Jump to content

Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mohajir Quomi Movement)
Not to be confused with Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan or Muhajir Qaumi Movement – Haqiqi.

Muttahida Qaumi Movement
متحدہ قومی موومنٹ
LeaderAltaf Hussain
SpokespersonAftab Baqai[1]
ConvenerMustafa Azizabadi[1]
FounderAltaf Hussain
Founded18 March 1984 (1984-03-18)
Preceded byMuhajir Qaumi Movement
HeadquartersEdgware, London, United Kingdom.
Nine Zero, Karachi (former/demolished in 2016)
Student wingAll Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization (APMSO)
IdeologyLiberalism[2]
Social liberalism
Muhajir nationalism[3][4]
Secularism[5][6]
Political positionCentre
ColorsRed, green and white
   
SloganEmpowering People
Party flag
Website
www.mqm.org
This article contains Urdu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) (Urdu: متحدہ قومی موومنٹ, Muttaḥidah Qọ̄mī Mūwmaṅṫ), previously known as Muhajir Qaumi Movement, is a secular political party in Pakistan that was founded by Altaf Hussain in 1984.[5][6] Currently the party is split between two main factions. MQM-London faction is controlled by Altaf Hussain from London, while MQM-Pakistan is run by Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui based in Pakistan. Its electoral symbol was a kite.

It was founded as a student organization, All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), in 1978 by Altaf Hussain. APMSO gave birth to the Muhajir Qaumi Movement in 1984. In 1997, the MQM removed the term Muhajir (which denoted the party's roots among the country's Urdu-speaking community) from its name and replaced it with Muttahida ("United"). The MQM is generally known as a party that once held strong mobilizing potential in Karachi, having traditionally been the dominant political force in the city.[7][8]

The party has kept its influence over Pakistan's federal government as a key coalition partner since the late 1980s (1988–1990, 1990–1992, 2002–2007, 2008–2013).[9] However, in 2015, MQM parliamentarians resigned from the National Assembly, Senate and Provincial Assembly of Sindh in protest against a crackdown on party supporters.[10]

In August 2016, after Altaf Hussain's 22 August speech, there was military crackdown on the party. Nine Zero, the party headquarters in Karachi, was sealed, the party's leaders including Farooq Sattar were arrested, and most elected parliamentarians in the MQM were forced to disassociate themselves from Altaf Hussain. MQM terminated Farooq Sattar's party membership for party rules violations, and he then formed his own faction.[11]

History

See also: MQM insurrection (1978–1992), Operation Cleanup, MQM insurrection (1994–present), and Operation Lyari

Founding

The first political organization of Muhajirs, called All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), was founded on 11 June 1978 by Altaf Hussain in Karachi University.[12] On March 18, 1984, the APMSO evolved into a proper political organization—Muhajir Qaumi Movement.[13] It was launched to protect the Muhajir community who perceived themselves as the victims of discrimination and repression by the quota system that gave preference to certain ethnicities for admissions in educational institutions and employment in civil services.[14][15]

Late 1986 to 1990

In its early years, MQM drew enormous crowds, the epitome of which was the rally of August 8, 1986 at Nishtar Park, Karachi.[16] Three years into its existence, MQM won the November 1987 local body elections in Karachi and Hyderabad and had several mayors win unopposed.[13][16] Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the highest number of seats in the general election of 1988 and formed a coalition government in the Sindh Province with the help of MQM, which then had a larger mandate in urban Sindh in comparison to PPP whose majority of support came from rural areas of Sindh. A 59-point agreement, called the Karachi Accord, was signed which included statements about protection of the democratic system and political rights, urban development goals, and creating objective criteria for admission to universities and colleges. Within a few months of the agreement, differences surfaced and MQM ministers in the Sindh Cabinet resigned because the agreement was not implemented.[17] Thus, the alliance broke up in October 1989 and MQM joined hands with PPP's opponents.[13] During these times MQM made mark for public benefit initiatives.[18] Khidmat-e-Khalq Committee, a social welfare initiative, was founded in 1978 which in 1998 transformed into Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation (KKF).[19]

