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Missouri State High School Activities Association
AbbreviationMSHSAA
Formation1926
TypeVolunteer; NPO
Legal statusAssociation
PurposeAthletic/Educational
Headquarters1 North Keene St.
Columbia, MO 65205
Region served
Missouri
Membership
730 full member schools
Official language
English
Executive Director
Dr. Jennifer Rukstad
AffiliationsNational Federation of State High School Associations
Staff26
Websitemshsaa.org
Remarks(573) 875-4880

The Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA) is the governing body for high school activities throughout the state of Missouri. Approximately 580 high schools are members of MSHSAA.

The MSHSAA conducts championship-level activities in 23 activities. At least 50 member high schools must sponsor a sport for an official championship series to be conducted. Sports such as boys volleyball, field hockey, girls lacrosse, boys softball, and water polo are considered "emerging sports" by MSHSAA, but an official postseason series does not exist with less than 50 schools involved in those activities. MSHSAA also administers sideline cheerleading and dance team activities.

History

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In 1925, while 46 of the states in the US already had governing bodies to regulate interscholastic activities, Missouri did not. The first meeting was held on November 13, 1925, in St. Louis where a subsequent constitutional convention was scheduled for December 12, 1925. Carl Burris was the first secretary of MSHSAA, and the following men drafted the original constitution:

  • W. T. Doherty, Cape Girardeau
  • C. C. Conrad, Charleston
  • Dr. H. S. Curtis, Jefferson City
  • T. C. Reid, Warrensburg
  • C. O. Williams, Jefferson City
  • D. W. Hopkins, St. Joseph
  • Uel W. Lampkin, Maryville
  • J. D. Deaton, Butler
  • H. N. McCall, Carterville
  • Carl Burris, Clayton
  • H. R. Shepherd, Kansas City
  • Coach G. Henry, Columbia
  • W. F. Byers, Carthage
  • O. G. Sanford, Trenton

The organization was formed in 1926 when the constitution was approved and adopted, and MSHSAA set its residence in Columbia. "By the close of the 1926-27 school year...472 schools [had] joined the association." MSHSAA's first focus was to ensure uniform eligibility requirements and "control abuses that were creeping into" Missouri athletics. In 1949, MSHSAA shifted its cause from solely athletics to include activities; the acronym stayed the same, but the name was officially changed. The organization continued to evolve, and in 1956, the board adopted a program that would aim to use high school activities to educate students in a more holistic way.

Its first final was in boys' basketball, held that year at Washington University in St. Louis. MSHSAA removed the color barrier in 1952, allowing schools from the MNIAA (Missouri Negro Interscholastic Athletic Association) to join. In the late 1960s, the group unified football tournaments (previously only held locally) to form the Show-Me Bowl that exists today.

School classification

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MSHSAA's member schools are organized into groups based on enrollment, with Class 1 being the smallest. In 11-man football the largest is Class 6, comprising the largest 32 schools based on enrollment. Schools wishing to play 8-man football must have an enrollment smaller than 200 total students. Boys' and girls' basketball were expanded to six classes in 2020, and baseball was moved to six classes in 2022. Class 6 schools are those with 1,059 students and above; while Class 1 schools are those with 119 students and below.[1] Prior to 2003, the classes were divided into four classes from "A" to "AAAA" (popularly referred to as "1A" to "4A").

However, the number of classes varies by the number of schools that participate in a sport: for example, speech, debate, and theater only have one class,swimming and diving has two classes, while girls' softball and girls' volleyball use four classes.

Schools in Missouri are able to form their own conferences and play whichever teams they wish in regular season competition. For example, the Ozark Conference, in the southwest portion of the state, has teams from two classes competing against one another.

Schools are assigned into districts for playoff competition only; districts vary depending on sport, size and geographic location. Also unlike other states, there is no "regional" championship designation; during playoff competition schools are generally organized into brackets that are close in geographic proximity.

Wrestling and track districts, for instance, usually have 10 or more teams due to the nature of competition, while football districts have anywhere from four to five. Beginning with the 2012 football season, districts comprised eight schools. In other sports, district competition is set up like a more traditional tournament bracket at the end of the regular season. The winner of the district tournament advances in the championship series.

Redistricting and regrouping occurs every two years.

