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Malignant narcissism

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For the song by Rush, see Snakes & Arrows.
Narcissus (mythology), painting by Jan Cossiers, after whom narcissism is named

Malignant narcissism is a psychological syndrome comprising a mix of narcissism, antisocial behavior, sadism, and a paranoid outlook on life.[1] Malignant narcissism is not a diagnostic category defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Rather, it is a subcategory of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)[2] which could also include traits of antisocial personality disorder or paranoid personality disorder.

Malignant narcissists are grandiose and always ready to raise hostility levels, which undermines the families and organizations in which they are involved, and dehumanizes the people with whom they associate.[3]

History

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Early uses of the term

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The social psychologist Erich Fromm first coined the term "malignant narcissism" in 1964. He characterized the condition as a solipsistic form of narcissism, in which the individual takes pride in their own inherent traits rather than their achievements, and thus does not require a connection to other people or to reality.[4] Edith Weigert (1967) saw malignant narcissism as a "regressive escape from frustration by distortion and denial of reality", while Herbert Rosenfeld (1971) described it as "a disturbing form of narcissistic personality where grandiosity is built around aggression and the destructive aspects of the self become idealized."[5] Psychoanalyst George H. Pollock wrote in 1978: "The malignant narcissist is presented as pathologically grandiose, lacking in conscience and behavioral regulation with characteristic demonstrations of joyful cruelty and sadism".[6] In 1983, M. Scott Peck used malignant narcissism as a way to explain evil.[7]

Proposal as a diagnosis

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Psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg first proposed malignant narcissism as a psychiatric diagnosis in 1984.[8] He described malignant narcissism[9] as a syndrome characterized by a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), antisocial features, paranoid traits, and egosyntonic aggression. Other symptoms may include an absence of conscience, a psychological need for power, and a sense of importance (grandiosity).

Kernberg believed that malignant narcissism should be considered part of a spectrum of severity of pathological narcissism. At the high end was "antisocial character" (as defined by psychiatrist Hervey M. Cleckley, now referred to as psychopathy or antisocial personality), through malignant narcissism, to narcissistic personality disorder at the low end.[10]

He distinguished malignant narcissism from psychopathy because of the malignant narcissist's capacity to internalize "both aggressive and idealized superego precursors, leading to the idealization of the aggressive, sadistic features of the pathological grandiose self".[citation needed] According to Kernberg, while the psychopath's paranoid stance against external influences makes him or her unwilling to internalize even the values of the "aggressor", malignant narcissists "have the capacity to admire powerful people, and can depend on sadistic and powerful but reliable parental images". Malignant narcissists, in contrast to psychopaths, are also said to be capable of developing "some identification with other powerful idealized figures as part of a cohesive 'gang'...which permits at least some loyalty and good object relations to be internalized... Some of them may present rationalized antisocial behavior – for example, as leaders of sadistic gangs or terrorist groups...with the capacity for loyalty to their own comrades."[11]

These definitions built upon his previous work. Kernberg had presented a paper on Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities, from the work of the Psychotherapy Research Project of The Menninger Foundation on 11 May 1968 at the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association.[12] Kernberg's paper was first published on 1 January 1970 in the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA).[12] In his article, "malignant narcissism" and psychopathy are employed interchangeably.[citation needed] The word "malignant" does not appear once[? clarification needed], while "pathological" or "pathologically" appears 25 times.[12] Developing these ideas[which?] further, Kernberg pointed out that the antisocial personality was fundamentally narcissistic and without morality.[12] Malignant narcissism includes a sadistic element creating, in essence, a sadistic psychopath.[citation needed]

As of August 2024, malignant narcissism has not been accepted in any of the medical manuals, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Relation to other concepts and diagnoses

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Sadism and cruelty

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Psychologist Keith Campbell has defined malignant narcissism specifically as the rare but dangerous combination of narcissism and sadism.[13] Malignant narcissism is highlighted as a key area in the study of mass murder, sexual sadism, and serial murder.[14][15]

Narcissism

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The primary difference between narcissism and malignant narcissism is that malignant narcissism includes comorbid features of other personality disorders and thus consists of a broader range of symptoms than pathological narcissism (NPD). In the term "malignant narcissism", the word "malignant" is used in the sense described by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as "passionately and relentlessly malevolent, aggressively malicious".[16] In malignant narcissism, NPD is accompanied by additional symptoms of antisocial, paranoid and sadistic personality disorders. While a person with NPD will deliberately damage other people in pursuit of their own selfish desires, they may regret and will in some circumstances show remorse for doing so. Because traits of antisocial personality disorder are present in malignant narcissism, the "malignant narcissist" has a more pervasive lack of empathy than someone with NPD alone and will lack feelings of guilt or remorse for the damage they cause. Since sadism is often considered a feature of malignant narcissism, an individual with the syndrome may not only lack feelings of guilt or remorse for hurting others but may even derive pleasure from the gratuitous infliction of mental or physical pain on others. These traits were formerly codified in the DSM-III under sadistic personality disorder (SPD).

