Jump to content

Faisalabad

Coordinates: 31°25′0″N 73°5′28″E / 31.41667°N 73.09111°E / 31.41667; 73.09111
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Makkuwana)
For the district, see Faisalabad District.

Faisalabad
فیصل آباد
Metropolis
Clock Tower
Lyallpur Gurdwara
Jhal Flyover
Circuit House Gardens
Faisalabad railway station
Lyallpur Galleria
Official seal of Faisalabad
Seal
Nickname: 
The Manchester of Pakistan
Faisalabad is located in Punjab, Pakistan
Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Location of Faisalabad
Faisalabad is located in Pakistan
Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Faisalabad (Pakistan)
Coordinates: 31°25′0″N 73°5′28″E / 31.41667°N 73.09111°E / 31.41667; 73.09111
Country Pakistan
ProvincePunjab, Pakistan Punjab
DivisionFaisalabad
DistrictFaisalabad
Settled1892
Founded byJames Broadwood Lyall
Named forFaisal of Saudi Arabia
Government
 • MayorNone (vacant)[1]
 • CommissionerSilwat Saeed[2]
Area
 • City1,330 km2 (512 sq mi)
 • Land840 km2 (325 sq mi)
 • Water430 km2 (165 sq mi)  33%
 • Metro
5,860 km2 (2,261 sq mi)
 • Rank3rd
Elevation
186 m (610 ft)
Population
 (2024)[3][4]
 • City3,800,193
 • Rank3rd, Pakistan
 • Density2,900/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
DemonymFaisalabadi
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
Postal code
38000
Area code041
Former NameLyallpur
Official LanguagesUrdu, English
Native languagePunjabi
Languages (1981)98.2% Punjabi
1.8% Others[5]
GDP$80 billion (2024)

Faisalabad ( /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/; Punjabi, Urdu: فیصل آباد, Punjabi pronunciation: [fɛːsə̆ləˌbäːd]; Urdu pronunciation: [fɛːsˈlɑˌbɑːd] ⓘ), formerly known as Lyallpur (Punjabi, Urdu: لائل پور), is the second largest city and industrial heart of Punjab, Pakistan. With an estimated population of 3.8 million in 2024, it is the second-largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world.

Historically one of the largest villages of Punjab, Lyallpur was one of the first planned cities within British India. It was restructured into city district status; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance (LGO). The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km2 (2,261 sq mi)[6] while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) is 1,326 km2 (512 sq mi).[7][8]: 8 

Faisalabad has become a major industrial and distribution hub due to its centrally located infrastructure (connecting roads, rails, and air transportation).[9] It has been referred to as the Manchester of Pakistan because of its extensive textile industry.[10][11] As of 2013, the GDP of Faisalabad was estimated at $43 billion[12] and projected to rise to $87 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%.[13] Faisalabad contributes over 10 percent to the Punjab's GDP and has an average annual GDP (nominal) of $20.5 billion.[12] Agriculture and industry remain its hallmarks.[14][8]: 41 

Etymology

[edit]

Faisalabad was formerly (until 1977) known as Lyallpur. When founded in 1890 it was named after Sir James Broadwood Lyall, the British lieutenant governor of the Punjab.[15][16] It became headquarters of the Lower Chenab colony and in 1898 was incorporated as a municipality.[17]

In September 1977, the city of Lyallpur was renamed "Faisalabad" by the Government of Pakistan for Saudi Arabian king Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and his kingdom's long relationship with Pakistan and its people.[18]

History

[edit]
The first university in Lyallpur was built by the British Indian Empire in 1906 with the foundation stone laid by Sir Louis Dane, then Lieutenant and Governor of Punjab.[19]
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, in Lyallpur where he gave a historic speech at Dhobi Ghat, c. 1943
One of the earlier industrial exhibition at the University of Agriculture, still a major exhibition in the city today, c. 1949
Lady Mountbatten, Vicereine of India, among the Hindu evacuees at the Punjab Scouts Camp, Layallpur during partition of British India
Gurudawar Layallpur, a Sikh Gurdwara constructed during the reign of the British Empire in 1911

Toponymy

[edit]

The city was settled or established in 1880 during the colonisation of the lower Chenab Valley.[20] This city was settled down by Rai Bahadur Bhavanidas Sikka, after which the British Government granted jagirs to him. After Partition his descendants settled in India, now settled in Mumbai. This city was named in honour of Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, Sir James Broadwood Lyall, for his role in establishing the canal colonisation project.[21][22] The surname Lyall was joined with the noun pur, meaning 'city' in Sanskrit.[23]

On 1 September 1977, the Government of Pakistan changed the name of the city from Lyallpur to Faisalabad ('City of Faisal') in honour of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, who made several financial contributions to Pakistan.[20][24][6]

Early settlements

[edit]

The region encompassing modern day Faisalabad district was originally inhabited by a number of forest-dwelling tribes.[21] It is believed these early settlements belonged to the ancient districts of Jhang and Sandalbar, and included the area between Shahdara to Shorekot and Sangla Hill to Toba Tek Singh.[20] The shrine of Baba Noor Shah Wali was erected in the area in the 1600s.[25]

Development

[edit]

At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the entire Punjab region became administered as Punjab province, firstly by the East India Company and after 1858 as part of the British Raj.[26][27]

In the 1880s the Punjab government began an irrigation scheme to cultivate large tracts of western Punjab through the creation of canal colonies.[28] The Chenab colony was the largest of these colonisation projects, and covered the entirety of present-day Faisalabad district. Popham Young, the Colonisation Officer managing the project identified the site of the current city to establish headquarters for the colony.[21][29]

Young designed the settlement's centre to replicate the design in the Union Jack with eight roads extending from a large clock tower at its epicentre;[30] a design geometrically symbolic of the Cross of Saint Andrew counter changed with the Cross of Saint Patrick, and Saint George's Cross over all.[31] The eight roads developed into eight separate bazaars (markets) leading to different regions of the Punjab.[22][32] In 1892, the newly constructed town with its growing agricultural surplus was added to the British rail network.[33] Construction of the rail link between Wazirabad and Lyallpur was completed in 1895.[30] In 1896, Gujranwala, Jhang and Montgomery comprising the Tehsils of Lyallpur were under the administrative control of the Jhang District.[34] The town became one of the first planned settlements within British India.[14]

In 1904, the new district of Lyallpur was created to include the tehsils of Samundri and Toba Tek Singh with a sub-tehsil at Jaranwala, which later became a full tehsil in itself.[35] The University of Agriculture, originally the Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute, Lyallpur, was established in 1906.[19] The Town Committee was upgraded to a Municipal Committee in 1909. Lyallpur grew into an established agricultural tool and grain centre.[36] By 1911 the city had a population of 19,578.[21] The 1930s brought industrial growth and market expansion to the textile industry as well as to food processing, grain crushing and chemicals.[22]

Independence

[edit]

In August 1947, following three decades of nationalist struggles, India and Pakistan achieved independence. The British agreed to partition British India into two sovereign states – Pakistan with a Muslim majority, and India with a Hindu majority. However, more Muslims remained in India than what governing authorities believed would assimilate into Pakistan.[37] The partitioning led to a mass migration of an estimated 10 million people which made it the largest mass migration in human history.[37] The Punjab province was divided into Punjab, West Pakistan and Punjab, India. There were also respective divisions of the British Indian Army, the Indian Civil Service, various administrative services, the central treasury, and the railways.[38] Riots and local fighting followed the expeditious withdrawal of the British, resulting in an estimated one million civilians deaths, particularly in the western region of Punjab.[37] Lyallpur, which was located in the region of the Punjab Province that became West Pakistan, was populated by a minority of Hindus and Sikhs who migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from East Punjab settled in the district.[38]