1990 to 1999

In the elections of October 1990, MQM emerged as the third strongest party in the country.[20] This time, it made its alliance with Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) to establish a provincial government in Sindh whereas IJI formed the federal government.[20] During these times, small factions of MQM separated themselves on the main body of the party,[21] and the largest among these factions was MQM Haqiqi (English: Real MQM), which was formed by Afaq Ahmad and Amir Khan.[22] It is generally believed that MQM Haqiqi was formed by the collusion of Pakistani Government in power and the Establishment/Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to weaken MQM and was supported by successive federal governments and the military.[22] In the years to come, federal governments switched between forming alliance with MQM and fighting against it to establish greater control over Karachi.[23]

From 1992 to 1994, the MQM was the target of the Pakistan Army's Operation Clean-up, The period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands MQM workers and supporters killed or gone missing. Although more than 20 years have passed since the alleged arrest or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people are still hopeful after registering the cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[24] The operation left thousands of Muhajir civilians dead.[17][25]

The violence gripped urban Sindh politics in the late 1980s after General Zia ul-Haq's era, and finally in 1992, the erstwhile government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif passed a resolution in assembly to launch a military operation in Karachi to target 72 'big fishes'. The federal government gave the reasoning behind this operation, known as "Operation Clean-up", as the government's attempt to end terrorism in Karachi and to seize unauthorized arms.[16] Operation Clean-Up, which ostensibly sought to eliminate all terrorists irrespective of their political affiliation, began in June 1992. MQM perceived this operation as an attempt to wipe out the party altogether.[13] Political violence erupted while MQM organized protests and strikes.[13] The resulting lawlessness prevailed in the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan, which led to the country's president dissolving the National Assembly.

During the 1992 violence Altaf Hussain left the country when a warrant was issued for him in connection with a murder.[26] Since then, the political party is run by Mr Hussain from self-imposed exile in London.[23][27]

MQM boycotted the subsequent 1993 general elections claiming organized military intimidation but participated in provincial elections. MQM secured 27 seats in provincial assembly, in comparison to its political rival PPP which won 56 seats. This resulted in PPP forming both the provincial and federal governments.[28] Whereas, MQM Haqiqi failed to gain any seats at federal or provincial level.[13] Political violence gained momentum in 1993 and 1994. During the 1994 violence, heavily political killings were reported between MQM, MQM factions, and Sindhi nationalist groups. By July 1995, more than 1,800 people had been assassinated in Karachi.[22] In 1997, MQM boycotted the general elections and officially changed the previously maintained name 'Muhajir' to 'Muttahida'(English: "United").[16]

Accusations of violence

Further information: MQM Militancy

In the mid-1990s, MQM created widespread political violence and militancy that affected Pakistan's Sindh province, particularly Karachi, the port city that is the country's commercial capital.[22] In the mid-1990s, the U.S. State Department, Amnesty International, and others accused the MQM and a rival faction, MQM Haqiqi, of summary killings, torture, and other abuses. The MQM-A routinely denied involvement in violence.[22]

The party's use of extra-legal activities in conflicts with political opponents have earned it the accusation of terrorism.[29][30][31] The party's strongly hierarchical order and personalist leadership style led to some critics labelling the MQM as fascist.[29][32]

Jinnahpur Conspiracy

During Operation Clean-up, MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistan and of planning a separatist break-away state, Jinnahpur. However, later some senior army officers, Brigadier (R) Imtiaz and General (R) Naseer Akhtar, confessed that Jinnahpur was "nothing but a drama" against MQM for the military operation and there was no map of Jinnahpur.[33][34]

On October 19, 1992, Pakistani newspapers carried an ISPR press release, conveying Army's denial of the knowledge of the Jinnahpur plan. The ISPR, the public relations arm of the Pakistan Army stated, "The Army had no evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur plan, it is clarified that the newspaper story in question is baseless. The Army has neither handed over to the government any document or map as reported, nor is it in possession of any evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur Plan. It is also factually wrong that the matter was discussed at any meeting of the corps commander."[35] Asif Zardari who was then President of Pakistan is said to have "said in a court premises in Karachi that the Jinnahpur scandal was created to malign the MQM."[35]