Psychopathy

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The terms malignant narcissist and psychopath are sometimes used interchangeably because there is little to clinically separate the two. Individuals who have narcissistic personality disorder, malignant narcissism, and psychopathy all exhibit similar symptoms, as detailed in the Hare Psychopathy Checklist. The test consists of 20 items that are scored on a three-point scale, with a score of 0 indicating that it does not apply at all, 1 indicating a partial match or mixed information, and 2 indicating a reasonably good match. The cut-off for the label of psychopathy in the United States is 30 and in the United Kingdom is 25 out of a possible score of 40.[17] High scores are associated with impulsivity and aggression, Machiavellianism, and persistent criminal behavior, but not with empathy and affiliation.

Paranoia

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The importance of malignant narcissism and of projection as a defense mechanism has been confirmed in paranoia, as well as "the patient's vulnerability to malignant narcissistic regression".[18] Because a malignant narcissist's personality cannot tolerate any criticism, being mocked typically causes paranoia.[19]

Therapy

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Typically in the analysis of the malignant narcissist, "the patient attempts to triumph over the analyst by destroying the analysis and himself or herself";[20] an extreme version of what Jacques Lacan described as "that resistance of the amour-propre... which is often expressed thus: 'I can't bear the thought of being freed by anyone other than myself'".[21]

Since malignant narcissism is a severe personality disorder that has far-reaching societal and familial effects, it requires attention from both the psychiatric community and the social science community. Treatment is recommended in a therapeutic community, as well as a psychoeducational preventative program aimed at both mental health professionals and the general public.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Campbell, Robert Jean (2009). Campbells' Psychiatric Dictionary (Ninth ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 574. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1. LCCN 2008035593.
  2. ^ Diamond, Diana; Yeomans, Frank; Keefe, John R. (June 2021). "Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (TFP-N)". Psychodynamic Psychiatry. 49 (2): 244–272. doi:10.1521/pdps.2021.49.2.244. ISSN 2162-2590. PMID 34061655. S2CID 235298047.
  3. ^ Abdennur, Alexander (2000). Camouflaged aggression: The hidden threat to individuals and organizations. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Brush Education. pp. 32, 87–9. ISBN 978-1-55059-198-9.
  4. ^ Fromm, Erich (1964). The heart of man: Its genius for good and evil. Brooklyn, New York City: Lantern Books. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-59056-186-7.
  5. ^ Akhtar, Salman (2009). Comprehensive dictionary of psychoanalysis. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-85575-471-3. LCCN 2009417554.
  6. ^ Pollock, George H. (1978). "Process and affect: Mourning and grief". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 59 (2–3). London, England: Taylor & Francis: 255–276. PMID 681098.
  7. ^ Peck, M. Scott, M. Scott (1998) [1983]. People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil. New York City: Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-84859-4.
  8. ^ Kernberg, Otto F. (1993). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05349-4.
  9. ^ Lenzenweger, Mark Francis; Clarkin, John F.; Caligor, Eve; Cain, Nicole M.; Kernberg, Otto F. (January 2018). "Malignant narcissism in relation to clinical change in borderline personality disorder: An exploratory study". Psychopathology. 51 (5). Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers: 318–325. doi:10.1159/000492228. PMID 30184541. S2CID 52160230.
  10. ^ Kernberg, Otto F. (1998). "The psychotherapeutic management of psychopathic, narcissistic, and paranoid transferences". In Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik; Birket-Smith, Morten; Davis, Roger D. (eds.). Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior. New York City: The Guilford Press. p. 375. ISBN 1-57230-344-1. LCCN 98006845.
  11. ^ Kernberg, Otto F. (1997). Ronningstam, Elsa (ed.). Disorders of narcissism. p. 45.
  12. ^ a b c d Kernberg, Otto F. (January 1, 1970). "Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 18 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 51–85. doi:10.1177/000306517001800103. PMID 5451020. S2CID 9499780.
  13. ^ Campbell, W. Keith (2020). The new science of narcissism. Boulder, Colorado: Sounds True. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-68364-402-6..
  14. ^ Gerberth, Vernon J.; Turco, Ronald (January 1997). "Antisocial personality disorder, sexual sadism, malignant narcissism, and serial murder". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 42 (42). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: 49–60. doi:10.1520/JFS14067J.
  15. ^ Turco, Ronald (Summer 2001). "Child serial murder-psychodynamics: Closely watched shadows". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 29 (2). New York City: Guildford Press: 331–338. doi:10.1521/jaap.29.2.331.17256. PMID 11685995. S2CID 9145507.
  16. ^ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of Malignant". January 2024.
  17. ^ Semple, David (2005). The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–9. ISBN 978-0-19-852783-1.
  18. ^ Blum, Harold P. (2005). "Paranoia". In de Mojilla, Alain (ed.). International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Detroit, Michigan: Thomson-Gale. p. 1228. ISBN 0-02-865925-2. LCCN 2005014307.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ Shafti, Saeed Shoja (2019-10-15). "Malignant narcissism: Concealed side of psychopathy". Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 22 (1). doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2019.22.003686. S2CID 213164436.  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  20. ^ Ronningstam, Elsa (1997). Disorders of Narcissism: Diagnostic, Clinical, and Empirical Implications. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7657-0259-3.
  21. ^ Lacan, Jacques (2004). Écrits: A selection. Translated by Fink, Bruce. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-393-32528-7.
  22. ^ Goldner-Vukov, Mila; Moore, Laurie Jo (2010). "Malignant narcissism: From fairy tales to harsh reality". Psychiatria Danubina. 22 (3): 392–405. ISSN 0353-5053. PMID 20856182.
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