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Matt Shea

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For the filmmaker, see Matt Shea (filmmaker).

Matt Shea
Matt Shea
Shea in 2012
Member of the Washington House of Representatives
from the 4th district
In office
January 12, 2009 – January 11, 2021
Preceded byLynn Schindler
Succeeded byBob McCaslin Jr.
Personal details
Born
Matthew Thomas Shea

(1974-04-18) April 18, 1974 (age 50)
Spokane, Washington, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
Lisa Jenn
​
​
(m. 2002; div. 2008)​
Viktoriya Vinnikova
​
(m. 2008)​
ResidenceSpokane Valley, Washington
EducationGonzaga University (BA, JD)
OccupationLawyer, pastor, politician
WebsiteOfficial (archive)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army seal United States Army
Washington Army National Guard
Years of service1996–2000
2001–2006
Rank Captain
Battles/warsIraq War

Matthew Thomas Shea (born April 18, 1974) is an American far-right lawyer, pastor, and politician. A Republican, he represented the 4th legislative district in the Washington House of Representatives from 2009 to 2021. A 2019 report published by the Washington House of Representatives accused Shea of domestic terrorism in relation to his role in a series of standoffs with federal authorities.[1][2]

In October 2018, Shea acknowledged that he had distributed a four-page manifesto which called for the killing of non-Christian males if a war were to occur and they do not agree to follow fundamentalist biblical law.[3][4] Shea was referred to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for investigation as a result.[5] In April 2019, Shea was removed as State House Republican Caucus Chair for advocating violence against religious minorities and offering state surveillance of political enemies to members of hate groups.[6]

An investigative report commissioned by the House, issued on December 1, 2019, found that Shea "participated in an act of domestic terrorism against the United States", organized and supported "three armed conflicts of political violence", and advocated replacing the government with a theocracy and "the killing of all males who do not agree."[7][8] A former ally of Shea provided documents showing that Shea and his supporters were planning to seize control of the region after the outbreak of civil war, installing Shea as governmental leader in order to institute "constitutional changes" to "sanctify to Jesus Christ".[9] Immediately after the report was issued, Shea was removed from the House Republican Caucus,[10] though he refused to resign.[11]

[edit]

Shea graduated from high school in Bellingham, Washington. He received a bachelor's degree from Gonzaga University in 1996 and a J.D. degree from Gonzaga University School of Law in 2006.[12] Shea worked for seven years at M. Casey Law in Spokane as an attorney before opening a solo practice in 2020 specializing in nonprofit, civil rights and personal injury law.[13]

Military service

[edit]

Shea was in the Army ROTC program at Gonzaga University. In 1996, he entered the U.S. Army as a second Lieutenant. He was deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, and Kuwait, and left the Washington Army National Guard[9] in 2006 with the rank of Captain.

Political career

[edit]

Shea was first elected to the Washington House of Representatives in 2008, representing the 4th Legislative District, part of Spokane County.[14] He was re-elected four times, in 2012,[15] 2014,[16] 2016,[17] and 2018.

Shea endorsed Jim Walsh in his legislative district 19 race in 2016. Walsh was elected and went on to become the chair of the Washington GOP.

Shea hosts Patriot Radio, a twice-weekly show broadcast on the American Christian Network.[18]

Shea was a co-founder and director of the Washington Family Foundation, a socially conservative advocacy group.[19] He was also a board member of the anti-same-sex marriage group Protect Marriage Washington, and during his first term in office introduced legislation seeking to block the recognition of same-sex marriage in Washington.[20]

Shea is a founding member and current chairman of the Coalition of Western States (COWS).[21] In an interview, Shea stated that COWS's goals are to "facilitate the transfer of public lands back to the state level, and to have the states and counties manage the land".[22] During the 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Shea and other COWS members traveled to Burns, Oregon, allegedly attempting to negotiate on behalf of the militants occupying the reserve.[23] In 2015, Shea supported Idaho Representative Heather Scott, a fellow COWS member, in a protest near the home of John Arnold. Arnold had received a letter from the Department of Veterans Affairs stating the VA had found him mentally incompetent, and protesters worried that his right to own firearms may have been impacted by the VA's findings.[24]

Shea organized the Spokane chapter of ACT! for America, an anti-Muslim organization designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[25][26]