In 1977, Pakistani authorities changed the name of the city from Lyallpur to Faisalabad, in order to honor the close friendship of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia with Pakistan.[39]

During the eighties, the city saw an influx of foreign investments in the textile sector.[40] Large number of residents of Faisalabad began working abroad as bilateral ties improved as part of new trade agreements. This led to more foreign remittances into the city. This aided the development of large scale infrastructure projects within the city.[6] In 1985, the city was upgraded as a division with the districts of Faisalabad, Jhang and Toba Tek Singh.[20]

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]

Faisalabad lies in the rolling flat plains of northeast Punjab, at 186 metres (610 ft) above sea level. The city proper comprises approximately 1,326 square kilometres (512 sq mi) while the district encompasses more than 16,000 square kilometres (6,200 sq mi). The Chenab River flows about 30 kilometres (19 mi), and the Ravi River meanders 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the southeast. The lower Chenab canal provides water to 80% of cultivated lands making it the main source of irrigation. Faisalabad is bound on the north by Chiniot and Sheikhupura, on the east by Sheikhupura and Sahiwal, on the south by Sahiwal and Toba Tek Singh and on the west by Jhang.[41]

Geology

[edit]

The district of Faisalabad is part of the alluvial plains between the Himalayan foothills and the central core of the Indian subcontinent.[42] The alluvial deposits are typically over a thousand feet thick.[43] The interfluves are believed to have been formed during the Late Pleistocene and feature river terraces.[44] These were later identified as old and young floodplains of the Ravi River on the Kamalia and Chenab Plains. The old floodplains consist of Holocene deposits from the Ravi and Chenab rivers.[45]

The soil consists of young stratified silt loam or very fine sand loam which makes the subsoil weak in structure with common kankers at only five feet. The course of the rivers within Faisalabad is winding and often subject to frequent alternations. In the rainy season, the currents are very strong. This leads to high floods in certain areas which do last for a number of days. The Rakh and Gogera canals have encouraged the water levels in the district however the belt on the Ravi River has remained narrow. The river bed does include the river channels which have shifted the sand bars and low sandy levees leading to river erosion.[43] Faisalabad is situated at the centre of the lower Rechna Doab, the area is located between the Chenab and Ravi rivers. There is a mild slope from the northeast to the southwest with an average fall of 0.2–0.3 metres per kilometre (1.1–1.6 feet per mile). The city is situated at an elevation of about 183 metres (600 ft). The topography is marked by valleys, local depression and high ground.[46]

Climate

[edit]
Main article: Climate of Faisalabad

Faisalabad overlaps between a semi-arid climate and a humid subtropical climate.

The weather in the city is monitored by the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[47] The Pakistan Meteorological Department regularly provides forecasts, public warnings and rainfall information to farmers with the assistance of the National Agromet Centre.[48][49][50]

Average annual rainfall is approximately 650 millimetres (26 in). It is at its peak in July, August and September during the monsoon season though western disturbances during winter months also bring considerable rainfall associated with hail.[51] Monsoon season which starts in July and ends in September brings heavy rain to the city causing flash flooding.[52][53] If the monsoon currents interact with the western disturbance, then cloudburst can also occur. July is the wettest month of the year during which flooding is reported a number of times.[51][54][55][56] Monsoon ends in September and then the dry period begins. October and November are the driest months with very little rainfall. During winter the weather usually remains cloudy associated with frequent fog.[46] Record-breaking rainfall of 264.2 millimetres (10.40 in) was recorded on 5 September 1961 by the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[57] The temperature of the city has reached a summer maximum record temperature of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), which was observed on 9 June 1947 and again on 26 May 2010.[58] An extreme minimum temperature of −4.0 °C (24.8 °F) was recorded on 15 January 1978. The highest wind gust ever recorded in Faisalabad occurred during a severe dust-thunderstorm on 2 June 2000, when the maximum wind speed reached 151 kilometers per hour (94 mph).[58] Apart from temperature and rainfall records, the winds in Faisalabad are generally light. The city lies in an area with low wind speeds. Westerly breeze dominates the afternoons, while the nights are calm. Southeast / easterly winds are common here during the monsoon season. Faisalabad, being in the plains, can experience severe thunderstorms and high wind gusts that can be damaging to its crops.[59]

Climate data for Faisalabad (1980-2015)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.6
(79.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		37
(99) 		44
(111) 		47.5
(117.5) 		48
(118) 		46.1
(115.0) 		42
(108) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40
(104) 		36.1
(97.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		48
(118)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		34.1
(93.4) 		39.2
(102.6) 		40.3
(104.5) 		37.3
(99.1) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		31.6
(88.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		17.4
(63.3)
Record low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		1
(34) 		7
(45) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		18.6
(65.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9
(48) 		2
(36) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−4
(25)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.3
(0.44) 		20.5
(0.81) 		45.8
(1.80) 		34.8
(1.37) 		55.1
(2.17) 		85.9
(3.38) 		195
(7.7) 		123.7
(4.87) 		98
(3.9) 		14.5
(0.57) 		2.7
(0.11) 		7.1
(0.28) 		630.5
(24.82)
Average precipitation days 2 4 7 6 5 6 10 10 4 2 2 3 61
Average relative humidity (%) 61 51 44 26 21 18 63 55 57 26 31 51 42
Source: [60][61]

Culture

[edit]
Main articles: Culture of Pakistan, List of places in Faisalabad, and List of people from Faisalabad
The Chenab Club, built in 1904 is the oldest social club in the city[62]
The Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Auditorium, home of the Faisalabad Arts Council.[63]
Chicken Fajita Pizza in spicy tandoori chicken
Malai Seekh Kebabs at Al-Nakhal Restaurant

Faisalabad, the third most populated metropolis in Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore[64] is an epicentre for trade that has gained popularity for its colonial heritage sites.[65] In 1982, the Government of Punjab established the Faisalabad Arts Council, a division of the Punjab Arts Council which is overseen administratively by the Information, Culture and Youth Affairs Department.[66] The Faisalabad Arts Council building, designed by architect Nayyer Ali Dada, was completed in 2006. The auditorium was named after the late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, a Pakistani musician and singer.[66]

Festivals

[edit]

The Punjabi people celebrate a variety of cultural and religious festivals throughout the Punjab region, such as arts and craft, music, local events, and religious celebrations.[67] The city of Faisalabad customarily celebrates its independence day on 14 August every year by raising the Pakistan flag at the clock tower in the Commissioner Office compound. Bazaars are colourfully decorated for the celebration, government and private buildings are brightly lit, and there are similar flag–raising ceremonies that are typically held in the district and its tehsils.[68][69]

The arrival of spring brings the annual "Rang-e-Bahar" festival where the Parks & Horticulture Authority of the city district government organise a flower show and exhibition at Jinnah Gardens.[70] The University of Agriculture organises a similar event at their main campus which is known as the "Kissan Mela".[71] The festival of Basant which involves kite flying is an annual tradition in the city despite the ban.[72] The provincial government introduced the "Canal Mela" which involves five days of festivities including the main canal in the city being decorated with national floats and lights ending with a musical concert to conclude the festival.[73]

