aranganathar to his office. As their conversation progresses, Pugazh pulls out a gun and shoots himself without causing any major injuries. He throws the gun to Aranganathar who catches it out of his reflexes. At the same time, the security guards officials rush in upon hearing gunfire and see Aranganathar pointing the gun at Pugazh. The security guards shoot and kill Aranganathar. A dying Aranganathar remembers his old interview with Pugazh, which had changed everything. Mayakrishnan blames the deceased Aranganathar for trying to kill the Chief Minister out of political rivalry.

Pugazh feels glad that he can continue his mission without being interrupted, but he also feels guilty for having staged a false incident to kill Aranganathar. He confesses to Mayakrishnan that even he has been forced to play the game of politics. Mayakrishnan supports him by consoling that he played politics only for a good cause and that Aranganathar deserves this. Thenmozhi's father realises the greatness of Pugazhendhi and consents to the marriage. Due to the administration by Pugazh, the state has become a highly developed state with world-class infrastructures,free of violence and free from corruption.

Cast

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Production

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Development

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Following the success of Jeans (1998), S. Shankar chose to make a political action film, which would later become Mudhalvan.[2]

Casting

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The lead role was initially written with Rajinikanth in mind, but he was unwilling to star in the film.[3] Vijay was also considered by Shankar for the role, though the actor turned the offer down.[4][5] Shankar revealed that he even approached Kamal Haasan for the film, but he was doing Hey Ram at that time.[6][7] Arjun, who had previously collaborated with Shankar in Gentleman (1993), was willing to offer bulk schedule dates for the film and was subsequently signed on.[7]

Shankar noted that he was interested in casting Meena as the lead actress, but opted against doing so as the actress was working with Arjun in another film in the same period, Rhythm (2000).[8][9] Subsequently, Manisha Koirala, who worked with Shankar in Indian, was selected to play that role. Raghuvaran was signed to play the chief antagonist in the film, while Vadivelu and Manivannan were also chosen to play other characters. Despite reports that Shilpa Shetty was added to the cast in February 1999, it was later clarified to be untrue.[10] Laila, who had made her acting debut earlier in the year with Kallazhagar, was signed on to appear in the film. Originally, her role was supposed to feature throughout the film, but Shankar shortened her character, owing to her call sheet problems.[7] Renowned muralist Natanam and Kalairani were cast as Arjun's parents.[11][12][13] S. Sashikanth, who went on to produce films like Thamizh Padam (2010) and Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014), and K. R. Mathivaanan, who directed Aridhu Aridhu (2010), worked as assistant directors.[14][15]

Filming

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The film was jointly launched by S. Shankar and his co-director R. Madhesh in October 1998 at an event attended by actors and technicians from the Tamil film industry, with actors Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan being the special invitees.[16] Production continued for several months, with reports suggesting that the film was delayed due to Manisha Koirala's unavailability though Shankar later stressed the production work demanded such delay. Parts of the film were also shot in Bikaner, Rajasthan while the team also shot extensively in rural Tamil Nadu.[17] The film's cinematographer Anand later noted that the scenes involving crowds shot on Anna Salai, Chennai were among the hardest and most satisfying scenes he had worked on.[18] The song "Shakalaka Baby" was the last song to be shot, with Sushmita Sen selected to feature in a special appearance for the song.[19][20][21] Stunt master Peter Hein revealed that he worked as a body double for Arjun in the scene where he had to run nude on the streets.[22]

Themes and influences

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The film dealt with the theme of a television cameraman who is forced to take over the duty of Chief Minister for one day. It also dealt with the concept of opportunities for educated people in politics and demonstrated it is possible to bring change in the country. The film's basic idea was inspired from Nixon-Frost interviews which were broadcast in 1977 and also inspired by Indian actor Sivaji Ganesan being named the honorary mayor of Niagara Falls, New York for one day during his visit to the United States.[23][24]

Soundtrack

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Mudhalvan
Soundtrack album by
A. R. Rahman
Released31 October 1999
RecordedPanchathan Record Inn, Chennai
StudioPanchathan Studios, A.M Studios
Genrefeature film soundtrack
Length36:19
LanguageTamil
LabelFive star audio
ProducerA. R. Rahman
A. R. Rahman chronology
Taal
(1999) 		Mudhalvan
(1999) 		Pukar
(2000)

The soundtrack features six songs composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics penned by Vairamuthu.[25][26] The song "Shakalaka Baby" was re-edited by A. R. Rahman and featured on the international musical production Bombay Dreams, which ran in Europe and North America from 2002 to 2005. This version was also released as a single. A Mandarin Chinese remix of the track sung by Singaporean singer Kelly Poon was featured in her album In the Heart Of The World (2007).[7]