Class 6 and Class 5 schools generally come from the state's major metro areas: St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, Joplin and Columbia/ Jefferson City, although there are exceptions. Class 3, 2 and 1 schools are generally rural, although some small private city schools are grouped here as well.

Organization

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MSHSAA is headquartered in Columbia. 580 schools, both public and private, are members. Its current executive director is Dr. Kerwin Urhahn.

MSHSAA is governed by a 10-member board of directors whose members are elected to four-year terms by school representatives in eight geographic regions of the state. Two at-large positions to the Board of Directors were added in 2005 to ensure racial and gender diversity.

Potential changes to MSHSAA's by-yaws, such as eligibility standards and activity regulations, are voted on each April, or in special elections, by the associations's 760 member schools. A process that includes input from more than 30 standing advisory committees, area meetings conducted throughout the state, and an annual questionnaire to the membership help identify issues to be voted on in the annual ballot process and identify issues for further study or modification. Member schools may also request specific changes to the association's by-laws and constitution through a petition process that places the item directly on the annual ballot.

The association's by-laws fall into the following general categories: Bona Fide Student, Citizenship, Academics, Residence Requirements, Transferring Schools, Participation Limits, Entering School, Amateur & Awards Standards, Age Limits, Playing Under a False Name, Graduated Students, Nonschool Competition, College Auditions & Tryouts, All-Star Games, Recruiting of Athletes, Transfer for Athletic Reasons, Sports Camps & Clinics, Sportsmanship, and Foreign Student Eligibility. A three-level appeals process is in place for students not meeting the essential eligibility standards due to unusual, unforeseen or unexpected circumstances.

Each of the state's eight geographic regions not only elects members to the Board of Directors and Appeals Committee, but also nominates representatives to the aforementioned advisory committees and elects three members to serve on each region's investigative committee. The investigative committees were formed to investigate formal complaints filed regarding suspected by-law violations committed by member schools.

The association publishes a quarterly magazine, MSHSAA Journal, and sponsors one of the nation's largest annual sportsmanship and student leadership events each August. In addition, MSHSAA has a number of recognition programs, including the Distinguished Service Awards program, Officials Recognition program, Scholastic Achievement Awards program, Student Advisory Committee, MSHSAA Leadership School program, Sportsmanship/Integrity/Leadership program, the 5-Star School program and Traditions reunion program.

The MSHSAA trains and registers more than 5,000 sports officials and adjudicators each year to arbitrate various athletic events and evaluative music festivals.

State Finals sites

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These are the venues for the state championships during the 2023-24 school year.[2]

Criticism

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Some schools, notably in Kansas City where Rockhurst High School is powerful in local athletics, have proposed separate playoffs for public and private schools in some sports (mostly soccer). This, however, has met resistance from most of the other parts of the state, especially St. Louis where the gulf between public and private schools is less noticeable than in KC. Instead of separate championships, MSHSAA used a 1.35 multiplier for school enrollments [citation needed] in determining classes for private schools. In addition, like in most other states, the enrollments of single-sex schools doubled to better reflect how they would compete against co-ed public school's. Beginning in 2020, however, MSHSAA voted to drop the private school multiplier and instead elected to determine class placement for private schools on a sport-by-sport basis using a "competitive coefficient". Under this system, private and charter schools will be placed at a "floor" class based on their raw/doubled enrollment, and can be moved up to two classes higher based on performance in certain sports over a six-year window.[3]

As an example of how the "competitive coefficient" works in practice, O'Fallon St. Dominic, a co-ed Catholic high school outside St. Louis, officially has 645 students for the 2021-22 school year according to MSHSAA's records. For fall sports, Crusaders teams would be placed in Class 4 for softball, football, cross country and girls' volleyball, Class 2 for girls' golf and boys' soccer, and Class 1 for girls' tennis if classes were allocated strictly by recorded enrollment. However, in practice only football, girls' golf, and cross country compete at their "base" or "proper" class. Girls' tennis, girls' volleyball, softball, and boys' soccer are all bumped up to the highest possible class due to recent success, with volleyball and softball both moved up one level and soccer and tennis elevated two classes. Even having to play schools much larger than itself in state playoff series, the school has still acquitted itself well in certain sports, with boys' soccer finishing Class 4 runner-up in 2020, girls' volleyball making the 2020 Class 5 semifinals, and girls' soccer (itself elevated to the highest possible class) winning the Class 4 title in 2021.