Being a Muslim majority the city religious observances include Ramadan and Muharram. The festivals of Chaand Raat, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are celebrated and are national holidays.[74] The celebration of the Prophet Muhammad birthday is observed in the city which is often referred to as "Eid Milād-un-Nabī".[75] There are a number of darbar and shrines which attract a number of devotees during the annual Urs.[76] There are a number of Christian churches in the city where Easter and Christmas services take place each year.[77][78]

Attire

[edit]

Traditional attire in Faisalabad is Punjabi clothing such as the Kurta and Sherwanis.[79] Faisalabadi men wear white shalwar kameez as do women but also with a dupatta (scarf). The more religious women wear burqas that may or may not cover the face.[79] Combinations of Pakistani and Western attire are worn by women, such as an embroidered kurta worn with jeans or trousers, and half sleeve or sleeveless shirts with Capri pants. Men and women have adopted some of the modern Western styles for both casual and formal business dress such as dress pants, trousers, T-shirts and jeans.[79]

Faisalabad Institute of Textile and Fashion Design at the Government College University teaches Fashion Design as part of their Fine Arts program.[80] Some of the more conservative establishments and universities follow strict dress codes, such as the National Textile University in Faisalabad where a notice was issued on 27 April 2016 by university professor Muhammad Ashfaq. The intent of the notice was to "promote a positive image of the NTU and to maintain good moral, religious and cultural values among the faculty, staff and students." The dress code bans certain styles of Western attire including shorts, sleeveless shirts and shawls for men. Women are prohibited from wearing jeans, tights or leggings, sleeveless or half-sleeved shirts for women. Women are also prohibited from wearing heavy make-up and expensive jewellery.[81]

Cuisine

[edit]

Faisalabadi cuisine is a mixture Punjabi cuisine as well as Mughlai cuisine and Anglo-Indian cuisine. Famous dishes include rice or roti (flatbread) served with a vegetable or non-vegetable curry, a salad consisting of spiced tomatoes and onions, and yogurt. This is usually accompanied by a variety of South Asian sweets such as gud, gajar ka halwa, gulab jamun, and jalebi.[82] Tandoori barbecue specialties consist of a variety of naan bread served with tandoori chicken, chicken tikka or lamb shish kebab served with a mint chutney.[83]

Street foods are a key element to Faisalabadi cuisine.[84] Samosas (deep fried pastry filled with vegetables or meat) topped with an onion salad and two types of chutney. There is even a square dedicated to them in the old city.[85] Other street foods include, dahi bhale (deep fried vadas in creamy yoghurt), gol gappay (fried round puri filled with vegetables and topped with tamarind chutney) and vegetable or chicken pakoras. Biryani and murgh pilao rice are a speciality in Faisalabad.[86]

A typical breakfast in Faislabadi is halwa poori, consisting of a deep fried flatbread served with a spicy chickpea curry and sweet orange coloured halwa.[85] It is customarily accompanied by a sweet or salty yoghurt based drink called lassi.[87] During winter, a common breakfast is roghni naan served with paya.[88]

Certain drinks are available seasonally, such as, such as rabri doodh, a drink commonly made with full-fat milk, almonds, pistachios and basil seeds, dhood patti (milky tea), and Kashmiri chai, a pink coloured milky tea containing almonds and pistachios, which is had in the winters.[89] During summer, drinks such as sugar cane juice, nimbu pani (iced lemon water), skanjvi (iced orange and black pepper) and lassi are consumed.[90]

Literacy

[edit]

According to a report by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the 2015 literacy rate for Pakistan ranked 160th which is among the lowest literacy rates in the world.[91]

In 1981, Faisalabad was among four districts in Punjab, which included Gujranwala, Jhelum and Gujrat, that were experiencing low literacy rates, due primarily to either a lack of resources or family pressure; the latter of which may also be attributable to illiteracy.[91] In 1998, Faisalabad progressed to a higher literacy rate with the most improvement realised at the primary school level.[92] In 2008, Faisalabad District ranked 51.9% which placed the district ninth in literacy out of the 34 Punjab districts.[93]

In 2014, the city held its first literary festival which brought a number of writers to the city to encourage the community to follow the arts.[94] Two literary groups were established, the Faisalabad Union of Column Writers and Faisalabad Union of Journalists, to bring together printed media personalities for the purpose of providing training to budding writers from the city.[95]

Demographics

[edit]

The language of Faisalabad is Punjabi predominantly 96%, Urdu and Pashto are spoken by 2% population each. Faisalabad is world's second largest Punjabi speaking city. Faisalabad was established as one of the first planned towns of British India, covering an area of 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi).[96] It was initially designed to accommodate 20,000 people. The city's population increased from 69,930 in 1941 to 179,000 in 1951 (152.2% increase).[97] Much of the increase is attributed to the settlement of Muslim refugees from East Punjab and Haryana, India. In 1961, the population rose to 425,248, an increase of 137.4%. Faisalabad set a record in the demographic history of Pakistan by registering an overall population increase of 508.1% between 1941 and 1961. The industrial revolution of the 1960s contributed to population growth.[97] In 1961, the population was 425,248. A 1972 census ranked Faisalabad as the third largest city of Pakistan with a population of 864,000. In a 1981 census, the population was 1,092,000; however, the Faisalabad Development Authority estimated the number to be 1,232,000.[97] In the 2017 consensus, the total population of the city was 3,203,846[3]

Religion and ethnic groups

[edit]
A Mughal inspired mosque in the old city. The majority of the population are Muslim.[98]

The province of Punjab, in which Faisalabad is the second largest city, has prevalent sociocultural distinctions.[99] Population sizes vary by district but some distinguishing factors include a young age structure, high age dependency ratio, a higher percentage of males, a higher proportion of married population, and heterogeneity in tribes and languages.[99]: 387 

Islam is the most common religion, with a 97.22% Muslim majority according to the 1998 Pakistan census report and 2001 population data sheet.[99] People live in tight-knit joint families, although a nuclear family system is emerging due to changing socio-economic conditions.[99] Ancient culture prevails in most marriage practices in the region, as do certain restrictions related to ethnicity and tribes. However, the influences of more modern societies have effected some change, particularly in the area of the dowry system. In the following ancient culture, marriages are customarily arranged by the parents or matchmakers. In some instances, the husband must buy his wife from her parents.[100] Studies conducted in 2007 and 2013, the latter in an outlying rural village in Faisalabad District, acknowledged the existence of gender bias and discrimination against females, stating that "Gender discrimination is not a new phenomenon", and that it still exists in the modern world.[99]

Social change in the region has been a slow process but there are indications that change has occurred as more villages are exposed to various forms of media and modernized urban communities. In early 2014, there was a march known as the "White Ribbon Campaign" which took place in front of the Faisalabad Press Club. Protesters appealed to the government to adopt new laws "to protect women who are discriminated against in the family and workplace."[101]