2001 to present

In 2001, MQM boycotted the local body elections but in the 2002 general elections, MQM won 17 out of 272 seats in national assembly.[36]

In the 2008 elections, MQM won 25 seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and 52 seats in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.[37][38]

In 2013, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) filed a Rs 5 billion defamation suit against Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf chairman Imran Khan at the Sindh High Court for issuing statements against MQM chief Altaf Hussain.[39] MQM was also threatened by Taliban.[40][41]

In June 2014, the Metropolitan Police raided the London home of its leader, Altaf Hussain, on suspicion of money-laundering.[42]

In 2008, Foreign Policy released a Global Cities Index which named Mustafa Kamal as Mayor of the Moment, but Kamal gave all credit to Altaf Hussain.[43][44]

The party has won majority in the local government election of Karachi and Hyderabad and brought its mayor in Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) and Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The mayor of Karachi, Wasim Akhtar has been put behind bars without any charge by anti terror court and is waiting Sindh High Court to grant him bail in order to resume his office as the mayor of Karachi.[45] MQM has also brought its chairman and vice chairman in the municipal committee of fourth largest city of Sindh Mirpurkhas.

Election Boycott 2018

MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain decided to boycott elections in 2018 due to military intervention in political affairs, MQM-P which is a separate party now would instead contest for elections using traditional MQM symbol kite.[46][47] This would be the second boycott of general elections after 1993 and third boycott of all elections including local bodies election in 2001.[48] The average turnout of Karachi constituencies was 40.4% in 2018 elections comparing to 55 percent in 2013.[49]

Party structure

The party is led by Altaf Hussain under whose supervision, members of the Rabita Committee (also known as Central Coordination Committee) formulate the party's political program. It consists of 24 members from Pakistan and 10 from London, United Kingdom.[50] The party's Karachi-based organizational operations are held under its Karachi Tanzeemi Committee.

On 20 November 2011, Muttahida Qaumi Movement announced the formation of Central Executive Committee with its members drawn from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Balochistan and Sindh. Addressing a Press Conference, Farooq Sattar, a senior MQM official, told that the purpose of Central Executive Committee is to assist MQM Coordination Committee and the party in organizational matters, policy-making and preparation of manifesto.[51]

MQM has several chapters across the world in the United States, Canada, South Africa, several European countries, and Japan.[52] Currently, the heads of MQM North America are former Federal Minister Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui and Ibad Rehman.[citation needed]

Controversy

MQM's Party leadership faced widespread arrests after Altaf Hussain's controversial speech and later attack on ARY channel which faced much criticism from the media and particularly from the establishment which was discontented by his words: 'Pakistan Murdabad' (Death to Pakistan). On the orders of Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif[53] Paramilitary forces immediately sealed MQM offices including Nine Zero. MQM's deputy convenor Shahid Pasha, parliamentary leader Farooq Sattar, Sindh assembly opposition leader Izhar ul Hasan and Rabita Committee members Qamar Mansur and Member National Assembly and ex Hyderabad Mayor Kanwar Naveed Jameel were arrested.[54] Farooq Sattar who was released shortly, later disassociated himself from MQM founder and leader Altaf Hussain saying his statements were unacceptable and later presented and facilitated resolutions in Federal and provincial assemblies against his controversial speech, Farooq also claimed to strip MQM chief from constitution and powers.[55][56][57] The crackdown against MQM took a rapid turn when over hundred MQM Unit and Sector offices have been demolished and many MQM workers rounded up.

