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Jezreel Valley

Coordinates: 32°35′47″N 35°14′31″E / 32.59639°N 35.24194°E / 32.59639; 35.24194
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(Redirected from Marj ibn ‘Amir)
For the ancient city, see Jezreel (city). For the kibbutz, see Yizre'el.

Jezreel Valley
Agriculture in the Jezreel Valley
Geography
Location Israel
Coordinates32°35′47″N 35°14′31″E / 32.59639°N 35.24194°E / 32.59639; 35.24194 

The Jezreel Valley (from the Hebrew: עמק יזרעאל, romanized: ʿĒmeq Yīzrəʿēl), or Marj Ibn Amir (Arabic: مرج ابن عامر, romanized: Marj Ibn ʿĀmir), also known as the Valley of Megiddo,[dubious – discuss][1][2][better source needed][3] is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the Northern District of Israel. It is bordered to the north by the highlands of the Lower Galilee region, to the south by the Samarian highlands, to the west and northwest by the Mount Carmel range, and to the east by the Jordan Valley, with Mount Gilboa marking its southern extent. The largest settlement in the valley is the city of Afula, which lies near its center.

Name

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Jezreel Valley and Mount Tabor
Jezreel Valley
Merj Ibn 'Amir in the PEF Survey of Palestine.

The Jezreel Valley takes its name from the ancient city of Jezreel (known in Hebrew as Yizre'el; יזרעאל‎; known in Arabic as Zir'ēn, زرعين) which was located on a low hill overlooking the southern edge of the valley. The word Jezreel comes from the Hebrew, and means "God sows" or "El sows".[4]

The Arabic name of the valley is Marj Bani Amir (Arabic: مرج بني عامر, romanized: Marj Banī ʿĀmir), which translates as the 'Meadow of the Banu Amir', an Arab tribe, parts of which took up abode in the valley after the 7th-century Muslim conquest. The name was increasingly used in Arabic texts to refer to the region as an administrative unit during the late Mamluk period (1260–1517). In earlier Arabic texts, the region was called after one of its well known sites, the Ayn Jalut spring. Marj Bani Amir became the official administrative name of the district which encompassed the valley from early Ottoman rule (1517–1917).[5] A common variant of this name is Marj Ibn ʿĀmir (Arabic: مرج ابن عامر), lit. 'Meadows of the son of Amir'.[6] With the advent of British rule in 1917 and the gradual acquisition of the valley by Jewish land organizations, the Arabic name fell out of official use in favor of the biblical 'Jezreel Valley'.[5]

Geology

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Fog on the Megiddo valley

The valley once acted as the channel by which the Mediterranean Sea, at the north-western end of the valley, connected to the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan Valley and ultimately to the Dead Sea. About two million years ago, as the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan Rift Valley rose, this connection was lost, and the periodic floods from the Mediterranean Sea ceased. This resulted in the Dead Sea no longer having a connection to the ocean, and over time, due to greater evaporation than precipitation plus surface water inflow, it has become heavily saline. The Sea of Galilee, on the other hand, consists of fresh water.

Geography

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The Jezreel Valley is a green fertile plain covered with fields of wheat, watermelon, melon, oranges, white beans, cowpeas, chickpeas, green beans, cotton, sunflowers and corn, as well as grazing tracts for multitudes of sheep and cattle. The area is governed by the Jezreel Valley Regional Council. The Max Stern College of Emek Yizreel and the Emek Medical Center are located in the valley.

Biblical and theological relevance

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In the Hebrew Bible

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According to the Hebrew Bible, the valley was the scene of several battles with the Israelites. A victory was led by Deborah and Barak against the Canaanites (Judges 4). Another was led by Gideon against the Midianites, the Amalekites, and "the children of the East" (Judges 6:3). It was later the location at which the Israelites, led by King Saul, were defeated by the Philistines (1 Samuel 29:1–29:6). According to textual scholars,[who?] the account of an ancient Philistine victory at Jezreel derives from the monarchial source, in contrast to the republican source, which places the Philistine victory against the Israelites at Mount Gilboa (1 Samuel 28:4,1 Samuel 31:1–31:6). Another defeat was of King Josiah by the Egyptians (2 Kings 23:29).