The release of the soundtrack was held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai, on 31 October 1999 with two songs from the film being performed on stage. The special guests for the event were actor Kamal Haasan and actress Sushmita Sen, who performed an item number in the film. The event was well attended by the cast and the crew of the film, with other guests including cinematographer P. C. Sriram, actress Sarika, and actor Suriya.[27]

The soundtrack was a success, and the initial day audio sale alone was more than three lakh units. All songs became chartbuster of Tamil Cinema.[28] The song "Azhagana Rakshasiye" is based on Rithigowla Raga.[29]

All lyrics are written by Vairamuthu

Tamil
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Kurukku Chiruththavale"Hariharan, Mahalakshmi Iyer6:42
2."Mudhalvanae"Shankar Mahadevan, S. Janaki5:29
3."Uppu Karuvadu"Shankar Mahadevan, Kavita Krishnamurthy5:38
4."Azhagana Ratchashiyae"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Harini, G. V. Prakash Kumar6:11
5."Ulundhu Vithakkaiyilae"Srinivas, Swarnalatha, Hariharan, Mahalakshmi Iyer6:05
6."Shakalaka Baby"Vasundhara Das, Pravin Mani5:23
Total length:35:28

All lyrics are written by A. M. Ratnam

Telugu
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Nelluri Nerajana"Hariharan, Mahalakshmi Iyer6:44
2."Magadheera"S. Janaki, Shankar Mahadevan6:41
3."Utti Meeda Koodu"Shankar Mahadevan, Kavita Krishnamurthy5:41
4."Andala Rakshasive"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Harini6:13
5."Eruvaka"Swarnalatha, Srinivas6:05
6."Shakalaka Baby"Vasundhara Das, Pravin Mani, Devan Ekambaram5:38

Release

[edit]

The film's release prints were 4,876 m (15,997 ft) long.[23] The film was released on 7 November 1999, while the Telugu dubbed version, Oke Okkadu released on 9 November 1999 which was also a blockbuster.[30][31][32] Upon release, the film won positive reviews and was successful at the box office. It was later remade in Hindi as Nayak.[33] The film went on to run for over one hundred days in cinemas with an event being held at Kamaraj Hall on 25 February 2000 to mark one hundred days since release and became second-highest grossing Tamil film of the 1999. The event, similar to the launch, attracted several people from the film industry with Kamal Haasan, once again, being the chief guest of the event.[33]

Reception

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On 21 November 1999, Ananda Vikatan in its review gave 43 marks and appreciated the film stating that: "One can see Shankar's grandeur in the way he presented a social problem magnificently. Shankar has approached a serious social issue with usual entertainment elements".[7] The Hindu said "Shankar scores again". In regard to the lead performances, Arjun is described as having "acquitted himself with aplomb", while Manisha's performance was criticised with claims that she "lacks the freshness that one always associates her with". The critic also referred to Shankar's direction and Sujatha's dialogues as a "positive", while drawing praise to the videos of the songs describing that "every song and dance sequence seems a magnum opus by itself".[34] The New Indian Express described the film as "absorbing" and praised certain scenes, although it criticised the videos of the songs as a "fiasco".[35] Aurangazeb of Kalki praised the screenplay and certain scenes which make impact but panned the visual effects and felt the film has a documentary feel which is both positive and negative.[36]

Accolades

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Award Category Recipient Ref.
47th Filmfare Awards South Filmfare Best Music Director Award A. R. Rahman [37]
[38]
Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil Vasundhara Das for "Shakalaka Baby"
Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South Chinni Prakash
Cinema Express Awards Best Villain Raghuvaran [39]
Dinakaran Film Awards Best Director S. Shankar [40]
Best Actress Simran
Best Debut Actress Jyothika
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards Best Villain Raghuvaran [41]
[edit]

Songs from the film's soundtrack inspired a number of Tamil film titles. Rama Narayanan directed a film titled Shakalaka Baby in 2002.[42] A film titled Lukku Vida Thonalaiyaa, a line from the song "Shakalaka Baby", also began production in 2002 but was not released.[43] A dialogue from Mudhalvan, "Sushma, saamaan nikalo" inspired the title of the song "Saroja Saman Nikalo" from Chennai 600028 (2007).[44]