On August 21, 2016, according to Election Commission of Pakistan, Nadeem Nusrat and not Farooq Sattar was the leader of MQM.[58] and According to Nadeem Nusrat, Minus Altaf formula is not acceptable.[59][60]

MQM leadership in Sindh Assembly declared that it wants MQM leader Altaf Hussain tried for high treason[61] and also removed Nadeem Nusrat, Convenor of the party along with Wasay Jaleel, Mustafa Azizabadi etc.[citation needed]

On 22 September 2016, MQM convenor Nadeem Nusrat termed the moves of Farooq Sattar against party rules and illegal and emphasized he is an elected Convenor and dissolved entire party infrastructure including Rabita Committee and ordered mass resignation of MQM parliamentarians from assemblies and to contest new elections on their own.[62]

In a media conference the spokesman for the United States State Department, John Kirby, stated that US was aware of the arrests of the MQM leaders and was closely monitoring the events.[63]

Naming controversy

Although media refers to Muttahida Qaumi Movement as MQM-London, MQM has instructed media to use the original name Muttahida Qaumi Movement only[64] where as Farooq Sattar led faction has adopted the name MQM-Pakistan.[65]

Karachi Baldia Town factory

A private garment factory lit on fire and the flames ignited chemicals that were stored in the factory.[66] The Baldia Town factory inferno case took a dramatic turn on Friday 7 February 2015 when a report by Rangers claimed that the MQM was behind the deadly fire that claimed the lives of at least 258 factory workers.[67] MQM set fire factory to take Extortion money from owners.[68][69][70][71] A documentary film is prepared on Factory fire name Discount workers in 2020.[72]

State operations against MQM

Pakka Qila Operation (26, 27 May 1990)

The Pakka Qila Operation was launched by Sindh Police to target MQM workers in Pakka Qilla Hyderabad. Over 250 besieged people were killed during the operation, which carried on for 275 hours before Pakistan army men eventually moved in.[73]

Operation Clean-up (1992–1994)

Operation Clean-up was started by late general Asif Nawaz after Jinnahpur conspiracy and major kaleem torture case.[74]

Operation (1994–1996)

During the tenure of Benazir Bhutto, interior minister General Naseerullah Babar conducted a second operation against MQM between 1994 and 1996.[74]

Due to serious doubts over credibility of operation due to fake encounters, extrajudicial killings and rise of killings in Karachi,[75] Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by the then President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Laghari.[76]

Operation (1998)

In the aftermath of Hakeem Saeed's assassination, governor rule was imposed by Nawaz Sharif in the Sindh province and military operation was initiated against MQM.[77]

Karachi targeted action (2013–present)

Due to rise in targeted killing, organised crimes of extortion, kidnapping for ransom and the increased crime rate of the city, the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the Karachi operation in 2013 with the intention of creating peace in the city. Even though the interior minister Chaudhry Nisar claimed that the intentions of the operation were apolitical, there have been systematic crackdowns against MQM. In 2015 MQM's Headquarter Nine Zero was raided twice by the paramilitary Rangers and many top officials of MQM were taken into custody. On August 22, 2016, the Headquarter was sealed and hundreds of MQM offices were bulldozed.

Many journalists opine that the Army establishment is behind the formation of PSP and MQM-Pakistan.[78] Many MQM officials including Zafar Arif, Kanwar Khalid Yunus, adv Sathi ishaq, Amjadullah khan, Qamar Mansur, and Shahid Pasha have been in detention since four months.

MNA Kanwar Naveed Jameed and MPA Kamran Farooqui have also been arrested by the paramilitary forces.

Human rights violations by the state

Targeted action between 1994 and 1996 saw gross human rights violations by the state organisations which included kidnapping for random, extrajudicial executions, disappearance, torture, fake encounters etc.[79]

The speeches and images of Altaf Hussain have been banned by the decision of Lahore High Court's justice Naqvi and Anti-Terror court has issued arrest warrants of Altaf Hussain numerous times.