Prevalent minorities, particularly Hindu and Christian, feel a sense of vulnerability because of their religious beliefs.[98] Labourers and farmhands form the countless Christian villages throughout Punjab; many are descendants of people who converted from Hinduism to Christianity under the British Raj, and considered low caste by virtue of their birth.[37] A small population of wealthy, well-educated Christians have settled in Karachi; however, as a result of increasing Islamization, religious intolerance in Pakistani society, blasphemy laws and Islamist militancy, most have left Pakistan to settle in other countries where there is more religious tolerance, such as Canada and Australia.[98][102]

Religious groups in Faisalabad City (1901−2023)[a]
Religious
group 		1901[104]: 44 [105]: 26  1911[106]: 23 [107]: 19  1921[108]: 25 [109]: 21  1931[110]: 26  1941[103]: 32  2017[111] 2023[112]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism [b] 4,434 48.35% 8,024 40.98% 12,922 45.93% 20,147 46.94% 32,896 47.04% 131 0% 677 0.02%
Islam 4,232 46.15% 9,166 46.82% 11,116 39.51% 15,534 36.19% 23,003 32.89% 3,114,321 95.82% 3,627,087 95.98%
Sikhism 365 3.98% 1,607 8.21% 2,958 10.51% 5,181 12.07% 10,897 15.58% — — 147 0%
Christianity 132 1.44% 758 3.87% 1,100 3.91% 1,988 4.63% 3,027 4.33% 131,686 4.05% 148,824 3.94%
Jainism 7 0.08% 23 0.12% 38 0.14% 65 0.15% 34 0.05% — — — —
Zoroastrianism 1 0.01% 0 0% 2 0.01% 7 0.02% — — — — 2 0%
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — 3,822 0.12% 2,082 0.06%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 73 0.1% 71 0% 151 0%
Total population 9,171 100% 19,578 100% 28,136 100% 42,922 100% 69,930 100% 3,250,031 100% 3,778,970 100%

Economy

[edit]

As of 2015 GDP of Faisalabad was estimated at $63 billion and projected to rise to $107 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%.

Faisalabad contributes over 35% toward Pakistan's annual GDP and export revenue[citation needed]. The textile and apparel industry is the major industry in Faisalabad. It is also responsible for almost 60-80% of the export revenue[citation needed] of Pakistan.

The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FCCI) and Pakistan Hosiery Manufacturers Association (PHMA) are the regulatory bodies for all textile and apparel manufacturers in the city. These organizations work closely with the Ministry of Trade.

Faisalabad is as an industrial center with industries like processing mills, engineering, industrial goods, textile manufacturing including cotton and silk textiles, super phosphates, apparel and hosiery, industrial chemicals and dyes, pulp and paper, agricultural research and equipment, oil and ghee (clarified butter), and concentrated beverages. It has also been a hub for real estate, particularly gated neighbourhoods such as Abdullah Gardens, owned by Akbar Pervaiz and not Sheikh Ayub.

Ghanta Ghar

[edit]
The historical eight separate markets where locally grown produce is sold.
The Chenab Chowk Chowk monument pays homage to the city's textile industry.[6]

The Faisalabad clock tower and its eight bazaars (markets) is a major trading zone in the city. The eight markets were designed based on the English flag, Union Jack. Every one of the eight bazaars is known for certain goods.

  1. Katchery Bazar is known for its mobile phones and accessories market. It is named for the session courts located adjacent to the street
  2. Rail Bazar is famous for its gold and cloth market.
  3. Kharkhana Bazaar is known for its spices and herbs.
  4. Montgomery Bazaar (also known as Sutar Mandi) is known for yarn and raw cloth trading.
  5. Jhang Bazaar is known for its fish, meat, vegetables and fruits.
  6. Bhawana Bazaar has all the commercial and industrial electrical goods.
  7. Aminpur Bazaar has some of the oldest books, stationery and interior décor boutiques.
  8. Chiniot Bazaar is known for allopathic and homoeopathic medicinal stores.

Industrial zones

[edit]

Faisalabad Industrial Estate Development & Management Company (FIEDMC) was established by Federal Government to boost manufacturing in Faisalabad. Its objectives are to promote business and develop new clientele for the city's factories. It further supports businesses to find suitable land, infrastructure, provision of utilities and dedicated business support services.

Value Addition City (VAC) commonly known as Garment city is located at Sahianwala Road, near Khurrianwala. It is home to many garments and apparel factories.

M-3 Industrial City (M-3-IC) comprises 4356 acres of land and Allama Iqbal City (AllC) comprises more than 3300 acres. They house large scale manufacturing companies including textiles, yarn mills, pharmaceuticals, chemicals automotive, and spare parts, etc. Ruyi Masood Textile Park is located here.

Small Industrial Estate (SME) located at Punj Pullian Road houses small to medium-sized industries. It was provided by former Prime Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif to provide international grade services to small and medium-sized companies at promotional packages.

Faisalabad has received substantial funding from the government of Punjab and the city district government to improve infrastructure and roads to rural areas.[113] In an effort to deal with the energy crisis, the FCCI has been working with private companies to develop renewable energy resources such as solar energy and the construction of dams within the district.[114] CAE, a German-based renewable energy company, has disclosed plans to establish the first solar panel manufacturing facility in Faisalabad, second of its kind in Asia, with intentions of investing upwards of €100 million (Rs 12.9 billion) for its development.[115]

2020 COVID-19 Pandemic

[edit]

Pakistan entered a complete lockdown on 20 March 2020. All national and international travel was suspended. The industry in Faisalabad was hit hard. The federal government ordered complete closure of all industrial units.

Some industrial units are screening their workers for the coronavirus and making sure they follow the SOPs issued by the government as well. Punjab has reported more than 11,000 coronavirus cases so far.[116]

2022 Floods Impact

[edit]

Pakistan saw a record flooding in the western and southern part of the country during the monsoon season in 2022. This resulted in a massive food shortage and provision of industrial raw materials such as cotton. Faisalabad's textile industry took a massive hit in the costs and availability of cotton.[117]

Electricity supplier

[edit]

Faisalabad is supplied by the Faisalabad Electric Supply Company.

Education

[edit]
Main article: List of educational institutions in Faisalabad
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture.

Faisalabad has several research and educational institutions. Faisalabad is considered a regional hub for of research and higher education, specializing in agriculture, medical sciences, chemical sciences, textile universities and economics.

There are many public funded institutions that offer scholarships and financing options to lower and middle income households. Many private schools, colleges and universities offer huge range of courses at various levels of education.

Education system

[edit]

The education system is administered by the chief executive officer (CEO) of the District Education Authority of Faisalabad. The city district Government is responsible for funding, finances, management and resource allocation for public run institutions. It falls under the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training and the Minister for Education.

High ranking institutions

[edit]

Public funded

Private funded

Government and Administration

[edit]

Civic Administration

[edit]

Faisalabad was restructured into city district status; a devolution promulgated by the 2001 local government ordinance (LGO).[118] It is governed by the city district's seven departments: Agriculture, Community Development, Education, Finance and Planning, Health, Municipal Services, and Works and Services.[119] The district coordination officer of Faisalabad (DCO) is head of the city district government and responsible for co-ordinating and supervising the administrative units.[119] Each of the seven departments has its own Executive District Officer who is charged with co-ordinating and overseeing the activities of their respective departments.