The scenes, songs and dialogues from the film have been parodied in Budget Padmanabhan (2000),[45] Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela (2000),[46] Kanna Unnai Thedukiren (2001),[47] Run (2002),[48] Dubai Seenu (2007),[49] Sivaji: The Boss (2007),[50] Singakutty (2008),[51] and Kaalaippani (2008).[52] The film has also been spoofed in Star Vijay's Lollu Sabha with the same title with Santhanam as the main character.[53] In 2017 film Kavan, the interview scene was inspired from this film.[54]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Love makes the filmi world go round". Rediff.com. 4 November 1999. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  2. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (27 May 2012). "Maverick maker". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  3. ^ "Rajinikanth was to do Shankar's 'Mudhalvan'". The Times of India. 7 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  4. ^ "Shankar is the Spielberg of Indian cinema: Vijay". Sify. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  5. ^ Aishwarya, S. (11 February 2010). "Shankar connects with fans". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  6. ^ Srinivasan, Sudhir (11 October 2014). "Shankar and I". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e Dhananjayan 2011, p. 211.
  8. ^ "Shanker". Sify. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  9. ^ Prasad, Ayyappa. "A bundle of nerves, again!". Screen. Archived from the original on 18 November 1999. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  10. ^ Rajitha (12 February 1999). "Do not disturb". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  11. ^ "Muralist Natanam honoured". The New Indian Express. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  12. ^ "Magic of metal". The Hindu. 18 June 2001. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  13. ^ "Power-packed performer". The Hindu. 11 January 2001. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  14. ^ Kamath, Sudhish (2 March 2012). "Why Not?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  15. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (26 December 2010). "Getting better". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  16. ^ Sandya. "***Tamil Movie News***". Indolink. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  17. ^ Reddy, T. Krithika (5 November 1999). "Film maker with a Midas touch". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  18. ^ "Rajini and Vijay couldn't do it for unknown reasons, K.V.Anand". Behindwoods. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  19. ^ "Gentleman are back". The Times of India. 29 October 1999. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  20. ^ Venkatesh, Jyothi (28 April 2002). "Frank and forthright". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  21. ^ "Interview: Director Shankar Speaks Out His Mind". Dinakaran. 1 March 2000. Archived from the original on 11 October 2000. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Living on the edge". The Hindu. 15 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  23. ^ a b Dhananjayan 2011, p. 210.
  24. ^ "The Little-Known But Fascinating Connection Between Film Mudhalvan and Shivaji Ganesan". News18. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  25. ^ "Mudhalvan / Jodi". AVDigital. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  26. ^ "Mudhalvan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Apple Music. 20 October 1999. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  27. ^ MR (31 October 1999). "First Shot". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  28. ^ Suganth, M (11 November 2011). "Audio CDs stay in tune with digital era". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  29. ^ Mani, Charulatha (25 November 2011). "Riveting Ritigowla". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  30. ^ Jeevi. "Oke Okkadu – A review". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  31. ^ "20 Glorious Years for Sri Venkateswara Creations". Telugu360. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  32. ^ "Shristi becomes one-day CM of Uttarakhand!". The Hans India. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  33. ^ a b "Mudhalvan – the mega hit – celebrates 100 days". pvv.ntnu.no. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  34. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (12 November 1999). "Mudhalvan". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 April 2001. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  35. ^ Ulaganathan, G. (14 November 1999). "Absorbing film". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  36. ^ ஒளரங்கசீப் (28 November 1999). "முதல்வன்". Kalki (in Tamil). pp. 32–33. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  37. ^ Ashok Kumar, S. R. (15 April 2000). "Star-spangled show on cards". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  38. ^ "Southern Filmfare awards presented at glittering ceremony". The Times of India. 26 April 2000. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  39. ^ "Recently". Cinematoday2.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  40. ^ "Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999". Dinakaran. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  41. ^ "Awards: Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999". Dinakaran. 29 December 2000. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  42. ^ "Shakalaka Baby". cinematoday2.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  43. ^ ""Lukku Vida Thonalaiyaa"!". Dinakaran. 1 February 2002. Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Venkat Prabhu on Saroja Saman Nikalo song from Chennai 600028". The Times of India. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  45. ^ Budget Padmanabhan (motion picture) (in Tamil). KRG Film International. 2000. From 1:40:28 to 1:40:43.
  46. ^ Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela (motion picture) (in Tamil). Sri Thenandal Films. 2000. From 45:21 to 45:29.
  47. ^ Kanna Unnai Thedukiren (motion picture) (in Tamil). Arun Movie Makers and Enterprises. 2001.[time needed]
  48. ^ Run (motion picture) (in Tamil). Sri Surya Movies. 2002. From 1:28:35 to 1:28:38.
  49. ^ Dubai Seenu (motion picture) (in Telugu). Universal Media. 2007. From 2:08:33 to 2:09:00.
  50. ^ Sivaji: The Boss (motion picture) (in Tamil). AVM Productions. 2007. From 1:12:07 to 1:12:10.
  51. ^ Singakutty (motion picture) (in Tamil). Tamil Screens. 2008.[time needed]
  52. ^ Kaalai Pani (motion picture) (in Tamil). Pasumpon Films. 2008.[time needed]
  53. ^ S, Srivatsan (8 April 2020). "The rise and fall of 'Lollu Sabha': Director Rambala on the untold story". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  54. ^ Menon, Vishal (1 April 2017). "Kavan: reality bites". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  55. ^ "Will a stand-up comedian save Ukraine and the world from World War III?". NHP News. India. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

Bibliography

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