As a state legislator, Shea introduced House Memorials in 2015 and 2017 to create a new State of Liberty from Eastern Washington.[27]

Shea did not file for re-election in 2020.[28] He would have faced former State Representative Leonard Christian in the 2020 Republican primary.[29] Nurse practitioner Lori Feagan, a Democrat, also planned to run against Shea in the general election.[30]

Pastorate

[edit]

In June 2020, Shea was announced as the next pastor of Covenant Christian Church in Spokane, replacing current pastor Ken Peters. Peters, who will be relocating to Knoxville, Tennessee to start a new church, described the change as "God moving generals around".[31]

In May 2021, Shea resigned from Covenant Christian Church and started his own congregation called On Fire Ministries & Kingdom Christian Academy where he is listed as Senior Pastor. When asked, Peters said "We let Matt go. We felt he was better on his own. It wasn't a good fit, long-term."[32][33]

Controversies

[edit]

In 2011, as part of the process to replace Washington State Senator Bob McCaslin, background information about Shea included allegations of angry outbursts at Shea's legislative office and that he was disarmed by a commander while he served in Iraq due to anger management issues.[34] Despite Shea being endorsed by the Executive Board of Spokane County's Republican Party,[35] the county commissioners selected businessman Jeff Baxter.[36]

Differences in views between Shea and Spokane County Sheriff Ozzie Knezovich, also a Republican, resulted in Shea contending that "the Southern Poverty Law Center—and the sheriff (Knezovich) that backs them—is the most dangerous organization in this country".[37]

Shea has often clashed with journalists, referring to reporters as "dirty, godless, hateful people" at an August 2018 gun-rights rally.[38] He refers to local newspapers as the "Socialist-Review" (Spokesman-Review) and the "Inslander" (Inlander), the latter referring to Jay Inslee.[39] Shea's contentious history with the press attracted attention because he was, as of August 2018, one of eight state legislators on a Washington Legislature task force dealing with state public records laws and exemptions to them.[38]

"Biblical Basis for War" manifesto

[edit]

In late October 2018, Shea acknowledged that he had distributed a document described as a "four-page manifesto" titled Biblical Basis for War that listed strategies that a "Holy Army" could employ. The document, consisting of 14 sections divided into bullet points, had a section on "rules of war" that stated "make an offer of peace before declaring war", which within stated that the enemy must "surrender on terms" of no abortions, no same-sex marriage, no communism and "must obey Biblical law", then continued: "If they do not yield — kill all males". Shea acknowledged the document and claimed that it was a summary of "biblical sermons on war."[3][4][40]

The Spokesman-Review reported: "After the document was leaked online Tuesday [10/23/18], the Spokane Valley Republican insisted he was not promoting violence and that the message had been taken out of context. 'First of all, it was a summary of a series of sermons on biblical war in the Old Testament as part of a larger discussion on the history of warfare.' Shea said in a Facebook Live video. 'This document, in and of itself, was not a secret. I've actually talked about portions of this document publicly.'"[41]

Sheriff Knezovich alerted the FBI to the manifesto and said that the statements made in the manifesto are consistent with a racist, anti-Semitic, and white supremacist ideology known as Christian Identity, which seeks to establish a "white homeland" in the US northwest.[4][5]

Violent right-wing chat group

[edit]

In April 2019, The Guardian published records from a right-wing chat group of four people that Shea participated in, where Shea used an alias of 'True Warrior' in Latin. Other members in the chat group discussed carrying out surveillance, intimidation, and violent attacks on political enemies, including Antifa activists and "communists." Shea himself volunteered to conduct background checks on residents of Spokane, resulting in Shea naming three individuals. One of the chat group's members forwarded the information to The Guardian, while another confirmed the existence of the chats and acknowledged the discussion on conducting surveillance on "Antifa" people.[42] The Guardian published a second set of emails in August that tied Shea to an organization called Team Rugged, which aimed to train young men for "biblical warfare".[43][44]

Political violence

[edit]

An investigation commissioned by Washington House of Representatives reported, on December 1, 2019, that Shea had planned and participated in domestic terrorism on at least three occasions.[45][8] This included his participation, organizing, planning, and promotion of the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada, the 2015 armed standoff in Priest River, Idaho, and the 2016 armed seizure of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon. Shea led a delegation of right-wing legislators from Oregon, Washington and Idaho that met with law enforcement on January 9, 2016, in Burns, Oregon and were appraised of confidential intended law enforcement strategies for dealing with the refuge occupiers. Shea then disclosed those details to Bundy, according to the report.[46]