The aim of the city district government is to empower politics by improving governance which basically involved decentralising administrative authority with the establishment of different departments and respective department heads, all working under one platform. The stated vision and mission of the city district government of Faisalabad is to "establish an efficient, effective and accountable city district government, which is committed to respecting and upholding women, men and children's basic human rights, responsive towards people's needs, committed to poverty reduction and capable of meeting the challenges of the 21st century. Our actions will be driven by the concerns of local people."[119]

Tehsil Municipal Administration

[edit]

In 2005, Faisalabad was reorganised as a city district composed of eight Tehsil municipal administrations (TMAs) or towns as follows: Lyallpur, Madina, Jinnah, Iqbal, Chak Jhumra, Jaranwala, Samundari, and Tandlianwala.[120] The functions of the TMA include preparation of the spatial and land use plans, management of these development plans and exercise of control over land use, land sub-division, land development and zoning by public and private sectors, enforcement of municipal laws, rules and by-laws, provision and management of water, drainage waste and sanitation along with allied municipal services.[121]

There are 118 union councils in Faisalabad. Their role is to collect and maintain statistical information for socio-economic surveys. They consolidate ward neighbourhood development needs and prioritise these into union-wide development proposals. The council identifies any deficiencies in the delivery of these services and makes recommendations for improvement to the TMA.[122]

Faisalabad Development Authority

[edit]

The Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) was validly established in October 1976 under The Punjab Development of Cities Act (1976) to regulate, supervise and implement development activities in its jurisdiction area.[123][124] The FDA acts as a policy-making body for the development of the city and is in charge of arranging and supervising major developments within the city. It is responsible for the administration of building regulations, management of parks and gardens and subsoil water management. The FDA works with the Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) to control and maintain the water supply, sewerage and drainage.[125] The FDA works to improve conditions in the slums.[126]

Public Services

[edit]

Law enforcement

[edit]

Punjab Police

[edit]

Law enforcement in Faisalabad is carried out by provincial police force officially called Punjab Police. Within the city of Faisalabad, it is under the command of the city police officer (CPO), an appointment by the provincial government appointments for Punjab Police.[127] The office of the CPO is located in the District Courts, Faisalabad.[128]

Faisalabad Region is headed by an officer not less than the rank of Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIG). Faisalabad Police is headed by a District Police Officer who is assisted by a varying number of Superintendents and Deputy Superintendents of Police.

City Traffic Police Faisalabad

[edit]

City Traffic Police is a branch of Punjab Police which is a public funded entity of the provincial government of Punjab.

The department is responsible for maintaining the following within the district of Faisalabad:

  • Conduct traffic safety and compliance
  • Traffic signs
  • Road signs and closures
  • Road marking and planning
  • Traffic signals and maintaining uninterrupted flow of traffic
  • Traffic violation ticketing and penalty collection
  • Issuance of driving license
  • Conducting driving tests and provisional licensing

District and Session Courts Faisalabad

[edit]

District and Sessions Court in Faisalabad is an extension of the provincial bench of High Court in Lahore.

The offices are located at District Courts Faisalabad.. Directions can also be found at Google Maps for Sessions Courts Faisalabad and District Courts Faisalabad.

Special Offices

[edit]

Police formations including District Police, Elite Police, Punjab highway Patrol, Crime Investigation Branch, and Special Operations Branch have offices in the city.[129]

Taxation

[edit]

Regional Tax Office is a field formation of the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR). It is situated at Regional Tax Office, Jail Road, Faisalabad and can be found at Google Maps Regional Tax Office.

This office is responsible for monitoring and collection of federal taxes imposed by the Government of Pakistan. This office has jurisdiction to send notices, research and execute legal notices for entities operating within the district of Faisalabad.

This office actively runs mass media campaigns to create awareness regarding taxation, legal rights of citizens and to facilitate voluntary tax compliance.

This office can provide information regarding Income Tax, Sales Tax (VAT), Corporation Tax and Zero-Tax rated services.

The website managed and operated by the FBR, is a reliable and up-to-date source of information for all tax related matters. FBR does issue regular notices to ensure correct information is published and to disregard false information circulating in the market places by unverified sources.

Excise, Taxation and Narcotics Control Department is another department managed by the provincial Govt. of Punjab. This department is responsible for the following:

  • Collection of property tax
  • Issuance of property notices, and property taxes
  • Motor vehicle registration
  • Online verification of registered vehicles
  • Online self assessment of property tax
  • Motor vehicle clearance
  • Control of regulated substances and prosecutions

The department can be accessed by its website ETNC. The office can be accessed by the Google Maps ETNC.

Water and Sanitation

[edit]

The Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) is a subsidiary of Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA), established on 23 April 1978 under the Development of Cities Act 1976.[130] Estimates in indicate that the WASA provides about 72% of the city's sewerage services and about 60% of their water services.[131] The existing production capacity of the WASA is 65 million imperial gallons per day (300 million litres per day), almost all of which is drawn from wells located in the old beds of the Chenab River. From the wells, water is pumped to a terminal reservoir located on Sargodha Road.[132] Water is normally supplied for a total of about 8 hours per day to the majority of the city.[132] The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has provided financial and hardware equipment to help improve the water and sanitation conditions in the city.[133]

Healthcare

[edit]

Government Hospitals

[edit]

Faisalabad is home to some large public hospitals within the district. Allied Hospital Faisalabad is the largest public funded and managed hospital within the city of Faisalabad as well as the district. It offers many advanced treatments and specialist care facilities.

Other notable government–run hospitals are DHQ (District Headquarter) Hospital, Institute of Child Care,[134] PINUM Cancer Hospital, Govt. Children Hospital, Punjab Social Security Hospital, Social Security Newborn and Children Hospital, Punjab Employees Maternity Ward, and Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology.

There are other government funded and managed general hospitals in Ghulam Muhammadabad, Samanabad and Peoples Colony No. 2.[135]

Media

[edit]

Television and radio

[edit]

The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of electronic media entertainment in the country.[136] Pakistan Television Corporation, is the state-owned regulated television broadcasting network.[137] The government began licensing private broadcasters in 2002.[138]

The government of Pakistan installed the first radio transmitters in the city on 15 September 1982.[139] "Radio Pakistan" broadcasts three government regulated FM stations: "Radio Pakistan FM101, Radio Pakistan FM93 and Radio Pakistan Sautul Qur'an Channel FM93.4. FM101 became operational in 2002, FM93 went live in 2010 and FM93.4 Sautul Qur'an Channel went live in 2016; PBC all three stations are standard power KW 2.5.[140]

Telecommunications

[edit]

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority is a government-owned organisation that is responsible for the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunications in the city.[141] The organisation monitors and prevents illegal exchanges in the city.[142]

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is the main provider of fixed line, mobile and broadband services. Regional headquarters is located at the Central Telecom House in Chinot Bazaar.[143] With the deregulation of the telecommunication sector by the Ministry of Information Technology, a range of companies now offer mobile and broadband services in the city.[144]

Film and theatre

[edit]

In 2008, the Government of Pakistan lifted a forty-year ban on Bollywood films which allowed Indian films to be played in cinemas.[145] The cinema industry has since seen the introduction of new cinemas such as Cinepax by Hotel One,[146] and Cine Nagina.[147]

The Government College University in Faisalabad encourages students from the University of Agriculture to hold workshops and explore themes of peace and tolerance which can be used in an engaging and entertaining way to communicate complex issues to different audiences.[148]

Recreation

[edit]
A view of Chenab Club in December 2020
D Ground Central Park was rebuilt by the city district government and now includes miniatures of the symbols of Pakistan such as the Mazar-e-Quaid, Minar-e-Pakistan, and Bab-e-Pakistan.
Iqbal Stadium, is an international cricket ground, home to the Faisalabad Wolves cricket team.

