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Plastic pellet pollution

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Plastic "nurdle" pellets on a beach in southwest France, 2011

Plastic pellet pollution is a type of marine debris originating from the plastic particles that are universally used to manufacture large-scale plastics. In the context of plastic pollution, these pre-production plastic pellets are commonly known as 'nurdles'.[1] These microplastics are created separately from the user plastics they are melted down to form, pellets. Loss can occur during both the manufacturing and transport stages.[2] When released into the open environment, they create persistent pollution both in the oceans and on beaches.[3] About 230,000 tonnes of nurdles are thought to be deposited in the oceans each year, where they are often mistaken for food by seabirds, fish and other wildlife.[1] Due to their small size, they are notoriously difficult to clear up from beaches and elsewhere.[4]

Description

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Nurdles are the second largest source of microplastics in the ocean.[5] Approximately 27 million tonnes (60 billion pounds) of nurdles are manufactured annually in the United States.[6] One pound of pelletized HDPE contains approximately 25,000 nurdles (approximately 20 mg per nurdle). They are typically under 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter.[7] Worldwide, about 230,000 tonnes of nurdles are thought to be deposited in the oceans each year.[4]

A handful of nurdles, spilled from a train in Pineville, Louisiana, in the United States

Plastic resin pellets are classified as primary microplastics, meaning that they were intentionally produced at sizes ranging from 1–5 mm in diameter (whereas secondary microplastics are created through photodegradation and weathering of larger pieces of plastic, like water bottles and fishing nets).[8][9] Primary microplastics make up between 15% and 31% of the growing amount of marine microplastic pollution, which is related to the corporative expansion of large-scale plastic production.[9] Like microbeads, preproduction plastic pellets can be released directly into the environment as a form of primary microplastic pollution.[9] As more plastic is being produced, more plastic pellets are being deposited in waterways.[10]  

A study on a polyethylene production facility in Sweden found that between 3 and 36 million plastic pellets enter the environment from production sites every year.[11] These nurdles spill during transportation and production and due to inadequate precautions and regulations, millions of pellets of plastic end up in nearby waterways and eventually the ocean.[11]

Environmental impact

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Nurdles are a major contributor to marine debris. During a three-month study of Orange County beaches researchers found them to be the most common beach contaminant.[12] Nurdles on bathing beaches in East Lothian, Scotland have been shown to be covered with E. coli and Vibrio biofilms, according to a 2019 study.[13][14]

Waterborne nurdles may either be a raw material of plastic production, or from larger chunks of plastics.[15] A major concentration of plastic may be the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a growing collection of marine debris known for its high concentrations of plastic litter.

Nurdles that escape from the plastic production process into waterways or oceans have become a significant source of ocean and beach plastic pollution. Plastic pellet pollution that has been monitored in studies is mainly found in the sediments and beach areas and is usually polyethylene or polypropylene, the two main plastic polymers found in microplastic pollution.[16]

Nurdles have frequently been found in the digestive tracts of various marine creatures, causing physiological damage by leaching plasticizers such as phthalates. Nurdles can carry two types of micropollutants in the marine environment: native plastic additives and hydrophobic pollutants absorbed from seawater. For example, concentrations of PCBs and DDE on nurdles collected from Japanese coastal waters were found to be up to 1 million times higher than the levels detected in surrounding seawater.[17]

Plastic microbeads used in cosmetic exfoliating products are also found in water.

Incidents

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2012

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San Francisco Bay Coastal Cleanup from multiple nurdle spills.[18]

In Hong Kong, after being blown by Typhoon Vicente on 24 July 2012, some containers belonging to Chinese oil giant Sinopec which were carrying over 150 tonnes of plastic pellets were blown into the sea, washing up on southern Hong Kong coasts, such as Shek O, Cheung Chau, Ma Wan and Lamma Island. Though nurdles are not toxic or hazardous on their own according to Sinopec,[19] the spill disrupted marine life and is being credited with killing stocks of fish on fish farms.[20]

2017

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A nurdle spill of about two billion nurdles (49 tons) from a shipping container in Durban Harbor required extended cleanup efforts.[21] These nurdles have also been spotted washing up on the shore in Western Australia.[22]

The Great Nurdle Hunt, which occurred June 2–5, 2017, across the United Kingdom drew attention to the issue of plastic pellet pollution. A program started by Fidra, a Scottish environmental charity, sourced information on nurdles from citizens across the region using shared photos to better understand the makeup of pollution across beaches in the UK.[23] The nurdle hunts occurring earlier in 2017 determined that 73% of UK beaches had nurdle pollution.[24]

2018

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A semi-truck crash led to the release of bright blue colored nurdles into Pocono Creek and the waterways of the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania.[25]