House leadership forwarded the report to the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington and the FBI.[10] Sheriff Knezovich stated that he believed there was enough evidence "to charge Shea with domestic terrorism, if not treason."[47] The sheriff also stated that he was worried that arresting Shea would lead to an armed standoff, and that he had contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation regarding this concern.[47][46] Shea issued a statement to local news station KREM saying he had "been denied any opportunity to review and respond to its results which are still unknown to me."[48] That day, he wrote in a Facebook post: "Like we are seeing with our President this is a sham investigation meant to silence those of us who stand up against attempts to disarm and destroy our great country. I will not back down, I will not give in, I will not resign."[48][49]

Shea was stripped of committees and suspended from having any role in the House Republican caucus. House Republican leader J.T. Wilcox called on him to resign.[10][50]

On January 9, 2020, Washington Governor Jay Inslee called on Shea to resign. "The people of Spokane deserve better", Inslee said.[51]

Oil on Washington State Capitol steps

[edit]

In May 2020, Shea was fined $4,761.34 for damaging historic masonry by intentionally leaving a trail of slick olive oil on the steps of the Capitol. According to a Department of Enterprise Services report, the oil stain was about 100 feet long. The incident occurred on March 6, 2020, which was the same day as a demonstration by the Satanic Temple of Washington, and Shea stated he needed to clean the ground after the Satanic ritual.[52] According to the leader of The Satanic Temple Lucien Greaves, "If Mr. Shea is so offended by our First Amendment guarantees that he finds it impossible to accept public religious expression that does not align with his own, then I hope the people of Washington will demand his immediate resignation." Hemant Mehta agrees with Greaves and adds "If he cared about Washington more than himself, he would have resigned a long time ago. It's not too late."[53]

North Idaho speech

[edit]

At an event in North Idaho less than a month after the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Shea called for his followers to prepare for "total war" against their enemies, claimed the election was stolen from Donald Trump, and engaged in Islamophobic rhetoric, saying that during the Battle of Tours in 732, "The Army of Islam would go into churches and rape all the nuns on the altar until there were no more virgins left and then they'd start in on the boys."[54]

Ukrainian children

[edit]

In March 2022, Shea was discovered in Poland with a group of 62 Ukrainian refugee children, claiming to be arranging their adoption via an unregistered and unaccredited American adoption agency.[55]

Road rage

[edit]

In November 2011, Shea "pulled a gun during a confrontation with another motorist" in what police reports described as an incident of road rage. Shea was initially charged with possessing a loaded handgun in a vehicle without a concealed weapons permit; the charge was ultimately resolved under a "stipulated order of continuance," in which "Shea paid a $75 fee and agreed that the information in the police report is correct" and the charge was dismissed after the passage of one year with no criminal violations.[56]

Spokane Mayor

[edit]

In September 2023 Spokane Mayor Nadine Woodward was denounced by the Spokane City Council for her August 2023 stage appearance with Matt Shea at a religious gathering.[57]

Awards

[edit]
  • 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.[58]

Personal life

[edit]

Shea married Lisa Jenn in 2002.[59] They were divorced in January 2008.[60][19] She was granted a protective order by a court after filing court documents stating her husband treated her "as a possession" and was physically and emotionally abusive. Her brother-in-law testified in court documents that he saw Matt Shea grabbing her "very hard and violently" and pushing her into a vehicle.

Lisa Shea attested that Matt "insisted she walk on his left side because his sword, if he had one, would be on his right side," and forbade her from writing a church bulletin. She also complained that he had expected her to support him financially during and after his time in law school, but that he would not seek profitable employment even after graduating from law school.[19] Shea denied any physical abuse, called his ex-wife a "product of the foster care system", and said this was her third divorce.[19]