According to 2 Kings 9:1–9:10, the Jezreel Valley was where Jehu massacred all members of the Omride family.

In Christian eschatology

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In Christian eschatology, the part of the valley on which the Battle of Megiddo was fought is believed to be the destined site of the penultimate battle between good and evil (with a later, final battle taking place 1,000 years later around Jerusalem[7] (Revelation 20:7–20:10)), the place being known as Armageddon, a toponym derived from the Hebrew Har Megiddo, 'Mount Megiddo'.

History

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Archaeological excavations have indicated near continuous settlement from the Ghassulian culture of the Chalcolithic Age (c. 4500–3300 BCE) to the Ayyubid periods of the 11–13th centuries CE.[8]

Bronze and Iron Ages

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Mosaic pavement of a 6th-century synagogue at Beit Alpha. It was discovered in 1928. Signs of the zodiac surround the central chariot of the Sun (a Greek motif), while the corners depict the 4 "turning points" ("tekufot") of the year, solstices and equinoxes, each named for the month in which it occurs—tequfah of Tishrei, tequfah of Tevet, tequfah of Nisan, tequfah of Tamuz.
View from Mount Gilboa

Biblical cities in the Jezreel Valley include Jezreel, Megiddo, Beit She'an, Shimron and Afula.[8]

There is a surviving detailed account of the earliest battle for the Jezreel Valley, the 15th-century BC Battle of Megiddo, to prove that it was fought in the valley. Due to the surrounding terrain, Egyptian chariots were only able to travel from Egypt as far as the Jezreel Valley and the valley north of Lake Huleh.

In the western part of the Jezreel Valley, 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites (12th to 10th centuries BCE) yielded typical Philistine pottery. These sites include Tel Megiddo, Tel Yokneam, Tel Qiri, Afula, Tel Qashish, Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham, Midrakh Oz and Tel Zariq. Scholars have attributed the presence of Philistine pottery in northern Israel to their role as mercenaries for the Egyptians during their military administration of the land in the 12th century BCE. This presence may also indicate further expansion of the Philistines to the valley during the 11th century BCE, or their trade with the Israelites. There are biblical references to Philistines in the valley during the times of the judges. The quantity of Philistine pottery within these sites is still quite small, which means that even if the Philistines did settle the valley they were a minority that blended within the Canaanite population during the 12th century BC. The Philistines seem to have been present in the southern valley during the 11th century, which may relate to the biblical account of their victory at the Battle of Gilboa.[9]

Roman period

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In the late Second Temple period, Josephus refers to both the Jezreel Valley and the Beit Netofa Valley as the "Great Plain".[10]

Mamluk period

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During the Mamluk period, the Jezreel Valley formed the southern part of Mamlakat Safad (the province of Safed). In the 14th century, it was inhabited by the Bani Haritha tribe of Yaman (southern Arab)-affiliated Bedouins, the progenitors of the Turabay dynasty.[11]

Ottoman period

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During the early Ottoman period, the Jezreel Valley was the core territory of the Turabay Emirate (1517–1683). The Valley's capital was initially at Lajjun, the center of an eponymous sanjak and one of Palestine's provincial capitals during the 16th century. Around 1600, the seat of the Turabays moved to Jenin.[11] In the early 16th-century Ottoman tax records, the Valley contained 38 villages, as well as 74 uninhabited mazra'a's, a reflection of the Valley's decline during the late Mamluk period. The Turabays were entrusted with securing the region and restoring its prosperity.[5] After the fall of the Turabay Emirate, the Valley became contested space between the rulers of Acre and Nablus until taken over by Zahir al-Umar during the 1760s.[11]

