Citrus australasica
| Finger lime | |
|---|---|
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| Green skin type finger lime | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | Citrus |
| Species: | C. australasica
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| Binomial name | |
| Citrus australasica | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Citrus australasica, the finger lime or caviar lime, is a thorny understorey shrub or small tree of lowland subtropical rainforest in the coastal border region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. It has edible fruits which are grown as a commercial crop.
Description
[edit]Citrus australasica is a shrub or small tree to about 10 m (33 ft) tall with sharp spines up to 2.5 cm (1 in) long in the leaf axils. The leaves are light green in colour, obovate or rhombic in shape, and arranged alternately along the twigs. They measure up to 2.5 cm (1 in) wide and long, but may reach 5 cm (2 in) long, and they may be faintly crenate (scalloped) towards the apex. Like many other plants in the genus, the leaves contain numerous oil glands and are aromatic when crushed.[4][5]
The flowers are either solitary or paired and are set on peduncles about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. The sepals are tiny, about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long, the white petals are up to 9 mm (0.35 in) long. Stamens number between 20 and 25.[4][5]
The fruit is a botanical berry, cylindrical and tapered at both ends, slightly curved and about 8 cm (3.1 in) long. The skin is rough with numerous oil glands, and greenish yellow to pink. They contain numerous pale seeds about 7 mm (0.28 in) long.[4][5][6]
Taxonomy
[edit]This species was first described by Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, and was published in the first volume of his massive work Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ in 1858.[7] American botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle, in a 1915 review of the genus Citrus, placed all four Australian species in a new genus Microcitrus, based on morphological features which he said gave "[...] these plants a very different aspect from the commonly cultivated species of Citrus."[8]: 569 However, in a paper published in 1998, British botanist David Mabberley discussed the mix of morphological features present throughout the subtribe Citrineae (genera Clymenia, Eremocitrus, Fortunella, Microcitrus and Poncirus) and the ease with which species can be crossed, and subsequently restored the finger lime to Citrus.[9]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The finger lime is native to the southeastern corner of Queensland and the northeastern corner of New South Wales, from the area around Brisbane to the Clarence River. It grows in coastal rainforest and extends into neighbouring open forest, often on soils derived from basalt. It is favoured by disturbance.[4][5][10]
| Australian limes |
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Conservation
[edit]As of December 2024[update], this species has been assessed to be of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by the Queensland Government under its Nature Conservation Act.[1][11]
Pests and diseases
[edit]The finger lime is susceptible to a range of insect pests, including scale insects, katydids, larvae of various moths and butterflies, some bugs, grasshoppers and others.[12]: 6 However, it is not a host to the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni, saving Australian growers the extra burden of treatment before export.[12]: 7
Research conducted since the 1970s indicated that a wild selection of C. australasica was highly resistant to Phytophthora citrophthora root disease, which has resulted in a cross-breeding program with finger lime to develop disease-resistant citrus rootstock. In 2020, researchers began working with C. australasica to develop solutions for Citrus greening disease.[13]
Cultivation and uses
[edit]History
[edit]
It is thought that for at least 60,000 years, First Peoples living along the east coast of Australia have been eating finger limes.[citation needed]
The fruit is high in vitamin C and the skin can be used to heal cuts and wounds.[citation needed]
Early settlers consumed the fruit and retained the trees when clearing for agriculture. Colonial botanists suggested that they should be cultivated, due to the lack of citrus alternatives.[14]
Rising demand
[edit]The finger lime has been popularised as a gourmet bushfood.[12] The globular juice vesicles (also known as pearls) have been called "lime caviar",[15][16] and can be used as a garnish or added to various recipes. The fresh vesicles have the effect of a burst of effervescent tangy flavour as they are chewed. The juice is acidic and similar to that of a lime. Marmalade and pickles are also made from finger lime. Finger lime peel can be dried and used as a spice.[6]
Commercial use of finger lime fruit started in the mid-1990s with boutique marmalades made from wild harvested fruit. By 2000 the finger lime was being sold in restaurants, and exported fresh.[6]
The finger lime is grown on a commercial basis in Australia in response to high demand for the fruit. There is an increasing range of genetic selections which are budded onto citrus rootstock. With the sudden high market demand for the fruit the primary source of genetic material for propagation has been selections from wild stock.[citation needed]
The CSIRO has also developed several Citrus hybrids by crossing the finger lime with standard Citrus species, creating cultivars which produce finger limes in many different colours ranging from light pink to deep blue-green. Finger lime is thought to have the widest range of colour variation within any Citrus species.[citation needed]
Gallery
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Habit -
Foliage and thorns -
Stem with thorns -
Flower -
Fruit
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References
[edit]- ^ a b IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Citrus australasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T64135401A192230151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T64135401A192230151.en. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "Citrus australasica". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Citrus australasica F.Muell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Mabberley, D.J. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Citrus australasica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d "PlantNET - FloraOnline". PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Koskinen, Jorma. "Native Australian and New Guinean citrus". Citrus Pages. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1858). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ (in Latin). Vol. I. Melbourne: Joannis Ferres. p. 26. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Swingle, W.T. (1915). "Microcitrus, a new genus of Australian citrous fruits". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 5: 569–578.
- ^ Mabberley, D.J. (1998). "Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae)". Telopea. 7 (4): 333–344. doi:10.7751/telopea19982004.
- ^ "Search: species: Citrus australasica | Occurrence records". Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Australian Government. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ "Species profile—Citrus australasica". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b c Hawkeswood, T.J. (2017). "A review of some publications concerning Citrus (Microcitrus) australasica F. Muell. (Rutaceae) in Australia and South-east Asia (mostly Thailand)". Calodema. 581: 1–14. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Allen, Greg (27 July 2020). "Exotic Australian Fruit May Help Save Florida's Citrus Industry". NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ Low, Tim (1998). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 0-207-16930-6.
- ^ Karp, David (23 December 2009). "Finger lime: the caviar of citrus". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Taylor, Terri. "Nature's 'Little Pearls', The Exotic Finger Lime". Tambourine Mountain Daily Star. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
External links
[edit]
- View a map of recorded sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
- See images of this species on Flickriver.com
- View observations of this species on iNaturalist
- "Citrus australasica F.Muell". Atlas of Living Australia.