Public parks

[edit]

The Parks and Horticulture Authority (PHA) is responsible for running and managing all public parks within the district of Faisalabad.

Jinnah Gardens is the oldest and most established public park in the city. It serves as the city's central park, and a cultural hub. It is commonly known as "Company Bagh". A monument of Sir James Broadwood Lyall is situated at the eastern corner of the park.

Dhobi Ghat Park is a historic park, in the oldest part of the city. It is located on Kotwali Road, just next to the Government College University, Faisalabad. The park has a long history of rallies and protests. The park was chosen as a venue of choice by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif, Shebaz Sharif, Maryam Nawaz and Imran Khan.

Gatwala Park is located in the outskirts of the city, on the north-eastern side. It serves as a family park with amusements such as a zoo and a lake. The Gatwala Wildlife Park is a botanical natural reserve located next to the Gatwala Park. It that was renovated by the city district government.[149]

Pahari Grounds is located in Peoples Colony #2. It is a residential area popular locations such as Babar Chowk, Fawara Chowk and the old gates. A Pakistan Air Force retired F-86 Sabre is on display on a hilltop within this park. It is a local attraction.

D-Ground Park is located in the Peoples Colony #1 area, within the D-Ground shopping area. Several models of Pakistani monuments are on display in this park, all year round.

Sports

[edit]
Main article: List of sports venues in Faisalabad

Cricket is a popular sport in Faisalabad. Regional and international cricket matches are held in Iqbal Stadium,[150] named after Pakistani poet Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal.[151] The stadium is home to Faisalabad's local team, the Faisalabad Wolves.[152] Iqbal Stadium hosted the 1987 Cricket World Cup,[153] and the 1996 Cricket World Cup.[154]

The Faisalabad Hockey Stadium, located on Susan Road, was constructed in 2002, and can accommodate 25,000 spectators. On 16 April 2003, the stadium was inaugurated by Khalid Maqbool, governor of Punjab. It is the third-largest field hockey stadium in the country.[155] The stadium has hosted field hockey matches for both national and international competition but by the beginning of 2016 was reported to be in "pathetic condition as its astroturf has completed its life span about eight years ago." Commissioner Naseem Nawaz advised that efforts were under way to maintain the stadium.[155]

In October 2002, the Government College University established a Directorate of Sports to promote university and national level sports for male and female players. Infrastructure and facilities are available for university players in track, hockey, tennis, basketball, table tennis, badminton and cricket pitch.[156]

Public libraries and museums

[edit]

There are two libraries that are open to the public: Allama Iqbal Library and Municipal Corporation Public Library. They are funded and regulated by the government of Punjab under the service sector.[157]

  • Allama Iqbal Library is located on University Road, opposite the District Courts. The library is housed in the 1911-built colonial building originally named "Coronation Library" during the rule of the British Empire. In 2012, the building came under control of the Lyallpur Heritage Foundation[158] and the Punjab Archives and Libraries Department.[159]
  • Lyallpur Museum is located adjacent to the Allama Iqbal Library on University Road. It is a heritage museum and art gallery open to the public. The museum is primarily focused on regional history with a collection of artwork, artefacts and photographs.[160]
  • Municipal Library is located in Iqbal Park on Narwala Road, opposite the historical grounds of Dhobi Ghat.[161] The library has a large collection of books, a photo gallery and a conference centre. In 2011, the library underwent a renovation costing 40 million rupees.[162]
  • The Forest Library at the Punjab Forestry Research Institute (PFRI) is one of two specialist libraries, the other being in Lahore.[163] Opened in 1986, the research library is based at the Wildlife Research Center in Gatwala.[164]

Social clubs

[edit]

The Chenab Club, founded in 1910 is the oldest social club in Faisalabad. It was founded by the British armed forces serving in the area, during the British rule. Today it is a prestigious club offering sports, recreation, dining and cultural activities.

Transportation

[edit]
Airside view of Faisalabad Airport
The front entrance to the 19th century colonial railway station
Roads in Faisalabad

Airport

[edit]

Faisalabad International Airport is approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city center. It is located at Faisalabad-Jhang Road. The airport underwent major renovations during between 2014 and 2017. The main termainal building was completed renovated. Major extensions were carried out as part of a major development initiative by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. It is a regional airport that serves domestic and international travel. The airport offers cargo, freight, passenger travel, private terminal, flying school, and military base to Pakistan Air Force. The airlines with operations at Faisalabad International Airport include Pakistan International Airlines, FlyDubai, Qatar Airways, Air Arabia, Gulf Air and Serene Air.

Rail

[edit]

The Faisalabad railway station is the central railway station in the city. The railway line forms part of the Khanewal–Wazirabad railway line. Rail services are operated by Pakistan Railways, owned and operated by the Ministry of Railways.[165]

Cargo Express services are operated by Pakistan Railways which runs from Karachi to Faisalabad via Multan. Twenty-seven bogies compose the goods train, and are handled respectively by private contractors at the station.[166] The station has a special cargo facility operated by the Ministry of Railways (Pakistan) for handling various goods from the city to other regions of the country. An express parcel service runs from Karachi to Lahore via Faisalabad.[167]

Road network

[edit]
Main article: Roads in Faisalabad

Faisalabad has a highly developed road network. There are many access ways in and out of the city. It is well connected through motorways, dual-carriageways and highways.

Sister cities

[edit]

Faisalabad is a globally recognized city due to its textiles export trade. Its sister cities are:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 1901-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lyallpur, which included Lyallpur Municipality.[103]: 32 