In the late Ottoman era, the outskirts of the Jezreel Valley, within both the Nazareth and Shefa-'Amr nahiyas, had sparse populations. Malaria was widespread, particularly in the plains, notably in the vicinity of the Kishon River and its tributaries. This disease drove away many locals, allowing Bedouins to fill the void. In drought years, Bedouins from the ghor even encroached into lands cultivated by the fellahin, covering the area with their tents. The "permanent" nomads, Bedouins of Turkmen descent, resided in the Jezreel Valley during summer and autumn, then wintered between the Sharon region and the Valley, moving through the Manasseh Hills.[12]

Laurence Oliphant, who visited the Akko Sanjak valley area in 1887, then a subprovince of the Beirut vilayet,[13] wrote that the Valley of Esdraelon (Jezreel) was "a huge green lake of waving wheat, with its village-crowned mounds rising from it like islands; and it presents one of the most striking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive."[14] In the early 1900, the Ottomans constructed the Jezreel Valley railway which ran along the entire length of the valley.

The tower house of the "Castle of Zir'in" in the 1880s

In the 1870s, the Sursock family of Beirut (present-day Lebanon) purchased the land from the Ottoman government for approximately £20,000.[15] This purchase, along with others, dispossessed local Bedouins and resulted in the creation of new tenant communities, as well as a growth of population in pre-existing villages. However, most of these settlements were established on the outskirts of the valley rather than within it.[16]

Between 1912 and 1925 the Sursock family (then under the French Mandate of Syria) sold their 80,000 acres (320 km²) of land in the Vale of Jezreel to the American Zion Commonwealth for about nearly three-quarters of a million pounds. The land was purchased by the Jewish organization as part of an effort to resettle Jews who inhabited the land, as well as others who came from distant lands.[15]

British Mandate

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After the land was sold to the American Zion Commonwealth, some of the Arab farmers who lived in nearby villages and had been working for the absentee landowners were given financial compensation or were provided with land elsewhere.[17] Despite the sale, some of the farmers refused to leave their land, as in Afula (El-Ful),[18] however the new owners decided that it would be inappropriate for these farmers to remain as tenants on land intended for Jewish labor. This was a commonplace feeling among segments of the Jewish population, part of a socialist ideology of the Yishuv, which included their working the land rather than being absentee landowners. British police had to be used to expel some and the dispossessed made their way to the coast to search for new work with most ending up in shanty towns on the edges of Jaffa and Haifa.[19]

Northern Jezreel Valley and Mount Carmel, seen from Haifa

Following the purchase of the land, the Jewish farmers created the first modern-day settlements, founded the modern day city of Afula and drained the swamps to enable further land development of areas that had been uninhabitable for centuries. The first moshav, Nahalal, was settled in this valley on 11 September 1921.

After the widespread Arab riots of 1929 in the then British Mandate of Palestine, the Hope Simpson Enquiry was appointed to seek causes and remedies for the instability. The Commission's findings in regard to "Government responsibility towards Arab cultivators", was that the Jewish authorities "have nothing with which to reproach themselves" in the purchase of the valley, noting the high prices paid and land occupants receiving compensation not legally bound. The responsibility of the Mandate Government for "soreness felt (among both effendi and fellahin) owing to the sale of large areas by the absentee Sursock family" and the displacement of Arab tenants; noted that, "the duty of the Administration of Palestine to ensure that the rights and position of the Arabs are not prejudiced by Jewish immigration. It is doubtful whether, in the matter of the Sursock lands, this Article of the Mandate received sufficient consideration."[20]

State of Israel

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In 2006, the Israeli Transportation Ministry and Jezreel Valley Regional Council announced plans to build an international airport near Megiddo but the project was shelved due to environmental objections.[21]

Archaeological excavations

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Archaeological sites in the Jezreel Valley are currently excavated and coordinated by the Jezreel Valley Regional Project.[22]