The most recent time the issue of a public/private split came up was in 2007, when a petition originated by Belle High School was put to a vote by a group of public school athletic directors in St. Louis.[citation needed] While some believed[weasel words] that it would have a larger amount of support the athletic directors as well as the state board gave it a vote of no confidence before it went to the schools.[citation needed] When the results were tabulated, the petition was defeated by a landslide (over 200 votes).

Recently, in the summer of 2022, controversy was sparked online regarding a by-law pertaining to Speech and Debate competitions, allowing students to attend only 11 competitions during a school year, excluding MSHSAA District and State events, and the NSDA National Tournament.[4] A petition was started online to change the by-law using Change.org[citation needed].


Gender equity

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Concerns regarding gender bias on both sides have been raised regarding MSHSAA policies. For instance, in legal counsel Mallory Mayse’s National Case Summaries 1934-2017, “The ‘gender’ category of cases [connected to NFHS] is second only to ‘transfers’ in total number.”[5]

Original questions center around inequity in education, which resulted in Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972,[6] stating “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education programs or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” Additionally, The Equal Protection Clause,[7] connected to the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, took effect in 1868 and states that “no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction “the equal protection of the laws.” The US Supreme Court designates state athletic/activity associations as State Actors;[8] therefore, MSHSAA has legal responsibilities to provide equitable opportunities. This includes the following considerations:

  • Sport and activity options that reflect interests and abilities
  • Available scholarships at the collegiate level
  • Equipment and supplies
  • Game and practice times
  • Travel, dining, and housing reimbursement/quality
  • Educational and coaching support
  • Facilities
  • Medical care and training services
  • Publicity
  • Other support services
  • Collegiate recruitment

In the 1971-1972 school year, prior to Title IX implementation, “294,015 girls and 3,666,917 boys participated in high school sports; girls = 7.4% of participants.” In the 2016-2017 school year, as Missouri high schools have worked to create equal opportunities, “3,400,297 girls and 4,563,238 boys participated in high school sports; girls = 42.7% of participants.” Girls’ participation more than doubled while boys’ participation also grew.[5]

To keep the athletics portion equitable, MSHSAA currently hosts state championships for 10 boys’ sports and 10 girls’ sports. Furthermore, there are 4 emerging co-ed sports, 2 emerging boys’ sports, and 2 emerging girls’ sports, none of which have MSHSAA-hosted championship series.

People opposed to Title IX’s implications argue that now, boys’ sports have a bias against them, protesting, for example, that girls’ lacrosse is an emerging sport while boys’ lacrosse is not and that girls’ field hockey is also an emerging sport while boys’ ice hockey is not. According to MaxPreps, hosted by CBS Sports, there are 66 girls’ lacrosse teams in Missouri[9] and 69 boys’ lacrosse teams;[10] however, Inside Lacrosse records 42 high school girls’ teams[11] and 32 boys’ high school teams.[12] MaxPreps also lists over 200 girls’ field hockey teams[13] and only 11 boys’ ice hockey teams. All schools listed are not necessarily member schools.

Another contentious area addresses transgender athlete rights. MSHSAA’s board policy 34, listed in MSHSAA’s Handbook, describes rules related to transgender athletes. A student not receiving medical hormone treatment may participate in birth-assigned gender activities. “A trans male (female to male)...may participate in co-ed sports and may apply to participate in boys sports,” but he must remain in the sport throughout high school. “A trans female (male to female)...may not compete on a girls’ team, but may participate in co-ed and boys sports. (See also By-Law 3.20.)” Student athletes who are receiving medical hormonal treatment have different rules. Trans males “who [have] commenced medical/hormone treatment with prescribed drugs for diagnosed gender dysphoria and/or transsexualism, may compete on a boys’ team, but is no longer eligible to compete on a girls’ team without changing that team status to a co-ed team,” and Trans females “being treated with hormone suppression medication...may continue to compete on a boys’ team but may not compete on a girls’ team, without changing it to a co-ed team, until one calendar year of documented medical/hormone treatment and/or suppression is completed.” Additionally, trans females must maintain treatment and provide ongoing documentation. The policy was borrowed (with permission) from the NCAA Transgender Participation Policy, commissioned in 2012 and published in Champions of Respect.