Shea married his second wife, the Ukrainian-born Viktoriya Vinnikova, shortly after the divorce.[61]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Report on far-right Republican Matt Shea in hands of Washington legislators". Theguardian.com. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  2. ^ "Washington Legislator Matt Shea Accused Of 'Domestic Terrorism,' Report Finds". npr.org. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Washington State lawmaker's 'Holy Army' manifesto prompts FBI scrutiny". The Daily Beast. November 1, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Sokol, Chad (November 2, 2018). "Washington state lawmaker Matt Shea defends advocacy for 'Holy Army' as Spokane sheriff refers his writings to FBI". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Lawmaker says he distributed Biblical Basis for War paper". U.S. News & World Report. AP. November 1, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  6. ^ "WA Lt. Gov. Cyrus Habib announces rep. Matt Shea has ..." KHQ.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  7. ^ Romo, Vanessa (December 20, 2019). "Washington Legislator Matt Shea accused of 'domestic terrorism', report finds". NPR.org. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Loedler, Kathy; Loedler, Paul (December 1, 2019). "Report of Investigation Regarding Representative Matt Shea". Washington State House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  9. ^ a b Baker, Mike (December 23, 2019). "G.O.P. Lawmaker Had Visions of a Christian Alternative Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Gutman, David; O'Sullivan, Joseph (December 19, 2019). "Washington Rep. Matt Shea engaged in domestic terrorism against U.S., says state House report". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  11. ^ "Controversial Washington lawmaker spreads views across West". apnews.com. Associated Press. January 23, 2020.
  12. ^ "Election Center: Matt Shea". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, WA. November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018.
  13. ^ Cornfield, Jerry (April 25, 2009). "2009 Cappys honor legislators and unforgettable moments". HeraldNet.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  14. ^ "November 8, 2016 General Election Results - Legislative District 4 - State Representative Pos. 1 County Breakdown". results.vote.wa.gov. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  15. ^ "Spokane County November 4, 2014 General Election". results.vote.wa.gov. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  16. ^ "Legislative District 04". results.vote.wa.gov. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  17. ^ "American Christian Network". www.acn.cc. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d Craig, John (July 31, 2008). "Divorced candidate promotes family values". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, WA. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018.
  19. ^ Holden, Dominic (June 4, 2009). "Know thy enemy: Meet the four men most obsessed with stopping gay marriage in Washington State". The Stranger. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019.
  20. ^ "Coalition of Western States". cowstates.com. Coalition of Western States. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  21. ^ "Coalition Of western states forms to protect against federal overreach". radiofreeredoubt.com. Radio Free Redoubt. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  22. ^ Sepulvado, John. "Republican politicians planned and participated in key aspects of refuge occupation". www.opb.org. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  23. ^ Ivie, Nick (August 7, 2015). "Vet fights for gun rights". Bonner County Daily Bee. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  24. ^ "Washington state lawmaker under fire for biblical war 'manifesto'". KIRO-FM. November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  25. ^ Sottile, Leah (October 23, 2018). "Something's brewing in the deep red west". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018.
  26. ^ Herzog, Katie (November 9, 2018). "Rep. Matt Shea wants to split Washington State in two". The Stranger. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  27. ^ "Lawmaker called 'domestic terrorist' won't seek reelection". Associated Press. May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  28. ^ Sokol, Chad (December 20, 2019). "Former state rep. Leonard Christian announces run". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, WA.
  29. ^ Carroll, Megan (December 16, 2019). "Nurse practitioner launches campaign challenging rep. Matt Shea". Spokane, WA: KREM-TV.
  30. ^ Hill, Kip (May 31, 2020). "Rep. Matt Shea to take over as campus pastor at Covenant Christian Church after failing to file for re-election". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  31. ^ Vestal, Shawn (May 27, 2021). "Shawn Vestal: Matt Shea out at church over schism with fellow 'general' Ken Peters, but abortion protests go on | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  32. ^ "Matt Shea - Senior Pastor at On Fire Ministries & Kingdom Christian Academy". pastormattshea.com. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  33. ^ Craig, John (February 5, 2011). "McCaslin blasts Shea as possible successor for state Senate seat". Spokesman.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  34. ^ Camden, Jim (January 13, 2011). "McCaslin replacement slowed by call for 'flash mob'". The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
