Adelsverein
The Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas; "Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas"), better known as the Mainzer Adelsverein (German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪntsɐ ˈʔaːdl̩sfɛʁˌʔaɪn]; "Nobility Society of Mainz"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement[1] within the borders of Texas.[2]
History
[edit]
The Adelsverein was organized on April 20, 1842, by 21 German noblemen at Biebrich on the Rhine. They gathered at the castle of the German Duke of Nassau, the future Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, who was named Protector of the Society.[3] In Germany, the society was referred to as Mainzer Adelsverein after the city of Mainz, where it was officially registered. The society represented a significant effort to establish a new Germany on Texas soil through organized mass emigration.[2] The land for the emigrants was to be purchased by the Adelsverein or secured through land grants from the Republic of Texas.[4]
On January 9, 1843, Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck bought the 4,428-acre Nassau Plantation in Fayette County, Texas, for $0.75 an acre and named it for the Duke of Nassau. Twenty-five slaves were bought to work the property,[5] which initially was considered as the primary base for arriving German immigrants.[3][6] When Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels inspected the plantation in 1844, he recommended the Verein divest itself of the property, rather than be associated with slavery.[5] Gustav Dresel, Special Business Agent for the Adelsverein, sold Nassau Plantation on July 28, 1848, to Otto von Roeder.[7] Von Roeder had been the first settler in Shelby, Texas, in 1841, a year before the Adelsverein was founded in Germany, and three years before the Adelsverein sent its first colonists to Texas. Von Roeder had emigrated to Texas from Westphalia in the 1830s and was not affiliated with the Adelsverein's colonization efforts.[8] The community of Shelby had been named for David Shelby, one of the Old Three Hundred under Stephen F. Austin.[9] Shelby became the home of many Adelsverein colonists in 1845, but it was not founded by the organization. Shelby was one of the Latin Settlement communities populated by German intellectuals who had settled in Texas after 1848.[10]
Prince Carl was appointed commissioner general by the Adelsverein in May 1844 to lead its colony in Texas. Each head of household was required to deposit 600 gulden (300 gulden for a single person) with the Adelsverein to cover transportation and housing at the colony and as credit to draw upon until they made their first harvest.[4] The first Adelsverein-sponsored immigrants arrived in Galveston in July 1844. They traveled from Galveston to Indianola in December 1844, then moved inland to land grants acquired by the Adelsverein near Comal Springs. Prince Solms named the first colony New Braunfels in honor of his homeland.
Henry Francis Fisher and Burchard Miller sold their 1842 land grant to the Adelsverein on June 22, 1844. This grant was intended to provide for more settlements in Texas.[2]
After Prince Solms returned to Germany, John O. Meusebach was appointed the second commissioner general of the Adelsverein in April 1845. He founded the first settlement on the outskirts of the land grant, and named it Fredericksburg, in honor of Adelsverein member Prince Frederick of Prussia. The land grant was located in Comanche territory, and to colonize, Meusebach first negotiated a treaty between the German Immigration Company (Adelsverein) and the Penateka Comanche. A separate agreement was made with the Darmstadt Forty, to settle socialist colonies within the land grant.
In 1853, due to a large amount of debt, Adelsverein ended its colonization campaign in Texas.[11]
Darmstadt Society of Forty
[edit]Count Castell[12] negotiated with the separate Darmstadt Society of Forty to colonize 200 families on the Fisher–Miller Land Grant territory in Texas. In return, they were to receive $12,000 in money, livestock, equipment, and provisions for a year. After the first year, the colonies were expected to support themselves.[13] The colonies attempted were Castell,[14] Leiningen, Bettina,[15] Schoenburg and Meerholz in Llano County; Darmstädler Farm in Comal County; and Tusculum in Kendall County.[16] Of these, only Castell survives. The colonies failed after the Adelsverein funding expired, and also due to conflict of structure and authorities. Some members moved to other Adelsverein settlements in Texas. Others moved elsewhere, or returned to Germany.