2020

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On February 23, 2020, the Trans Carrier ship, traveling from Rotterdam (Netherlands) to Stavanger (Norway), encountered severe weather conditions off the Danish coast. As a result, a container carrying polypropylene pellets sustained damage. Approximately 13.2 tonnes of nurdles, out of the 26 tonnes originally aboard the Trans Carrier at the time of the incident, were released into the North Sea.[26] This spill led to contamination in the Oslo Fjord and along the Swedish west coast, impacting about 700 coastal sites.[27]

During a thunderstorm on August 20, a 40-foot (12 m) shipping container with 25 tons of nurdles arriving from Asia fell off the CMA CGM Bianca ship into the Mississippi River in New Orleans. No official clean up took place. Hazardous material spills are in coast guard jurisdiction, but nurdles are not classified as hazardous material. The Department of Environmental Quality does not find it clear as to who is responsible for cleaning up the spill.[28]

2021

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On 2 June 2021 the cargo ship X-Press Pearl sank off the coast of Sri Lanka, spilling chemicals and microplastic nurdles and causing the worst environmental disaster in the country's history.[29]

2023

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In January 2023, the French government announced it will be taking legal action against "persons unknown" in response to extensive plastic pellet pollution along the coast of Brittany that is thought to have originated from shipping containers lost in the Atlantic Ocean.[4]

Since December 2023, the coast of Galicia is facing an environmental crisis due to millions of tiny white plastic balls from the Liberian-flagged ship Toconao, which lost six containers off Viana do Castelo in Portugal.[30]

Current progress and solutions

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Of the 300 million tons of plastic material produced each year, over 14 million tons end up in the ocean, and plastic production is continuing to increase.[31] Marine litter as a whole is imposing environmental threats to marine ecosystems and policy solutions are crucial to better the ocean.[31]

  • The plastic industry has responded to the increased interest and concern for plastic pellet loss and pollution sources. Operation Clean Sweep was created by SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association in 2001 and joined by the American Chemistry Council with the goal of zero pellet loss for plastic manufacturers.[32] This voluntary stewardship program provides its members with a manual which guides them through ways in which they can reduce pellet loss within their own facilities and provides the necessary training.[33][34] However, the program does not require companies to keep or report any data on pellet spills.[35]
  • In 2007 California passed AB 258, which established measures that preproduction plastic producing manufacturers had to follow during the production and transport of plastic pellets.[36] This preventative measure includes inspections by the Regional and State Water Board staff and enforcement of orderly production and transportation of preproduction plastic to minimize the amount of plastic resin pellets spills.[37]
  • In 2008, California passed a "nurdle law", which "specifically names pre-production plastic pellets (nurdles) as a pollutant".[38]
  • In 2015, the Microbead-Free Waters Act passed, which prohibits the manufacturing and distribution of primary plastic microbeads for cosmetic products.[39] This ban will reduce the amount of plastic pellets that end up in oceans by preventing microbead particles from being used in cosmetic care products.[39]

Actions for creating awareness

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On April 11, 2013, in order to create awareness, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO[40] in Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova. It is the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of Italian Ministry of the Environment.[41]

The Great Nurdle Hunt is a citizen science project that maps out plastic pellet pollution globally.[42] The data collected is used to actively engage with industry and policy-makers to develop solutions to prevent further pellet pollution.