Nicky Taghert, a student athlete from Clayton High School, became the first Missouri transgender high school athlete to apply for eligibility through MSHSAA in November of 2017.[14] To receive eligibility, Taghert had to sit out one year while she received hormone therapy treatment toward transition. Ultimately, Taghert was granted permission and played on the girls’ soccer team her senior year in 2019.

In March 2021, Missouri House Bill 1045, sponsored by Representative Chuck Bayse of Boone County, was debated in a House committee meeting.[15] The bill requests a statewide ballot that would change the constitution. Bayse’s motivation was fueled by concerns of transgender athletes dominating girls’ sports. The bill would allow cisgender females to play either girls’ or boys’ sports but would only allow cisgender males to play boys’ sports even if they were receiving hormone therapy. If the Republican-led Congress approves the bill, the proposed amendment vote would appear on the 2022 ballots.[15] A similar resolution, Senate Resolution 50, was previously sponsored by Senator Cindy O’Laughlin.[16] She argued that MSHSAA “made the decision to insert themselves into the current ideological culture war[17]” by asking which gender students identified as on a physical evaluation form. Likewise, House Joint Resolution 82, presented by Representative Robert Ross would require student athletes to compete in birth-assigned roles.[16] In the end, none of the measures banning trans participation in high school sports were enacted.

Competitive cheerleading was removed from the list of sponsored sports in 2006[citation needed] after the dramatic fall and injury of a Southern Illinois University-Carbondale cheerleader, and MSHSAA now recognizes cheerleading as only a "sideline activity."

Broadcasting

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MSHSAA did not reach an agreement with Fox Sports Midwest to televise the 2015 state football championships. MSHSAA stated that Fox wanted money which they could not afford. However, Fox stated that the association went in a "different direction" with its media rights.[18] The 2015 state championship games were available via a paid streaming service sponsored by the National Federation of State High School Associations.[citation needed]

Activities[19]

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Sports

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Activities

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Emerging sports and activities

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Emerging sports and activities are in their first year of inclusion or do not have 50 schools registered. Additionally, they have fewer restrictions and more flexibility; however, they also receive limited services through MSHSAA since they are not fully adopted. Per the 2023-24 MSHSAA Handbook, the following sports and activities are considered emerging:

Current Provisionally Interscholastic Sports/Activities:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Consulting, LANIT. "MSHSAA Enrollment Figures 2010-11 and 2011-2012". www.mshsaa.org.
  2. ^ "2021-22 MSHSAA Schedule of Championships" (PDF). MSHSAA.
  3. ^ "MSHSAA members vote out private-school multiplier in exchange for postseason success factor". 26 June 2019.
  4. ^ "Speech, Debate & Theatre Manual" (PDF). Missouri State High School Activities Association. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  5. ^ a b Schroeder, Stacy (1 July 2018). "A Practical Guide to Title IX (and Equal Protection)" (PDF). NFHS.
  6. ^ "Title Ix Of The Education Amendments Of 1972". www.justice.gov. 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  7. ^ "The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution". National Constitution Center – The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  8. ^ "You are being redirected..." www.athleticbusiness.com. 30 June 2001. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  9. ^ "Missouri High School Girls Lacrosse Teams | MaxPreps". www.maxpreps.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  10. ^ "Missouri High School Lacrosse Teams | MaxPreps". www.maxpreps.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  11. ^ "MO High School | Inside Lacrosse". www.insidelacrosse.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  12. ^ "MO High School | Inside Lacrosse". www.insidelacrosse.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  13. ^ "Missouri High School Field Hockey Teams | MaxPreps". www.maxpreps.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  14. ^ Cohen, Daniel. "Transforming the Game". The Globe. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  15. ^ a b "New Missouri bill would prevent male-born transgender students from playing girls' sports". www.audacy.com. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  16. ^ a b WATCH: Kansas City dad makes impassioned plea for his trans daughter's right to play sports, 2021-03-17, retrieved 2021-03-30
  17. ^ O'Laughlin (R-18), State Sen Cindy. "O'Laughlin: MSHSAA changes gender identification question". Chillicothe News - Chillicothe, MO. Retrieved 2021-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ News-Press, Cody Thorn St. Joseph (26 November 2015). "MSHSAA title games shift from FOX Sports to online only".
  19. ^ MSHSAA. "Missouri High School Sports and Activities". www.mshsaa.org. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
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