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Macrochelidae

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Macrochelidae
Temporal range: Quaternary–present
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Macrocheles carinatus. (The legs on the right side have been omitted in this drawing.)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Arachnida
Subclass:
Acari
Order:
Mesostigmata
Family:
Macrochelidae

Vitzthum, 1930

Macrochelidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

Description

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Adult females of Macrochelidae have: an undivided dorsal shield bearing at least 28 pairs of setae, a sternal shield with three pairs of setae, a genital shield with one pair of setae and with a pair of conspicuous accessory sclerites beneath lateral margins, usually a ventrianal shield with 1–5 pairs of setae in addition to circumanal setae, peritreme usually looped around stigma, and movable cheliceral digit usually with a well-developed arthrodial brush at the base. Adult males are similar but with a holoventral shield or separate sternigenital and ventrianal shields.[1][2]

Reproduction

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Macrochelidae reproduce sexually and some can also reproduce asexually. Species of Geholaspis and Macrocheles can perform thelytoky, the production of female offspring from unfertilised eggs. Species of Glyptholaspis, Holostaspella and Macrocheles can perform arrhenotoky, the production of male offspring from unfertilised eggs.[1]

Ecology

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Mites of this family are predators. The majority of species are coprophilous, meaning they live in animal dung and feed on the prey available there (oligochaete worms, nematodes, arthropod eggs and larvae). Dung offers high prey availability and shelter from the weather, but it is a temporary resource. Melicharids therefore attach to insects (e.g. scarab beetles or flies) to be carried to fresh dung deposits; this is known as phoresis. Adult females tend to be the ones that engage in phoresis, though males and nymphs can do it as well.[3]

Some macrochelids are believed to be facultatively parasitic on their hosts, rather than phoretic. An example is Macrocheles muscaedomesticae on flies.[4]

Other macrochelids occupy habitats such as forest litter, decaying plant debris, beach wrack or the nests of various animals.[3]

Biological control

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Because of their predatory nature, some macrochelids have potential as biological control agents of pest insects, such as flies and thrips. The species Macrocheles robustulus is commercially available for this purpose.[1]

Taxonomy

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Macrochelidae contains the following genera and species:

Aethosoma Krantz, 1962

  • Aethosoma burchellestes Krantz, 1962

Ancistrocheles Krantz, 1962

  • Ancistrocheles bregetovae Krantz, 1962

Andhrolaspis Türk, 1948

  • Andhrolaspis trinitatis Türk, 1948

Bellatocheles van Driel & Loots, 1975

  • Bellatocheles variatus van Driel & Loots, 1975

Calholaspis Berlese, 1918

  • Calholaspis superbus Berlese, 1918
  • Calholaspis taiwanicus Tseng, 1993

Cophrolaspis Berlese, 1918

  • Cophrolaspis glabra (Müller, 1859)

Evholocelaeno Berlese, 1918

  • Evholocelaeno bursiformis (Berlese, 1910)

Geholaspis Berlese, 1918

Glyptholaspis Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1960

  • Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888)
  • Glyptholaspis asperrima (Berlese, 1905)
  • Glyptholaspis baichengensis Ma, 1997
  • Glyptholaspis cariasoi de-Jesus & Rueda, 1990
  • Glyptholaspis confusa (Foà, 1900)
  • Glyptholaspis filipponii Roy, 1988
  • Glyptholaspis fimicola (Sellnick, 1931)
  • Glyptholaspis indica Roy, 1988
  • Glyptholaspis orientalis Iavorschi, 1980
  • Glyptholaspis pontina Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1960
  • Glyptholaspis thorri van-Driel, Loots & Marais, 1977
  • Glyptholaspis wuhouyongi Ma, 1997

Gonatothrix G. W. Krantz, 1988

  • Gonatothrix carinata G. W. Krantz, 1988

Holocelaeno Berlese, 1910

  • Holocelaeno mitis Berlese, 1910

Holostaspella Berlese, 1903

Lordocheles Krantz, 1961

  • Lordocheles desaegeri Krantz, 1961

Macrocheles Latreille, 1829

Neoholaspis Türk, 1948

  • Neoholaspis coprophilus Türk, 1948

Neopodocinum Oudemans, 1902

Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918

  • Nothrholaspis tridentatus (G.& R. Canestrini, 1882)

Proholaspina Berlese, 1918

  • Proholaspina micrarhena (Berlese, 1916)

Synaphasis Krantz, 1961

  • Synaphasis congoensis Krantz, 1961

Tigonholaspis Vitzthum, 1930

  • Tigonholaspis saiti Vitzthum, 1930

Tricholaspis Evans, 1956

  • Tricholaspis marginipilis Evans, 1956

Tricholocelaeno Berlese, 1918

  • Tricholocelaeno longicoma (Berlese, 1910)

Trigonholaspis Vitzthum, 1930

Venatiolaspis van Driel & Loots, 1975

  • Venatiolaspis pilosus van Driel & Loots, 1975

References

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  1. ^ a b c de Azevedo, Letícia H.; Emberson, Rowan M.; Esteca, Fernanda de C. N.; de Moraes, Gilberto José (2015), Carrillo, Daniel; de Moraes, Gilberto José; Peña, Jorge E. (eds.), "Macrochelid Mites (Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) as Biological Control Agents", Prospects for Biological Control of Plant Feeding Mites and Other Harmful Organisms, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 103–132, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_4, ISBN 978-3-319-15041-3, retrieved 2022-10-14
  2. ^ "Macrochelidae". idtools.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  3. ^ a b Krantz, G.W. (1998). "Reflections on the biology, morphology and ecology of the Macrochelidae". Experimental & Applied Acarology. 22 (3): 125–137. doi:10.1023/A:1006097811592. PMID 9519465. S2CID 29284819.
  4. ^ Durkin, Emily S.; Proctor, Heather; Luong, Lien T. (2019). "Life history of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Parasitiformes: Macrochelidae): new insights on life history and evidence of facultative parasitism on Drosophila". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 79 (3–4): 309–321. doi:10.1007/s10493-019-00431-y. ISSN 0168-8162. PMID 31673886. S2CID 204942853.
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