Journalists have accepted that targeted operations are only against MQM.[80]

During the Nine Zero raid, MQM worker Waqas Shah was shot down by Ranger's 9 mm pistol fire from point blank range. The video evidence released on electronic media confirmed the incident.[81]

Farooq Sattar's coordination officer Syed Aftab Ahmed was killed while in the custody of paramilitary forces. Initially the force denied torture and stated that he died of a heart attack, but it had to accept after social media publicised videos of torture marks on Aftab's body and an autopsy report confirming death due to torture.[82][83][84]

As a result of the operation, MQM claims 67 of its workers have been extrajudicially murdered by the paramilitary force, while 150 are still missing and more than 5,000 are imprisoned. The Amnesty International, US State Department, and the United Nations Human Rights Commission have published several documents highlighting gross human rights violations during the targeted operation against MQM.[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]

Electoral history

Electoral history and performance of MQM
General elections Voting percentile % Voting turnout Seating graph Presiding Convener of the party Parliamentary position
1988 5.37% 1,068,868
13 / 207
 Imran Farooq In alliance with PPP/In Opposition
1990 7% 1,172,525
15 / 207
 Altaf Hussain In alliance with PML-N/In Opposition
1993 Non-participant  –
0 / 207
 Altaf Hussain See: Operation Blue Fox
1997 4.0% 764,207
12 / 207
 Farooq Sattar In alliance with PML-NIn Opposition
2002 3.1%  –
13 / 272
 Farooq Sattar In alliance with PML-Q
2008 7.4% 2,507,813
25 / 272
 Babar Ghauri In alliance with PPP
2013 5.41% 2,456,153
24 / 272
 Faisal Sabzwari In Opposition
2018 Non-participant  –
0 / 272
 Altaf Hussain See: Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Pakistan
2024[a] — —
0 / 266
 Nisar Ahmed Panhwar —

Post split election campaigns

MQM took part in local bodies by election from Union Committee 46 Hyderabad which was vacated by the death of counselor as independent candidate. MQM supported independent candidate Asif Baig defeated the candidate of MQM-Pakistan by a healthy margin.[96]

