Jump to content

Orders of magnitude (temperature)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Microkelvin)
Temperature in °C compared to the thermodynamic scale in electron volts, which are also used as a unit of temperature

List of orders of magnitude for temperature

[edit]
Factor Multiple Item
0 0 K
10−30
1 qK
10−18
1 aK
10−15
1 fK
10−12
1 pK
  • 38 pK, lowest laboratory-produced temperature, achieved through matter-wave lensing of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates.[1]
  • 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose–Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT[2]
10−9
1 nK
10−6
1 μK
10−3
1 mK
1
1 K
101 10 K
102 100 K

See detailed list below

103
1 kK
104 10 kK
106
1 MK
109
1 GK
1012
1 TK
1015
1 PK
1018
1 EK
1021
1 ZK
1024
1 YK
1027
1 RK
  • Everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030
1 QK
1032
100 QK
1033
1000 QK
10290
10260 QK

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

[edit]

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

Kelvin Degrees
Celsius
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Condition
100 K −173.15 °C −279.67 °F
133 K −140 °C −220  °F
133 K to 163 K −140 to −110 °C −220 to −160 °F
163 K −110 °C −166  °F
165 K −108 °C −163 °F
  • Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)[15]
175.4 K −97.8 °C −144 °F
  • Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica[16]
183.7 K −89.5 °C −129.1 °F
183.9 K −89.2 °C −128.6 °F
192 K −81 °C −114 °F
193 to 203 K −80 to −70 °C −112 to −94 °F
194.6 K −78.5 °C −109.3 °F
203.55 K −69.6 °C −93.3 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22[18]
205.5 K −67.7 °C −89.9 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 6 February 1933[19][full citation needed]
210 K −63 °C −80 °F
214.9 K –58.3 °C –72.9 °F
223.15 K −50 °C −58 °F
224.8 K −48.4 °C −55.0 °F
  • Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see Supercooling)
225 K −48 °C −55 °F
233.15 K −40 °C −40 °F
234.3 K −38.83 °C −37.89 °F
240.4 K −32.8 °C −27.0 °F
  • Coldest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01[24]
246 K −27 °C −17 °F
249 K –24 °C –11 °F
249.3 K –23.9 °C –11.0 °F
  • Coldest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 11 February 1935[24]
250 K –23 °C –9 °F
255.37 K –1779 °C 0 °F
255 K –18 °C 0 °F
256 K –17 °C 1 °F
256 K –17 °C 2 °F
257 K –16 °C 3 °F
262 K −11 °C 12 °F
263.15 K –10 °C 14 °F
265 K –8 °C 18 °F
265.8 K –7.2 °C 19 °F
267 K –6 °C 21 °F
271.15 K −2 °C 28.4 °F
273.14 K -0.01 °C 31.98 °F
  • Maximum temperature of an object causing frostbite
273.15 K 0.00 °C 32.00 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at 1 atm pressure)
273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.02 °F
276 K 3 °C 37 °F
277 K 3.85 °C 39 °F
277.13 K 3.98 °C 39.16 °F
279.8 K 6.67 °C 44 °F
  • Threshold of skin numbness if skin reaches this temperature
283.2 K 10 °C 50 °F
286.9 K 12.7 °C 54.9 °F
287.6 K 14.44 °C 58 °F
288 K 15 °C 59 °F
  • Mean on Earth
291.6 K 18.4 °C 65.1 °F
294 K 21 °C 70 °F
296 K 23 °C 73 °F
297 K 24 °C 75 °F
298 K 25 °C 77 °F
300 K 27 °C 81 °F
  • Thermoneutral temperature of an unclothed human at rest[35][36]
  • Estimated melting/freezing point of francium
302.9 K 29.8 °C 85.6 °F
303.15 K 30 °C 86 °F
  • The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K 31 °C 88 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K 34 °C 93 °F
307.6 K 34.4 °C 93.9 °F
308 K 35 °C 95 °F
309.5 K 36.4 °C 97.5 °F
311.03 K 37.87 °C 100.2 °F
  • Beginnings of a fever for humans
311.8 K 38.6 °C 101.5 °F
313.15 K 40 °C 104 °F
315 K 42 °C 108 °F
  • Usually fatal human fever
317.6 K 44.44 °C 112 °F
319.7 K 46.5 °C 115.7 °F
321.45 K 48.3 °C 119 °F World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Imperial, California, USA on July 24, 2018[41]}}
322.1 K 48.9 °C 120.0 °F
  • Hottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11[24]
  • Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes[42]
  • Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes[42]
323.14 K 49.99 °C 121.99 °F
  • Half-way point between freezing and boiling
323.9 K 50.7 °C 123.3 °F
329.87 K 56.7 °C 134.1 °F
333.15 K 60 °C 140 °F
  • Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds[42]
  • Average temperature of a hair dryer
336 K 63 °C 145.4 °F
342 K 69 °C 157 °F
343.15 K 70 °C 158 °F
350 K 77 °C 170 °F
351.52 K 78.37 °C 173.07 °F
353.15 K 80 °C 176 °F
  • Average temperature of a sauna
355 K 82 °C 180 °F
355.6 K 82.4 °C 180.3 °F
366 K 93 °C 200 °F
367 K 94 °C 201 °F
371 K 98 °C 209 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of sodium
373.13 K 99.98 °C 211.97 °F
  • Boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure (see Celsius)
380 K 107 °C 225 °F
388 K 115 °C 239 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of sulfur
400 K 127 °C 260 °F
433.15 K 160 °C 320 °F
[full citation needed]}}
450 K 177 °C 350 °F
453.15 K 180 °C 356 °F
483 K 210 °C 410 °F
491 K 218 °C 425 °F
519 K 246 °C 475 °F
522 K 249 °C 480 °F
525 K 252 °C 485 °F
538 K 265 °C 510 °F
  • Smoke point of refined safflower oil
574.5875 K 301.4375 °C 574.5875 °F
600.65 K 327.5 °C 621.5 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of lead
647 K 374 °C 705 °F
  • Critical point of superheated water
693 K 419 °C 787 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of zinc
723.15 K 450 °C 842 °F
738 K 465 °C 870 °F
749 K 476 °C 889 °F
773.15 K 500 °C 932 °F
  • Oven on self-cleaning mode
798 K 525 °C 977 °F
858 K 585 °C 1085 °F Kindling point of hydrogen[51]
933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F
1000 K 726.85 °C 1340.33 °F