    2017-2023: Combined urban populations of Faisalabad City Tehsil and Faisalabad Saddar Tehsil.
  2. ^ 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Administrators' appointments planned as Punjab LG system dissolves today". The Nation (newspaper). 31 December 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  2. ^ "Commissioner for early completion of Business Facilitation Centre". The Nation (newspaper). 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Here are Ten Most Populated Cities of Pakistan". 2017.
  4. ^ "Provisional Summary Results of 6th Population and Housing Census-2017". pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  5. ^ Stephen P. Cohen (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. p. 202. ISBN 0815797613.
  6. ^ a b c d "A History of Faisalabad City". The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  7. ^ "Faisalabad Geography". 12 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  8. ^ a b Ghulam Mustafa (2009). Regional Profile, Faisalabad (Report). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
  9. ^ "The City Faisalabad – GCUF". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015.
  10. ^ International Conference on Soil Sustainability and Food Security (PDF) (Report). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  11. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation. Zed Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-84277-117-4.
  12. ^ a b "Punjab At A Glance". Punjab Board of Investment & Trade, Government of The Punjab. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  13. ^ "District Website". faisalabad.dc.lhc.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  14. ^ a b "The Economy of Faisalabad" (PDF). Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  15. ^ Talbot, Ian (2020). The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan. Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 9781000326703.
  16. ^ Puri, Kavita (2019). Partition Voices. Bloomsbury. p. 108. ISBN 9781408899069.
  17. ^ Britannica "Faisalabad". Britannica.
  18. ^ The Express Tribune "From Lyallpur to Faisalabad: the city of eight bazaars". The Express Tribune. 24 January 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Faculty of Agriculture – History". University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  20. ^ a b c d "History of Faisalabad". University of Faisalabad (TUF). University of Faisalabad. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d Douie, J. (1914). The Punjab Canal Colonies. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 62(3210), 611-623. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41341616
  22. ^ a b c Integrated Slums Development Programme (ISDP) (March 2001). "Faisalabad CITY PROFILE and SELECTION OF WARDS". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ "Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary". Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  24. ^ John Everett-Heath (13 September 2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. OUP Oxford. p. 728. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.
  25. ^ "Local government elections 2020 Faisalabad" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  26. ^ Stein, Burton (2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1. Quote: "When the formal rule of the Company was replaced by the direct rule of the British Crown in 1858, ...."
  27. ^ Lowe, Lisa (2015). The Intimacies of Four Continents. Duke University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7. Quote: "... Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj."
  28. ^ 'Chenab Colony Gazetteer (1904), p.29.
  29. ^ "Brief History of Faisalabad". District Court of Faisalabad. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  30. ^ a b "Brief History of Faisalabad". District Court Faisalabad. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  31. ^ Nicolls, Bruce. "The Union Jack or The Union Flag?". The Flag Institute. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  32. ^ "City of Faisalabad". The University of Faisalabad. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  33. ^ Dan Bogart, Latika Chaudhry (August 2011). "Railways in Colonial India: An Economic Achievement?" (PDF). Social Sciences. University of California-Irvine. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  34. ^ "History of Faisalabad". Punjab Portal. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  35. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India". 2. Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908: 220–223. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ^ Nausheen Anwar (2014). Infrastructure Redux: Crisis, Progress in Industrial Pakistan & Beyond. Pakistan: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-137-44818-7.
  37. ^ a b c d Crispin Bates, Phd (3 March 2011). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". British History. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  38. ^ a b Yasmin Khan (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3.
  39. ^ Shahid Javed Burki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4422-4148-0.
  40. ^ "Business ties: Faisalabad encourages Turkish investment". The Express Tribune. 26 April 2015.
  41. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". www.faisalabad.gov.pk. City District Government Faisalabad. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  42. ^ "Pakistan". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  43. ^ a b Akhtar, Nasim (October 2006). "Study Area and Sampling" (PDF). Radionuclide Pollution due to Fertilizer use in some Saline Soils of the Punjab and their Potential Risk Assessment on Human Health (PhD). Bahauddin Zakariya University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  44. ^ Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Macklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Constantinescu, Stefan; Durcan, Julie A.; Stevens, Thomas; Duller, Geoff A. T.; Tabrez, Ali R.; Gangal, Kavita; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Alizai, Anwar; Filip, Florin; VanLaningham, Sam; Syvitski, James P.M. (26 June 2012). "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (26): E1688-94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  45. ^ Jehangir, Waqar Ahmed; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Ali, Nazim (2002). "Physiography of the Rechna Doab". Conjunctive Water Management in the Rechna Doab: An Overview of Resources and Issues. International Water Management Institute. p. 3. ISBN 9290904895.
  46. ^ a b c "Report of Baseline Survey Faisalabad, Pakistan". Asian Urban Information of Kobe. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  47. ^ "Pakistan Weather". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  48. ^ "Weather Advisory for Farmers". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  49. ^ "Regional Agrometeorological Center Faisalabad". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  50. ^ "Climate: Faisalabad – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  51. ^ a b "Rain forecast, flood warning for three days". The Nation. 24 July 2019.
  52. ^ "Urban Flooding Likely In Various Divisions: The Flood Forecasting Division (FFD)". UrduPoint.
  53. ^ "PDMA warns of urban flooding in several Punjab cities | SAMAA". Samaa TV.
  54. ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (13 July 2019). "Govt reviews flood preparations ahead of heavy rainfall". DAWN.COM.
  55. ^ "Heavy rains: PMD issues flood, landslide alert". www.thenews.com.pk.
  56. ^ "Monsoon's third spell generates urban flood warning". 14 February 2008.
  57. ^ Pakistan Meteorological Department http://www.pmd.gov.pk/ Retrieved 18 January 2016
  58. ^ a b "Historical Events". rmcpunjab.pmd.gov.pk.
  59. ^ "Faisalabad Receives Heavy Rain". UrduPoint.
  60. ^ "Faisalabad Climate Data". Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  61. ^ "World Meteorological Organization". 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  62. ^ "THE CHENAB CLUB – History". Archived from the original on 6 February 2004.
  63. ^ "Art And Culture: Museum To Honour Nusrat Fateh Ali". The Express Tribune. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  64. ^ "The Faisalabad Serena Hotel". Serena Hotels. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  65. ^ "Faisalabad :: Pakistani Tourism". Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  66. ^ a b "Faisalabad Arts Council". Faisalabad Arts Council. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  67. ^ Khalid, Ameena. "Culture and Customs of Pakistan". Academia. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  68. ^ "Faisalabad City News". The News International. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  69. ^ "Patriotism: Gigantic flag unveiled in Faisalabad". The Express Tribune. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  70. ^ "PHA Faisalabad | Parks and Horticulture Authority Faisalabad". Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016. Annual Chrysanthemum Festival 2015
  71. ^ "Festivals". University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  72. ^ Dastagir, Ghulam; Haq, Ahtishamul (18 February 2011). "Faisalabad celebrates Basant despite ban". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  73. ^ Associated Press of Pakistan (25 April 2015). "Canal mela to begin on Apr 26". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  74. ^ Gishkori, Zahid (15 September 2015). "Public holidays announced for Eid". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  75. ^ "Walks, rallies mark: Eid Milad in Faisalabad". The Express Tribune. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  76. ^ "Faisalabad – Shrines / Tombs". punjab.gov.pk. Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  77. ^ "Christmas: Carol services, sermons ongoing in Lahore churches". dunyanews.tv. Dunya News Network. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  78. ^ "Christmas Bazaars open on Dec 22". The Express Tribune. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  79. ^ a b c "Daily life and social customs in Pakistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  80. ^ "BFA Fashion Design GCUF". Archived from the original on 28 April 2016.