References

  1. ^ as Independent candidates under the panel name "Wafa Parast"[95]
  1. ^ a b "WILL THE REAL MQM PLEASE STAND UP?". Dawn (newspaper). 10 December 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties". Aljazeera.com. 6 May 2013.
  3. ^ Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic movements, Routledge, p. 116
  4. ^ Talbot, Ian (2002), "The Punjabization of Pakistan: Myth or Reality", Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation?, Zed Books, p. 65
  5. ^ a b Cohen, Stephen P. (2011), "Pakistan: Arrival and Departure", The future of Pakistan, The Brookings Institution, p. 22, The avowedly secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)...
  6. ^ a b Lyon, Peter (2008), "Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz", Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 115, Despite its ethnic-based politics, the MQM claims to be the only significant political force in Pakistan to stand up openly for secular values.
  7. ^ Web Desk (April 26, 2013). "Second MQM strike halts activity in Karachi". Express Tribune. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  8. ^ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). Political parties in South Asia (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 366. ISBN 0-275-96832-4.
  9. ^ "UK envoy adds new dimension to Altaf controversy". The News. 16 May 2013.
  10. ^ "Pakistan MQM party quits parliament 'over crackdown'". BBC. 12 August 2015.
  11. ^ "MQM London dismisses Farooq Sattar from party's primary membership — Pakistan — Dunya News". dunyanews.tv. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  12. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (2012-08-23). "Born to run: The rise and leveling of the APMSO". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Pakistan: Human rights crisis in Karachi". Amnesty International. 1996-02-01. Archived from the original on 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  14. ^ Walsh, Declan; Matthew Taylor (2007-06-02). "The Karachi ruling party 'run like the mafia' from an office block in London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  15. ^ Kronstadt, K. Alan (2008-01-24). "Pakistan's Scheduled 2008 Election: Background" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, Govt. of USA. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  16. ^ a b c d Peshimam, Gibran (2009-03-18). "25 years of MQM: a critical analysis". The News. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  17. ^ a b Haq, Farhat (1999-11-01). "Rise of the MQM in Pakistan: Politics of Ethnic Mobilization". Asian Survey. 35 (11). University of California Press: 990–1004. doi:10.2307/2645723. JSTOR 2645723.
  18. ^ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  19. ^ "About KKF". KKF official.
  20. ^ a b Dawn.com (2013-05-25). "Timeline: A history of MQM". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  21. ^ Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (2017-06-15). "25 years on, MQM-H facing tough fight for political survival". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  22. ^ a b c d e "UNHCR | Refworld | Pakistan: Information on Mohajir/Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Altaf (MQM-A)". United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2004-02-09. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  23. ^ a b Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan (illustrated ed.). Brookings Institution Press. p. 382. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  24. ^ "KARACHI: Families of 'missing' MQM workers still hopeful". Dawn. 22 Feb 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010.
  25. ^ Ahmar, Moonis (October 1996). "Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi Crisis". Asian Survey. Vol. 36. University of California Press. pp. 1031–1048. doi:10.2307/2645632. JSTOR 2645632.
  26. ^ "Mysterious world of a movement in exile". The Independent. London. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  27. ^ Lawson, Alastair (2007-05-16). "Running Pakistan's biggest city — from London". BBC News, London. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  28. ^ Ford, Jonathan (1995-07-13). "Fighting Benazir by fax from Mill Hill". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  29. ^ a b Ghosh, Teesta (2003), "Ethnic Conflict in Sindh and its Impact on Pakistan", Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism in South and Southeast Asia: Causes, Dynamics, Solutions, Sage, p. 111
  30. ^ Khan, Adeel (2005), Politics of Identity: Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan, Sage, p. 163
  31. ^ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (1991), "The politics of ethnicity in Sindh: Changing perceptions of group identity", Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective, vol. 3, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, p. 809
  32. ^ Das, Suranjan (2001), Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia, Anthem Press, p. 131
  33. ^ "Jinnah Pur map was a drama: Brigadier Imtiaz". The Nation. 24 August 2009.
  34. ^ "Truth in allegations of Jinnahpur uncovered". Geo News. 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27.
  35. ^ a b Abbasi, Ansar (2009-09-03). "Where PPP, PML-N and MQM stood on Jinnahpur in 1992". The News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  36. ^ "Detailed Position of Political Parties / Alliances In National Assembly General Elections - 2002". Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  37. ^ Party position Archived 18 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ECP
  38. ^ "Sindh Assembly General Election 2008 - Results & Party Position". UrduPoint. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  39. ^ "MQM files Rs5bn defamation suit against Imran Khan". Dawn. July 23, 2013.
  40. ^ Walsh, Declan; Khan, Ismail (2013-05-07). "Taliban Bomb Kills at Least 20 at a Pakistan Political Rally". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  41. ^ Sherazi, Dawn com | Zahir Shah (2012-11-02). "Pakistani Taliban threaten to target MQM". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  42. ^ "Pakistan MQM leader Altaf Hussain arrested in London". BBC News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  43. ^ Keating, Joshua (November 12, 2008). "What FP didn't say about the mayor of Karachi". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  44. ^ "Mustafa Kamal second best mayor in the world". Dawn. 10 November 2008.
  45. ^ "ECP — Election Commission of Pakistan". ecp.gov.pk. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  46. ^ "Unpredictable election results expected in Karachi". The Nation. 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  47. ^ "London faction's election boycott can dent MQM-P vote bank, admits Sattar". Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  48. ^ "The Battle for Karachi | Newsline". Newsline. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  49. ^ "Karachi voters' turnout in 2018 polls lower than the 1988 elections". ARYNEWS. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