Texas settlements
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Fisher–Miller Land Grant colonies
[edit]- Bettina, Llano County
- Castell, Llano County
- Leningen, Llano County
- Meerholz, Llano County
- Schoenburg, Llano County
Elsewhere
[edit]- Indianola, Calhoun County
- Fredericksburg, Gillespie County
- Nassau Plantation, Fayette County
- New Braunfels, Comal County
- Sisterdale, Kendall County
- Tusculum, Kendall County
- Gruene, Comal County
- New Ulm, Austin County
- Schertz, Texas
Members
[edit]Founding members
[edit]Source:[17]
- Adolf, Duke of Nassau
- Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Prince Frederick of Prussia
- Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen
- Prince Hermann von Wied
- Prince Ferdinand von Solms-Braunfels
- Prince Franz von Colloredo-Mansfeld
- Prince Otto Victor von Schoenberg-Waldenburg
- Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels (Prince of Solms-Braunfels Rheingrafenstein)
- Prince Alexander von Solms-Braunfels
- Count Christian von Alt-Leiningen-Westerburg
- Count Viktor August of Leiningen-Westerburg-Alt-Leiningen
- Count Carl Frederick Christian of Castell-Castell
- Count Carl von Isenburg-Meerholz
- Count Edmund von Hatzfeld
- Count Carl William von Inn und Knyphausen-Lutelsberg
- Count Armand von Rennesse
- Count Carl von Castell
- Baron Paul Scirnay
Leadership
[edit]- Duke of Nassau – Protector
- Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen[18] – President
- Count Carl Frederick Christian of Castell-Castell[19] – Vice President, Executive Secretary-Business Director[20]
- Count Viktor August of Leiningen-Westerburg-Alt-Leiningen[21][22] – Co-founder[20]
- Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck[23] – Co-Founder
- Baron August von Bibra[24] – General Manager
- Gustav Dresel[25] – Special Business Agent
- Philip Cappes – Special Commissioner[26]
- Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels – First Commissioner-General
- John O. Meusebach – Second Commissioner-General
- Hermann Spiess[27] – Third Commissioner-General
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jordan, Terry G. "Germans". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Brister, Louis E. "Adelsverein". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
- ^ a b King (1967), p. 33.
- ^ a b Wolff, Linda (1999). Indianola and Matagorda Island 1837 – 1887. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-57168-340-2.
- ^ a b Campbell, Randolph B (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865. Louisiana State University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8071-1723-1.
- ^ Garrett, Daphne Dalton. "Nassau Farm". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Dresel, Gustav (1954). Gustav Dresel's Houston Journal: Adventures in North America and Texas, 1837–1841. Translated by Freund, Max. University of Texas Press. p. xxiv. ISBN 978-0-292-72554-6.
- ^ Shearer, Davis Bowman (1993). Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-505281-7.
- ^ "David Shelby". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Long, Christopher. "Shelby, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ The German Texans
- ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Carl of Castell-Castell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ King (1967), p. 122.
- ^ Heckert-Greene, James B. "Castell, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Lich, Glen E. "Bettina, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Lich, Glen E. "The Forty". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Tiling, Moritz Philip Georg (1913). "The Society of German Noblemen". History of the German Element in Texas From 1820–1850 and Historical Sketches of the German Texas Singer's League and Houston Turnverein From 1553–1913. Tiling.
- ^ Brister, Louis E. "Prince Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich Leiningen III". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Carl of Castell-Castell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ a b King (1967), pp. 33, 34.
- ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Victor August of Leiningen-Westerburg-Alt-Leiningen". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "House of Leiningen". European Heraldry. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Brister, Louis E. "Count Ludwig Joseph von Boos-Waldeck". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Willson, Jeanne R. "August von Bibra". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Max, Freund. "Gustav Dresel". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ King (1967), pp. 96–101.
- ^ Ragsdale, Crystal. "Hermann Spiess". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Sources
[edit]- King, Irene Marschall (1967). John O. Meusebach. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292740198. OCLC 17360026.
External links
[edit]
- A Guide to the Solms-Braunfels Archives, 1842–1957 at UT-Austin
- August von Bibra in Handbook of Texas Online
- Article: From "The Germans: Geh Mit Ins Texas"
- Adelsverein in Handbook of Texas Online
- Immigration Contract 1845
- Collection of Adelsverein Documents, 1845-1864 This collection includes 44 documents relating to the German colonization of Texas and the Adelsverein, also known as Society for the Protection of German Emigrants to Texas (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas). The Adelsverein brought thousands of German emigrants to Texas beginning in 1844. These documents include land grants, emigration contracts, promotional materials, and fiscal documents.