  81. ^ "Faisalabad university issues strict dresscode guidelines". SAMAA TV. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  82. ^ "Faisalabad's famous jalebi فیصل آباد کی مشہور اور لذیز جلیبیاں". QUR ANACADEMYFSD. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  83. ^ "What To Eat in Faisalabad". Faisalabad—Getting There. Tourism Development Corporation of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  84. ^ Rizwan, Sheharyar (19 March 2015). "Food: My Quest For The Best Nihari In Lahore". Dawn. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  85. ^ a b "Subrung – Food not to miss in Faisalabad". Travel Pakistan. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  86. ^ "Eating in Faisalabad". Qatar Airways. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  87. ^ "Lassi shop in Faisalabad". SAMAA TV. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  88. ^ "Traditional Dishes Archive". Pak Ladies. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  89. ^ "Where to drink in Faisalabad". Journeum. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  90. ^ Aradmin (5 October 2012). "Pakistan Country Information". Recipes of Asia. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  91. ^ a b "Literary Rate of Education in Pakistan 2016". Archivist Online. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  92. ^ Iqbal, Zafar; Haque, Anjum Riyazul; Farah, Iffat; Mukhtar, Eshya Mujahid; Aijaz, S.M.; Niazi, Hamid Khan; Ahmed, Saeed; ud-Din, Fakhar; Khan, Arshad Saeed (March 2002). "Literacy Trends in Pakistan" (PDF). UNESCO Office Islamabad. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  93. ^ "The Annual Status of Education Report" (PDF). Aser Pakistan. 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  94. ^ "Faisalabad Literary Festival 2014". Faisalabad Literary Festival Online. 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  95. ^ "Journalists' Day: Working Conditions Need To Improve". Pakistan Press Foundation. 20 November 2013.
  96. ^ India Unbound: from Independence to the Global Information age by Gurcharan Das
  97. ^ a b c "Chapter 6: Faisalabad, Pakistan". The 2004 Baseline Survey on Millennium Development Goals in AACs. Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe. 2004. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  98. ^ a b c "Who are Pakistan's Christians?". BBC. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  99. ^ a b c d e Asad Ali Khan (December 2011). "Changing Pattern of Population Growth and Structure in Punjab, Pakistan" (PDF). South Asian Studies. 26 (2): 387–388.
  100. ^ Masood, Saira; Batool, Zahira; Abbasi, Saif-Ur-Rehman Saif (2007). "Sociological Study of Marriage Patterns and Adjustment in a Selected Community in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)". AGRIS, Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology. 3 (1): 1. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  101. ^ Kholkar, Shafique (3 March 2014). "Faisalabad: Hundreds of "White Ribbons" to Protest Against Violence Against Women". AsiaNews. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  102. ^ "Pakistani Christian refugees face ordeal in Thailand". FOX News Network, LLC. 3 August 2015.
  103. ^ a b "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB". Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  104. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352838. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  105. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  106. ^ Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables". Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393779. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  107. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  108. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394121. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  109. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  110. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES". Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  111. ^ "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  112. ^ "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  113. ^ "Benefiting farmers: Rs965m allocated for roads in Faisalabad rural areas". The Express Tribune. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  114. ^ "FCCI chief calls for construction of dams". Business Recorder. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  115. ^ Rana, Imran (8 January 2013). "Renewable energy: German firm to set up first solar panel plant in Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  116. ^ samaaenglish.tv "Faisalabad textile industry reopens despite COVID-19 lockdown". Samaa English. 11 May 2020.
  117. ^ dw.com "Pakistan: Millions of textile workers lose jobs amid crisis". DW.com. 17 January 2023.
  118. ^ Urban Management Initiatives in Pakistan (PDF). Pakistan Research Repository, Influence of the Development Plan on City Growth (Report). Pakistan Higher Education Commission. pp. 84–85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  119. ^ a b c "CDG Faisalabad – Welcome..."
  120. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". faisalabad.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  121. ^ "TMA Faisalabad Division". lgcd.punjab.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  122. ^ Bhalli, Nasar min Allah (22 January 2012). "Union Council Boundaries of Faisalabad City". Department of Geography, GUCF. Pakistan GIS. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  123. ^ "Assessment of Land Development and Management Practices in Five Large Cities of Punjab" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015.
  124. ^ "The Punjab Development of Cities Act, 1976". punjablaws.gov.pk.
  125. ^ "Water And Sanitation Agency" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  126. ^ Sajjad, Muhammad. "Application of GIS in the Spatial Analysis of Slums in Faisalabad, Pakistan". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  127. ^ Hanif, Intikhab (16 February 2007). "Government Puts A Whole New Complexion on Police". Dawn. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  128. ^ "Contact Us Faisalabad City Police". Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  129. ^ "Faisalabad Police". Faisalabad Police. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  130. ^ "Water Supply". wasafaisalabad.gop.pk. Water and Sanitation Agency Faisalabad. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  131. ^ "The City Faisalabad". wasafaisalabad.gop.pk. Water and Sanitation Agency Faisalabad. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  132. ^ a b Mahboob Elahi (12 June 2007). Performance Benchmarking in WASA Faisalabad (PDF) (Report). Anjuman Samaji Behbood. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  133. ^ "Japan gifts WASA Faisalabad with Equipment to improve Sewerage and Drainage system". www.jica.go.jp. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  134. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". www.faisalabad.gov.pk. City District Government Faisalabad. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  135. ^ "FIC Official Website". FIC. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  136. ^ "Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA)". Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  137. ^ Logan, Stephen (2008). Asian Communication Handbook, 2008. New York, United States (United Nations Secretariat): Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. pp. 377–400. ISBN 978-981-4136-10-5. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  138. ^ "Pakistan Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide" (PDF). InterNews. June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  139. ^ "Chronology of PBC". Radio Pakistan. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  140. ^ "FM Station". Radio Pakistan. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  141. ^ "Pakistan Telecommunication Authority". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  142. ^ "Illegal Gateway Exchange Raided in Faisalabad". 20 May 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  143. ^ "Telephone Exchanges in Punjab". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  144. ^ Siddiqui, Zainab Hussain. "Telecom Sector Liberalization & Deregulation in Pakistan: Economic and Social Benefits" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  145. ^ Ramachandran, Sudha (8 February 2008). "The Curtain Lifts For Bollywood in Pakistan". Asia Time. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  146. ^ "Cinepax Faisalabad". Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  147. ^ "Nagina Cinemas Faisalabad". Nagina Cinemas. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  148. ^ "Performing for Peace: Theater Workshops Promote Peace and Tolerance". 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  149. ^ "Gatwala Forest Park". www.fwf.punjab.gov.pk. Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  150. ^ Andrew McGlashan. "Iqbal Stadium". ESPN Sports Media Ltd. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  151. ^ "Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad". NDTVSports.com. NDTV. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  152. ^ Ahmed, Hassam (2 December 2012). "Faisalabad Wolves Profile". The News Tribe. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  153. ^ "Pakistan v Sri Lanka in 1987/88". 25 October 1987. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  154. ^ "Wills World Cup 1996: New Zealand v United Arab Emirates". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  155. ^ a b Saleem, Mohammad (12 January 2016). "Hockey Stadium in Faisalabad in Pathetic Condition". Dawn. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  156. ^ "Directorate of Sports". Government College University Faisalabad. 20 February 1996. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  157. ^ "Faisalabad – Public libraries". Punjab Portal, Government of Punjab, Pakistan website. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  158. ^ "Lyllpur Museum: Body Formed To Acquire, Conserve Artifacts". The Express Tribune (newspaper). 29 August 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  159. ^ Malik, Sonia (6 March 2013). "Public Libraries and Archive Department formed". The Express Tribune (newspaper). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  160. ^ "BoG Approves Lyallpur Museum Regulations". The Nation (Karachi, Pakistan). 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  161. ^ "Faisalabad —- Public libraries". Punjab Portal, Government of Punjab, Pakistan website. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  162. ^ "Municipal Library Building To Be Reconstructed". Pakistan Today. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  163. ^ "Libraries". fwf.punjab.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  164. ^ "Wildlife Research Center Gatwala, Faisalabad". Government of Punjab. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  165. ^ "Ministry of Railways". Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Railways Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  166. ^ Siddiqui, Zaheer Mahmood (7 December 2014). "Karachi-Faisalabad route: Railways to resume cargo express". Dawn. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  167. ^ "Railways to earn Rs 12b from freight trains". The Nation. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
[edit]
Faisalabad test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faisalabad&oldid=1256461246"