  50. ^ "Mustafa Kamal, 3 others named in MQM Rabita Committee". Archived from the original on 2015-04-13.
  51. ^ "MQM announces names of newly formed CEC". Dawn. 20 Nov 2011.
  52. ^ "MQM USA official". MQM USA.
  53. ^ "Nine Zero sealed after MQM workers attack media house — The Express Tribune". 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  54. ^ "Three MQM leaders remanded for three days in rioting, treason cases — The Express Tribune". 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  55. ^ "Ratification of decisions by Altaf no longer required: Farooq Sattar — Pakistan — Dunya News". Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  56. ^ "Farooq Sattar says MQM disowned Altaf Hussain, London Secretariat | SAMAA TV". Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  57. ^ "MQM Pakistan revokes membership of London leaders from RC | ARY NEWS". arynews.tv. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  58. ^ "Leaders of political parties — ECP" (PDF).
  59. ^ "Nadeem Nusrat says MQM is nothing without its 'chief' | ARY NEWS". arynews.tv. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
  60. ^ "Dailytimes | MQM-London 'sends packing' Farooq Sattar and Co". dailytimes.com.pk. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  61. ^ "In a first, MQM-Pakistan wants Altaf tried for high treason — The Express Tribune". 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  62. ^ "MQM-London dissolves Rabita Committee, organizational set-up | SAMAA TV". Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  63. ^ "US 'closely' monitoring arrests of MQM leaders: State Dept — The Express Tribune". 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  64. ^ "متحدہ قومی موومنٹ کو ایم کیوایم لندن ہرگزنہ لکھااورنہ پکاراجائے ۔ترجمان متحدہ قومی موومنٹ". www.mqm.org. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  65. ^ "MQM Pakistan". MQM Pakistan. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  66. ^ "Deadly factory fire: Activist says MQM men ignited Baldia blaze: Rangers | The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
  67. ^ Siddiqui, Tahir (2015-02-07). "Rangers' report blames MQM for Baldia factory fire". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
  68. ^ Husain, Irfan (2018-03-10). "MQM: decline & fall". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  69. ^ "MQM pioneered 'bhatta' culture in Karachi: Asma". The Nation. 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  70. ^ Jamal, Umair. "Why the Pakistani State Can't Seem to Figure Out the MQM in Karachi". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  71. ^ "2012 Karachi factory fire an act of terrorism, with MQM involvement, report says". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  72. ^ "Discount Workers". One World 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  73. ^ "Hyderabad: MQM's Pucca Qila". DAWN.COM. 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  74. ^ a b "Major's kidnapping, Jinnahpur, 1992, 1994 anti-MQM operations". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  75. ^ Bahadur, Kalim (1998-01-01). Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124100837.
  76. ^ "Benazir violated rules: Leghari". DAWN.COM. 2003-12-28. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  77. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Pakistan: An army operation conducted in August 1998 in Karachi against Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) activists; role of Mujahid Battalion in assisting the army in this operation; MQM members killed". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  78. ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Why Pakistan's army is targeting the MQM party | Asia | DW.COM | 23.08.2016". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  79. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | THE MOHAJIR QAUMI MOVEMENT (MQM) IN KARACHI JANUARY 1995-APRIL 1996". Refworld. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  80. ^ "MQM is Right ! Karachi Operation is just Against MQM. Arif Hameed Bhatti Senior Journalist — Video Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  81. ^ S.I.M (2015-03-11), Who Killed MQM Worker Waqas Shah, retrieved 2017-01-01
  82. ^ "40pc of Aftab Ahmed's body covered in bruises, reveals postmortem". DAWN.COM. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  83. ^ "Autopsy report confirms Aftab tortured | SAMAA TV". Samaa TV. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  84. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Pakistan: Investigation crucial after Karachi political activist tortured and killed in custody". Refworld. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  85. ^ "Document". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  86. ^ "Document". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  87. ^ "Human Rights group alarmed at extra-judicial killings of MQM workers' by para-military force in Pakistan". OpEdNews. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  88. ^ "US concerned about allegations of rights violations in Pakistan". The Indian Express. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  89. ^ "BBC Urdu Sairbeen (Aaj News) Report on extra judicial killing & enforced disappearance of MQM workers — Video Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  90. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015". www.state.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  91. ^ "UN notified Pakistani state 3 times for 144 missing MQM workers: UN Human Rights letter". Siasat.pk Forums. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  92. ^ Wolf, Lucien (Sep 2015). "Pakistan Passes illegal bill" (PDF). kcwtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 17 Sep 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  93. ^ "UN has acknowledged the occurrence of extra judicial target killing, enforced disappearance of MQM by Pakistani govt and pakistani army, ISI". Siasat.pk Forums. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  94. ^ "Extrajudicial killings rise in Pakistan police crackdown in Karachi". Reuters. 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
  95. ^ Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (2024-02-06). "MQM-P in tight spot after London faction backs independent candidates". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  96. ^ "Has MQM-London unveiled its new election strategy?". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2017-04-18.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_–_London&oldid=1253474857"