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Missouri State Defense Force

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Missouri State Defense Force
The World War II-era shoulder insignia for Missouri's state guard.
Founded2012 – 2022
Allegiance Missouri
TypeState defense force
Part ofMissouri Department of Public Safety
HeadquartersIke Skelton Training Site
WebsiteAdjutant General's Office
Commanders
Commander in ChiefGovernor Mike Parson
Director of Public SafetySandy Karsten
Adjutant GeneralBrigadier General Levon Cumpton

The Missouri State Defense Force (MSDF), formerly known as the Missouri Reserve Military Force, was the official state defense force of Missouri, deactivated in 2022.[1] As a state defense force, the MSDF was a reserve military force which served parallel to the Missouri National Guard. As the MSDF fell solely under the command of the state of Missouri, it could not be federalized or deployed outside the borders of Missouri, unlike the National Guard. Although the MSDF and the Missouri National Guard were separate organizations, the MSDF's primary scope was to work alongside the National Guard during stateside operations, or in lieu of the National Guard when the National Guard is deployed outside of Missouri. Along with the Missouri Army National Guard, the Missouri Air National Guard, and the Missouri Naval Militia, the Missouri State Defense Force is recognized under Missouri law as part of the organized militia of Missouri.[2]

The Missouri State Defense Force was a division of the Missouri Department of Public Safety.

History

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The state of Missouri authorized and created state defense forces during each of the world wars. As a response to the United States' entrance into World War I, the United States Congress passed the Home Guard Act of 1917, which allowed the states to create home guards, which could receive surplus weaponry from the federal government.[3] Fearing violence from rioting strikers and anti-war protesters, the state of Missouri created the Missouri Home Guard in 1917 and maintained it until Armistice with Germany. The Missouri Home Guard, at its peak, consisted of five regiments, six separate battalions, and sixteen separate companies, as well as a separate cavalry troop. The Home Guard, which reached a strength of over 6,000 men by the end of the war, was deployed several times to keep the peace after a number of labor strikes turned violent.[4]

The state defense force was resurrected during World War II. The Missouri State Guard was activated and began recruitment the same day the Missouri National Guard began entering federal service. By December 1941, the Missouri State Guard consisted of over 3,000 soldiers organized into five infantry regiments. In 1943 alone, the State Guard was responsible for responding to statewide flooding, ending a civil disturbance in Cape Girardeau, and fighting a large fire in Lamar which destroyed much of the town square. The regiments were gradually disbanded throughout 1946, following the return of the Missouri National Guard to state service, and as of 1 January 1947 the Missouri State Guard officially ceased to exist.[5]

On September 9, 1982, Governor Christopher “Kit” Bond signed Executive Order 82-17 creating a Missouri Reserve Force and ordering the state's adjutant general to organize the force.[6] However, the adjutant general did not execute this order at that time.[7] It was not until December 2012 that the force was officially organized. On June 1, 2018, Missouri Governor Eric Greitens signed HB 1469 into law which modifies provisions of the Missouri military code by changing the name of the “Missouri Reserve Military Force” to the “Missouri State Defense Force”.[8]

The MSDF was temporarily suspended in 2020 due to budget concerns on the same day of Missouri's first positive COVID-19 case,[9] but the Missouri General Assembly restored funding for the MSDF in May 2020.[10]

The MSDF was again de-activated in 2022 after the Missouri National Guard "concluded that the Missouri State Defense Force provided little to no benefit to the National Guard."[1]

Membership

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Maj. Gen. Stephen Danner, Adjutant General of Missouri, administers an oath to the initial members of the Missouri Reserve Force at the Ike Skelton Training Site.

Prospective members of the MSDF had to be at least seventeen years old, but no older than sixty-four. However, the adjutant general could waive the upper age limit on a case-by-case basis.[11] There was no physical examination required for membership, but members had to guarantee they were able-bodied citizens, in good health, and capable of performing moderate physical activity.[12]

Duties

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The MSDF carried the same stateside responsibilities as the Missouri National Guard, including assisting the National Guard on recovery operations following natural disasters.[12] In the event of the National Guard deploying outside of the state, the MSDF was assigned to assist in the mobilization process and assume the stateside duties of the National Guard for the duration of the deployment, including:[13]

  • protecting life and property in times of emergency
  • assisting the adjutant general in preparation of the mobilization of the Missouri National Guard for active duty
  • assisting family members at home during deployments
  • assisting the adjutant general in control and operation of state military property left behind following Missouri National Guard mobilizations.
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All U.S. states and territories are allowed to create and maintain their own military forces, independent of the federal military, under Title 32 of the United States Code.[14] State defense forces are allowed under Missouri law as well, under Chapter 41, Section 41.070 of the Missouri Revised Statutes.[2]

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Members of the Missouri State Defense Force were given the same legal protections under Missouri law as federal reservists are entitled to under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA). This guaranteed, among other protections, that employers of MSDF members were required to give those employees a leave of absence when they were activated for training or to perform emergency services, and to reinstate these employees to their positions of employment when they returned.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Missouri State Defense Force De-Activated". statedefenseforce.com. May 18, 2022.
  2. ^ "Home guards, arming, etc., 40 Stat. 181" (PDF). Legis Works. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2015.
  3. ^ Stentiford, Barry M. The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century, p. 94, at Google Books
  4. ^ "World War II Missouri State Guard". Museum of Missouri Military History. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  5. ^ "EXECUTIVE ORDER 82-17". Missouri Secretary of State Official Website. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  6. ^ Fitts, John P. (May 1, 2009). "Voices: Activate reserve force". The Joplin Globe Online. The Joplin Globe. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  7. ^ "Greitens signing dozens of bills into law before leaving office". Fox2STL. May 2018.
  8. ^ Gerber, Cameron (May 21, 2020). "'Another layer of defense': Speaker Pro Tem donates PPE throughout Missouri". The Missouri Times. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  9. ^ Hauswirth, Brian (May 21, 2020). "Two Missouri lawmakers: major PPE donation highlights importance of Missouri State Defense Force". Missourinet. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  10. ^ "Missouri National Guard Annual Financial Report (Fiscal Year 2018)" (PDF). Missouri National Guard Public Affairs Office. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Missouri National Guard 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). The Missouri National Guard Official Website. Missouri National Guard Public Affairs Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013.
  12. ^ Lupescu, Sarah E. "Missouri's Reserve Military Force holds first muster". The Missouri National Guard Official Website. Missouri National Guard Public Affairs Office. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012.
  13. ^ "National Guard Regulation 10-4: National Guard Interaction with State Defense Forces" (PDF). National Guard Bureau Publications & Forms Library. National Guard Bureau. November 2, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2018.
  14. ^ "MO Rev Stat § 40.490". Justia. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
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