Judith Selby Lang and Richard Lang as One Beach Plastic engage in wide range of artistic disruptions with the intent to bring awareness to the effects of plastic pollution on the world's beaches, Many of their works specifically address nurdle pollution.[43]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b McVeigh, Karen (29 November 2021). "Nurdles: the worst toxic waste you've probably never heard of". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022.
  2. ^ "What's resin pellet? :: International Pellet Watch". www.pelletwatch.org. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  3. ^ Hammer, Jort; Kraak, Michiel H. S.; Parsons, John R. (2012). Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 220. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 1–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1. ISBN 9781461434139. PMID 22610295. S2CID 5842747.
  4. ^ a b c Willsher, Kim (23 January 2023). "France to take legal action over 'nightmare' plastic pellet spill". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023.
  5. ^ Kunz, Alexander; Walther, Bruno A.; Löwemark, Ludvig; Lee, Yao-Chang (2016-10-15). "Distribution and quantity of microplastic on sandy beaches along the northern coast of Taiwan". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 111 (1): 126–135. Bibcode:2016MarPB.111..126K. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.022. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 27449830.
  6. ^ "Heal the Bay – The Pacific Protection Initiative – AB 258: Nurdles". 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^ "What's a nurdle?". 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
  8. ^ GESAMP (2015). "Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment" (Kershaw, P. J., ed.). (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p.
  9. ^ a b c Kavitha, R; Akshaya, T; Aarthi, Arul (April 2020). "Microplastics and Its Impacts" (PDF). International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 07 (4): 4259–4265.
  10. ^ Turra, Alexander; Manzano, Aruanã B.; Dias, Rodolfo Jasão S.; Mahiques, Michel M.; Barbosa, Lucas; Balthazar-Silva, Danilo; Moreira, Fabiana T. (27 March 2015). "Three-dimensional distribution of plastic pellets in sandy beaches: shifting paradigms". Scientific Reports. 4 (1): 4435. doi:10.1038/srep04435. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3967197. PMID 24670631.
  11. ^ a b Karlsson, Therese M.; Arneborg, Lars; Broström, Göran; Almroth, Bethanie Carney; Gipperth, Lena; Hassellöv, Martin (10 February 2018). "The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 129 (1): 52–60. Bibcode:2018MarPB.129...52K. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041. hdl:2077/61778. PMID 29680567.
  12. ^ Moore, Charles (2002). "A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California's coastal waters and elsewhere in the North Pacific". Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  13. ^ Gwinnett, Claire (2019-02-17). "The major source of plastic pollution you've probably never heard of". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  14. ^ Rodrigues, Alyssa; et al. (2019). "Colonisation of plastic pellets (nurdles) by E. coli at public bathing beaches" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 139: 376–380. Bibcode:2019MarPB.139..376R. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.011. hdl:1893/28461. PMID 30686440. S2CID 59305143. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  15. ^ Ayre, Maggie (7 December 2006). "Plastics 'poisoning world's seas'". BBC Online. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
  16. ^ GESAMP (2015). "Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment" (Kershaw, P. J., ed.). (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p.2007, chapter 9, ISBN 978-0-312-34729-1
  17. ^ Mato Y: "Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment", "Environmental Science & Technology" 35(2), pages 318–324, 2001
  18. ^ Freese, Alicia. "Nurdles a big problem in coastal cleanup". Bay Nature. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  19. ^ "Hong Kong government criticized over plastic spill on beaches". Reuters. August 5, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  20. ^ "Sinopec pledges help to clear Hong Kong plastic spill". TheGuardian.com. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  21. ^ "Nurdles KZN, SA. Project Duration: Long Term". Coast KZN. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  22. ^ "The Great Nurdle Disaster: What to do if you find nurdles". Two Oceans Aquarium Cape Town, South Africa. 2 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  23. ^ "The Great European Nurdle Hunt" (PDF). Nurdle Free Oceans. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  24. ^ "Tiny plastic pellets found on 73% of UK beaches". The Guardian. Press Association. 2017-02-17. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  25. ^ Thompson, Carol (6 April 2018). "Thousands of plastic pellets have spilled into waterways in Poconos: 'This is going to be extremely challenging'". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  26. ^ "Trans Carrier". Cedre.
  27. ^ https://www.kystverket.no/globalassets/oljevern-og-miljoberedskap/forskning-og-utvikling/experience-from-the-plastic-pellets-incident.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  28. ^ Baurick, Tristan (18 August 2020). "No cleanup planned as millions of plastic pellets wash up along Mississippi River and flow to the Gulf". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2020-10-07. The 1,100-foot-long ship, which flies under the flag of Malta, had traveled from China and South Korea
  29. ^ "Sri Lanka faces disaster as burning ship spills chemicals on beaches". the Guardian. 2021-05-31. Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  30. ^ Ensor, John (6 January 2024). "Environmental Crisis On Galician Beaches". Euro Weekly News.
  31. ^ a b "Marine plastic pollution". IUCN. 2018-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  32. ^ "Operation Clean Sweep Celebrates 25 Years | In The Hopper: SPI's Business Blog". In The Hopper: SPI's Business Blog. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  33. ^ "OCS Program Manual – Operation Clean Sweep". Operation Clean Sweep. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  34. ^ Entwistle, Abigail (April 11, 2018). "Why the fuss about nurdles?". phys.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  35. ^ Sullivan, Laura (December 22, 2020). "Gas, Oil Companies Like Chevron Phillips Have A Plastic Pellet Problem". npr.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  36. ^ Maruf, M (2019). "Indonesia Response and Recent Development of Law and Policy in Addressing Marine Plastic Litter". Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies. 4 (2): 167–188. doi:10.15294/jils.v4i2.34757.
  37. ^ "State Water Resources Control Board". www.waterboards.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  38. ^ Westervelt, Amy (2015-03-27). "It's taken seven years, but California is finally cleaning up microbead pollution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  39. ^ a b McDevitt, Jason P.; Criddle, Craig S.; Morse, Molly; Hale, Robert C.; Bott, Charles B.; Rochman, Chelsea M. (2017-06-20). "Addressing the Issue of Microplastics in the Wake of the Microbead-Free Waters Act—A New Standard Can Facilitate Improved Policy". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (12): 6611–6617. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.6611M. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05812. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 28505424.
  40. ^ "The garbage patch territory turns into a new state – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2020-01-12. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  41. ^ "Rifiuti Diventano Stato, Unesco Riconosce 'Garbage Patch' | Siti - Patrimonio Italiano Unesco". Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
  42. ^ "The Great Nurdle Hunt, Reducing plastic pellet pollution at sea". Nurdles. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  43. ^ "Judith Selby Lang – Whirligig". 2019-11-16. Retrieved 2023-08-26.

Further reading

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