Mass migration
Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another. Mass migration is distinguished from individual or small-scale migration; and also from seasonal migration, which may occur on a regular basis.
History and examples of mass migrations
[edit]A specific mass migration that is seen as especially influential to the course of human cultural and anthropomorphic history may be referred to as a 'great migration'. For example, great migrations include the Indo-European migrations to Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia during the Bronze Age, the Bantu migrations across sub-Saharan Africa, Barbarian invasions during the Roman Empire, the Great Migration from England of the 1630s, the California Gold Rush from 1848–1850, the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural American South to the industrial north during 1920–1950, and The Great Oromo Migrations of Oromo tribes during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Horn of Africa. UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims were displaced during the partition of India, the largest mass migration in human history.[1][2]
The largest documented voluntary emigration in history was the Italian diaspora, which migrated from Italy between 1880 and 1915, with 13 million people leaving the country.[3][4]
Forced migration
[edit]Mass migrations may be forced displacements, such as human trafficking, deportation or population cleansing.
Age of Mass Migration
[edit]Historians often identify an "age of mass migration" occurring from c. 1850 to 1914 (sometimes 1940), during which long-distance migration occurred at an unprecedented and exceptionally high rate.[5]
There were three factors that led to the 'age of mass migration'. First, the cost of migration decreased dramatically. Second, the benefits of migration rose (the return on migration was higher in the United States than in other countries). Third, open border regimes encouraged migration. The 'age of mass migration' usually refers to the voluntary transatlantic migration of European peasants and laborers to the Americas.
Immigration from Europe accounted for about 40% of the total United States population growth in the late 19th century. It has been argued that the term should include other mass migrations that occurred in the same period since similarly, large numbers of people migrated long distances within the continent of Asia, most notably during the Pakistan Movement and the subsequent partition of India in 1947.[6][2]
During open border regimes, immigrants were attracted by the falling costs of migration and higher wages in the United States. Depending on the relative wage premium in the U.S. for high and low-cost workers, as well as the relative cost of migration, the selection of migrants, varied over time and sending country. In the U.S. in the late 20th century, the number of migrants approximately equaled the number of native-born in the labor market.[clarify][7]
The partition of India caused the movement of 18 million people. This caused both religious and civil tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[8] This resulted in the highest casualty rate for one migration according to the Guinness Book of World Records 2014. One million people were killed and 12 million became homeless.[9]
See also
[edit]- Climate migration
- Great Migration (disambiguation)
- Gold rush
- Silver rush
- Transatlantic migrations
- Urbanization in China
References
[edit]- ^ "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ a b Bates, Crispin (March 3, 2011). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ Ben-Ghiat, Ruth; Hom, Stephanie Malia (2016). Italian Mobilities. Routledge. pp. Introduction. ISBN 9781138778146.
- ^ Scotto, Angelo (August 24, 2017). "From Emigration to Asylum Destination, Italy Navigates Shifting Migration Tides". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
Beginning with Italy's unification, emigration trends can be divided into three main periods. In the first period, from the 1860s to the end of the century, nearly 7 million migrants left Italy, primarily for other European countries. Then, from 1900 to 1928, 12 million Italians migrated, mostly toward non-European countries such as the United States, although after World War I emigration within Europe rose again. During the third period, from 1946 to 1965, more than 5 million Italians emigrated, mainly to neighboring countries such as Germany and Belgium.
- ^ Eriksson, Katherine; Ward, Zachary (September 6, 2020). "Immigrants and Cities during the Age of Mass Migration". Regional Science and Urban Economics. 94: 103593. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103593. ISSN 0166-0462. S2CID 225241854.
- ^ "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ McKeown, Adam. "Global migrations 1846-1940". Journal of Global History. 15 (2): 155–189.
- ^ "Separation: India and Pakistan". Beyond Books - Culture and Geography. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book Of World Records 2014. Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 9781908843159.
Further reading
[edit]- Antunes, Cátia and Eric Tagliacozzo, eds. The Cambridge History of Global Migrations: Volume 1, Migrations, 1400–1800 (2023)
- Borges, Marcelo J. and Madeline Y. Hsu, eds. The Cambridge History of Global Migrations: Volume 2, Migrations, 1800–Present (2023)
- Audebert, Cédric, and Mohamed Kamel Doraï, eds. Migration in a Globalised World: New Research Issues and Prospects (Amsterdam University Press, 2010)
- Koser, Khalid. International Migration: A Very Short Introduction (2008)
- Triandafyllidou, Anna, ed. Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies (2016)