SI multiples

[edit]
SI multiples of kelvin (K)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 K dK decikelvin 101 K daK decakelvin
10−2 K cK centikelvin 102 K hK hectokelvin
10−3 K mK millikelvin 103 K kK kilokelvin
10−6 K μK microkelvin 106 K MK megakelvin
10−9 K nK nanokelvin 109 K GK gigakelvin
10−12 K pK picokelvin 1012 K TK terakelvin
10−15 K fK femtokelvin 1015 K PK petakelvin
10−18 K aK attokelvin 1018 K EK exakelvin
10−21 K zK zeptokelvin 1021 K ZK zettakelvin
10−24 K yK yoctokelvin 1024 K YK yottakelvin
10−27 K rK rontokelvin 1027 K RK ronnakelvin
10−30 K qK quectokelvin 1030 K QK quettakelvin

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (2021-08-30). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10): 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.
  2. ^ "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  3. ^ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by E. I. Asinovskii, A. V. Kirillin, and A. V. Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699. S2CID 250746507.
  4. ^ Yang, C. C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.
  5. ^ Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–1208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
  6. ^ Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18): 185701. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701. PMID 16383918. S2CID 15373344.
  7. ^ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
  8. ^ Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.
  9. ^ Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. Bibcode:1985Carbo..23..481M. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.
  10. ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801.
  11. ^ Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766. S2CID 119373878.
  12. ^ "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Solar System Temperatures - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  14. ^ "Whole-Body Cryotherapy FAQs". Coyne Medical. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  15. ^ Jestin Baby Mandumpal (2017). A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9781681084237.
  16. ^ "New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  17. ^ a b National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology (1984). Read "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2" at NAP.edu. doi:10.17226/690. ISBN 978-0-309-07774-3. PMID 25032441.
  18. ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  19. ^ Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth
  20. ^ a b http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places
  21. ^ 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures
  23. ^ http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine The Weather Notebook – 40 Below
  24. ^ a b c d e http://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes
  25. ^ "Temperature Everest Summit". Himalayan Wonders. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2023-10-11. (Temperature calculated by averaging monthly temperatures given in graph)
  26. ^ "Freezing and food safety". USDA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  27. ^ "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  28. ^ Chester, Roy; Jickells, Tim (2012). Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-34907-6.
  29. ^ http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature
  30. ^ http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification
  31. ^ Agence France Presse (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Warsaw. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  32. ^ "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  33. ^ "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  34. ^ https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?
  35. ^ Rintamäki, Hannu (2007). "Human responses to cold". Alaska Medicine. 49 (2 Suppl): 29–31. PMID 17929604.
  36. ^ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/cold-out-why-you-need-to-wear-a-hat Harvard Health Publishing - Cold out? Why you need to wear a hat!
  37. ^ Harvard Health Publishing - Time to redefine normal body temperature? https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/time-to-redefine-normal-body-temperature-2020031319173
  38. ^ http://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts
  39. ^ http://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/ Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi
  40. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums
  41. ^ "Hottest Rain on Record? Rain Falls at 119°F in Imperial, California". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  42. ^ a b c "Antiscald Inc". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  43. ^ "Highest recorded temperature". Guinness World Records. 10 July 1913. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  44. ^ http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling
  45. ^ Seckbach, Joseph; et al. (2013). Polyextremophiles – life under multiple forms of stress. Dordrecht: Springer. preface. ISBN 978-94-007-6487-3.
  46. ^ "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/
  47. ^ http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate
  48. ^ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy
  49. ^ a b c International Fire Training Centre: Firefighter initial: aviation fuels and fuel tanks Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine - International Fire Training Centre
  50. ^ Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 30 (202). Taylor & Francis: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.
  51. ^ "Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen" (PDF). Health and Safety Executive. 2008.
[edit]