Malumalu
| Malumalu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 14°36′29″S 169°47′06″W / 14.607943°S 169.784919°W |
Malumalu (also known as Malu Malu, Malumalu Seamount), is a volcanic seamount in American Samoa. Together with Savaii, Upolu and Tutuila, it forms a topographic structure close to the Tonga Trench, which lies about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south.[1] Malumalu lies about 66 kilometres (41 mi) south of Ofu island[2] and is also known as "Southeast Bank".[3] It is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide at its base and is part of the Mula ridge, which extends to Tutuila.[4]
The seamount is a young volcano at the eastern end of a lineament that begins on Tutuila.[5] This lineament has been named the "Malu trend" (in contrast to the "Vai trend" farther northeast, which runs between Ofu, Ta'u and Vailulu'u).[6] This is comparable to the "Kea" and "Loa" trends in Hawaii.[7] Malumalu is not much older than Vailulu'u,[8] which has erupted in historical time.[1] Actinide isotope ratios indicate the occurrence of at least three volcanic events in the last 300,000 years, including at least two in the last 150,000 years and at least one in the last 8,000 years.[9] According to one model of the behaviour of the Samoa hotspot, volcanic activity at Malumalu will decline in the next 10,000 - 100,000 years as the mantle plume is pushed farther northeast to Vailulu'u by mantle flow generated by the Tonga slab.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Workman et al. 2004, p. 5.
- ^ Sims et al. 2008, p. 3.
- ^ Wright, Dawn J.; Roberts, Jed T.; Fenner, Douglas; Smith, John R.; Koppers, Anthony A.P.; Naar, David F.; Hirsch, Emily R.; Clift, Leslie Whaylen; Hogrefe, Kyle R. (2012), "Seamounts, Ridges, and Reef Habitats of American Samoa", Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat, Elsevier, p. 792, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385140-6.00058-x, ISBN 9780123851406
- ^ "Malumalu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Hart, Stanley R.; Staudigel, Hubert; Konter, Jasper; Jackson, Matthew G.; Russell, Jamie A.; Koppers, Anthony A. P. (1 June 2008). "Samoa reinstated as a primary hotspot trail". Geology. 36 (6): 437. Bibcode:2008Geo....36..435K. doi:10.1130/G24630A.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
- ^ Reinhard et al. 2019, p. 1486.
- ^ Reinhard et al. 2019, p. 1487.
- ^ Workman et al. 2004, p. 8.
- ^ Sims et al. 2008, p. 13.
- ^ Sims et al. 2008, p. 16.
Sources
[edit]- Reinhard, Andrew A.; Jackson, Matthew G.; Blusztajn, Jerzy; Koppers, Anthony A. P.; Simms, Alexander R.; Konter, Jasper G. (2019). ""Petit Spot" Rejuvenated Volcanism Superimposed on Plume-Derived Samoan Shield Volcanoes: Evidence From a 645-m Drill Core From Tutuila Island, American Samoa" (PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 20 (3): 1485–1507. Bibcode:2019GGG....20.1485R. doi:10.1029/2018GC007985. hdl:1912/24119. ISSN 1525-2027.
- Sims, Kenneth W. W.; Hart, S. R.; Reagan, M. K.; Blusztajn, J.; Staudigel, H.; Sohn, R. A.; Layne, G. D.; Ball, L. A.; Andrews, J. (April 2008). "238U-230Th-226Ra-210Pb-210Po, 232Th-228Ra, and 235U-231Pa constraints on the ages and petrogenesis of Vailulu'u and Malumalu Lavas, Samoa". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 9 (4): n/a. Bibcode:2008GGG.....9.4003S. doi:10.1029/2007GC001651. hdl:1912/3263. S2CID 54637043.
- Workman, R. K.; Hart, S. R.; Jackson, M.; Regelous, M.; Farley, K. A.; Blusztajn, J.; Kurz, M.; Staudigel, H. (April 2004). "Recycled metasomatized lithosphere as the origin of the Enriched Mantle II (EM2) end-member: Evidence from the Samoan Volcanic Chain". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 5 (4): n/a. Bibcode:2004GGG.....5.4008W. doi:10.1029/2003GC000623. hdl:1912/462. S2CID 13987904.
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