In 2021, archaeologist from Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) led by researchers Tzachi Lang and Kojan Haku found in the village of Et Taiyiba an engraved stone from the late 5th century from the frame of an entrance door of a church, with a Greek inscription. The inscription reads, "Christ born of Mary. This work of the most God-fearing and pious bishop [Theodo]sius and the miserable Th[omas] was built from the foundation. Whoever enters should pray for them."[23] According to archaeologist Dr. Walid Atrash, Theodosius was one of the first Christian bishops and this church was the first evidence of the Byzantine church’s existence in the village of Et Taiyiba.[24][25][26][27]

Archaeological sites

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Frank Jacobs (23 July 2010). "187 - A Map of the Apocalypse". Big Think. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Getting Blown Away at Armageddon". Leaderworks. 28 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  3. ^ Immanuel Benzinger, Esdraelon 2. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band VI, 1, Stuttgart 1907, cc625-626.
  4. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  5. ^ a b c Cohen, A. (1991). "Mardj Banī ʿĀmir". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
  6. ^ Fund, Palestine Exploration (1838). The Survey of Western Palestine: A General Index to 1. The Memoirs, Vols. I.-III.; 2. The Special Papers; 3. The Jerusalem Volume; 4. The Flora and Fauna of Palestine; 5. The Geological Survey; and to The Arabic and English Name Lists. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 127.
  7. ^ Eric H. Cline, Assistant Director US, Tel Megiddo Expedition
  8. ^ a b Israel Handbook by Dave Winter, Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 978-0-658-00368-4
  9. ^ Avner Raban (November 1991). "The Philistines in the Western Jezreel Valley". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (284). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 22. doi:10.2307/1357190. JSTOR 1357190. S2CID 163635296.
  10. ^ Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews III, 48 (Wars of the Jews 3.3.4, Vita §, 41, et al.)
  11. ^ a b c Marom, R.; Tepper, Y.; Adams, M. (2023). "Lajjun: Forgotten Provincial Capital in Ottoman Palestine". Levant. 55 (2): 218–241. doi:10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484. ISSN 0075-8914. S2CID 258602184.
  12. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-965-493-184-7.
  13. ^ "Palestinim, Am Behivatsrut," by Kimmerling, Baruch, and Joel S. Migdal – Keter Publishing, ISBN 978-965-07-0797-2
  14. ^ Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1971). (Ed)., The Transformation of Palestine. Illinois: Northwestern Press, p. 126.
  15. ^ a b Safarix.com Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, pg. 49
  16. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-965-493-184-7.
  17. ^ Arieh L. Avneri, The Claim of Dispossession Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs 1878-1948 (New Brunswick (USA) and London, 1984), 117–130.
  18. ^ "Buying the Emek by Arthur Ruppin, 1929 (with an introduction)". Zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  19. ^ The above two books are quoted in David Gilmour: Dispossessed: the Ordeal of the Palestinians. Sphere Books, Great Britain, 1983, pp. 44–45.
  20. ^ Palestine. Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and Development. By Sir John Hope Simpson, C.I.E. Archived 22 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
    • Chapter 1.3: Palestine: The Country and the Climate; 3)The vale of Esdraelon,
    • Chapter 5.3: Jewish Settlement on the Land; 3)The effect of Jewish settlement on the Arab
  21. ^ "Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post". fr.jpost.com.
  22. ^ "Home". jezreelvalleyregionalproject.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  23. ^ Ancient inscription dedicated to Jesus son of Mary discovered in the Jezreel Valley
  24. ^ "Ancient 'Christ, born of Mary' inscription unearthed in northern Israel". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  25. ^ "Inscription to Jesus, dedicated by the 'miserable Thomas', found in Northern Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  26. ^ "Israeli Archaeologists Find 1,500-Year-Old Christian Inscription | Archaeology | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  27. ^ Geggel, Laura (22 January 2021). "1,500-year-old 'Christ, born of Mary' inscription discovered in Israel". livescience.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
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32°35′47″N 35°14′31″E / 32.59639°N 35.24194°E / 32.59639; 35.24194

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