  35. ^ Craig, John (February 12, 2011). "Spokane County commissioners pick Baxter for state Senate". The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
  36. ^ Walters, Daniel (August 12, 2015). "Manufacturing Fear". Inlander. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  37. ^ a b Joseph O'Sullivan (August 20, 2018). "Washington lawmaker on public-records task force calls journalists 'those dirty, godless, hateful people'". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  38. ^ "After years of controversy, Rep. Matt Shea no longer part of House Republican leadership". Inlander. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  39. ^ Bowden, John. "FBI investigating Washington state rep. for manifesto urging 'all males' will be killed". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  40. ^ "Rep. Matt Shea takes credit, criticism for document titled 'Biblical Basis for War' | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  41. ^ Wilson, Jason (April 20, 2019). "Republican discussed violent attacks and surveillance with rightwingers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  42. ^ Wilson, Jason (August 14, 2019). "Revealed: Republican lawmaker aided group training young men for 'biblical warfare'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  43. ^ Sokol, Chad (August 15, 2019). "Rep. Matt Shea endorsed training children to fight in holy war". The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  44. ^ Romo, Vanessa (December 20, 2019). "Washington Legislator Matt Shea Accused of 'Domestic Terrorism,' Report Finds". NPR. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  45. ^ a b From Ruby Ridge to Matt Shea, eastern Washington struggles to shake far-right extremism, Los Angeles Times, December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  46. ^ a b Buck, Colette (December 19, 2019). "Sheriff Knezovich: "I believe there's enough evidence to charge Rep. Shea with domestic terrorism'". KHQ. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  47. ^ a b Riordan, Kaitlin; Smay, Ian; Decker, Casey (December 19, 2019). "'I will not back down': Rep. Matt Shea, accused of 'domestic terrorism,' refuses to resign". KREM 2 News. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  48. ^ Shepherd, Katie (December 20, 2019). "A GOP state legislator helped plan an armed occupation in Oregon, investigators say, calling it 'domestic terrorism'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  49. ^ Luck, Melissa (December 19, 2019). "Rep. Matt Shea removed from caucus, report sent to FBI and U.S. Attorney". KXLY. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  50. ^ ""The people of Spokane deserve better": Gov. Jay Inslee calls on Rep. Matt Shea to resign". KHQ Right Now.
  51. ^ Gutman, David; O'Sullivan, Joseph (May 14, 2020). "Spokane-area Rep. Matt Shea billed nearly $5,000 for damage to state Capitol steps during protest". seattletimes.com. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020. Tarkus Claypool, a spokesman for the Satanic Temple of Washington, said he didn't notice any conflict with Shea during the demonstration. "We just focused on what we were doing," Claypool said. "It's going to take a lot more than Matt Shea and his bottle of salad dressing to stop us from exercising our First Amendment rights."
  52. ^ Mehta, Hemant (May 15, 2020). "WA Lawmaker Matt Shea Owes $4,700 in Cleanup Costs After Anti-Satanist Protest". Friendly Atheist. Patheos. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020. … this brings to question Mr. Shea's state of mind, his ability to distinguish reality from fantasy, and his competence in acting appropriately in ways that do not threaten the safety of himself or others. But while one might reasonably question whether or not Mr. Shea should at least temporarily be denied access to sharp objects and his own bank account pending further evaluation, there is no question that anybody possessed of Mr. Shea's flagrant antipathy towards the most fundamental principles of the United States Constitution should not be holding the office of one charged with upholding those principles. If Mr. Shea is so offended by our First Amendment guarantees that he finds it impossible to accept public religious expression that does not align with his own, then I hope the people of Washington will demand his immediate resignation. This is America, Mr. Shea. Love it or leave it.
  53. ^ "Matt Shea, the Redoubt rock star, keeps riling up his followers for 'total war'".
  54. ^ Former WA Rep. Matt Shea, accused of domestic terrorism, working to secure adoptions for Ukrainian children in Poland, by David Gutman; in the Seattle Times; published March 16, 2022; retrieved March 16, 2022
  55. ^ Camden, Jim (July 22, 2012). "Legislator pulled gun during road incident". Spokesman.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  56. ^ https://www.kxly.com/news/spokane-city-council-denounces-mayor-nadine-woodward-for-appearing-at-event-with-matt-shea/article_0d2c6ca8-5c0b-11ee-b43d-3700f618eac4.html
  57. ^ "69 Lawmakers Win Main Street's Highest Award". nfib.com. May 12, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  58. ^ "Washington, Marriage Index, 1969-2017". Ancestry.com. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  59. ^ "Washington, Divorce Index, 1969-2017". Ancestry.com.
  60. ^ "Washington State Lawmaker Espouses Hatred of Muslims in Video". Courthouse News Service. October 11, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
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