Jump to content

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from MBSR)

Part of a series on
Mindfulness
Buddhism
Psychology
Other
Similar concepts
Category

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an eight-week, evidence-based program designed to provide secular, intensive mindfulness training to help individuals manage stress, anxiety, depression, and pain. MBSR was developed in the late 1970s by Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. It incorporates a blend of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, yoga, and the exploration of patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling, and action.[1][2] Mindfulness can be understood as the non-judgmental acceptance and investigation of present experience, including body sensations, internal mental states, thoughts, emotions, impulses and memories, in order to reduce suffering or distress and to increase well-being.[1][3] Mindfulness meditation is a method by which attention skills are cultivated, emotional regulation is developed, and rumination and worry are significantly reduced.[3][4][1] During the past decades, mindfulness meditation has been the subject of more controlled clinical research, which suggests its potential beneficial effects for mental health,[5][6][7] athletic performance,[8][9] as well as physical health.[10][11][12] While MBSR has its roots in wisdom teachings of Zen Buddhism, Hatha Yoga, Vipassana and Advaita Vedanta, the program itself is secular.[1][13] The MBSR program is described in detail in Kabat-Zinn's 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living.[1]

History

[edit]
Jon Kabat-Zinn, founder of the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Clinic

In 1979, Jon Kabat-Zinn founded the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, and nearly two decades later, the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.[2] These institutions have been instrumental in supporting the growth and implementation of MBSR in hospitals worldwide.[1] Kabat-Zinn's book, Full Catastrophe Living, which details the MBSR program, became a bestseller and was reissued in a revised edition in 2013.[1] In 1993, Jon Kabat-Zinn's MBSR course was featured in Bill Moyers' documentary, Healing from Within.[14] By 2015, nearly 80% of medical schools offered some element of mindfulness training,[15] and research and education centers dedicated to mindfulness had proliferated.

Program

[edit]
See also: Full Catastrophe Living

A meta-analysis described MBSR as "a group program that focuses upon the progressive acquisition of mindful awareness, of mindfulness".[14] The MBSR program is an eight-week workshop conducted by certified trainers, consisting of weekly group meetings (2.5 hours each) and a one-day retreat (seven-hour mindfulness practice) between sessions six and seven. Participants are also assigned daily homework (45 minutes) and instructed in three primary techniques: mindfulness meditation, body scanning, and simple yoga postures.[1] Group discussions and exploration—of the meditation practice and its application to everyday life—are integral to the program. This component is crucial for understanding how mindfulness can be incorporated into daily living. Body scanning, introduced during the first four weeks, involves quietly sitting or lying while systematically focusing attention on different body regions, starting from the toes and moving up to the top of the head.[1][2] MBSR is founded on principles such as non-judging, non-striving, acceptance, letting go, beginner’s mind, patience, trust, and de-centering.[15][1]

According to Kabat-Zinn, the core of MBSR is mindfulness, which he defines as "moment-to-moment, non-judgmental awareness."[1] Throughout the program, participants are encouraged to engage in informal practices by incorporating mindfulness into their daily routines. This focus on the present is believed to enhance sensitivity to both the environment and one's reactions to it, thereby improving self-management and coping skills. It also provides a means to escape from dwelling on the past or worrying about the future, breaking the cycle of maladaptive cognitive patterns.[16] Research has confirmed the validity and reliability of a weekly single-item practice quality assessment. Improvements in self-reported mindfulness and psychological symptoms were predicted by increases in practice quality, although no similar effects were observed for behavioral mindfulness. Additionally, longer practice sessions were associated with better practice quality.[17]

Scientific evidence of the debilitating effects of stress on the human body and its evolutionary origins was highlighted by the work of Robert Sapolsky, particularly in the book Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers.[16][17] Mindfulness meditation has been shown to bring about significant reductions in psychological stress,[5][18][19] and appears to prevent the physiological changes and biological manifestations that typically result from psychological stress.[11][12][10] Early neuroimaging studies suggest that MBSR training impacts the brain areas responsible for attention, introspection, and emotional processing.[20]

Extent of practice

[edit]

According to a 2014 article in Time magazine, mindfulness meditation is becoming popular among people who would not normally consider meditation.[18] The curriculum started by Kabat-Zinn at University of Massachusetts Medical Center has produced nearly 1,000 certified MBSR instructors who are in nearly every state in the US and more than 30 countries. Corporations such as General Mills have made MBSR instruction available to their employees or set aside rooms for meditation. Democratic Congressman Tim Ryan published a book in 2012 titled A Mindful Nation and he has helped organize regular group meditation periods on Capitol Hill.[18][19]

Methods of practice

[edit]
See also: Full Catastrophe Living

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) classes and programs are offered at various facilities, including hospitals, retreat centers, and yoga studios.[20] These programs typically focus on teaching:

  • Mind and body awareness to reduce the physiological effects of stress, pain, or illness.
  • Experiential exploration of stress and distress to cultivate less emotional reactivity.
  • Equanimity in the face of change and loss, which is a natural part of human life.
  • Non-judgmental awareness in daily life.
  • Promotion of serenity and clarity in each moment.
  • Experiencing a more joyful life and accessing inner resources for healing and stress management.
  • Mindfulness meditation.

Evaluation of effectiveness

[edit]

Mindfulness-based approaches have been found to be beneficial for healthy adults,[5][21][22] for adolescents and children,[23][24] healthcare professionals,[25] as well as for different health-related outcomes including eating disorders,[26][27][28] psychiatric conditions,[29][30][31][32] pain management [33][3][34] sleep disorders,[35][36] cancer care,[37][38] psychological distress, and for coping with health-related conditions.[39][40][41][42] Research suggests that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is especially effective in managing stress and improving quality of life in the context of health by offering a non-pharmacological approach that enhances functional status and well-being across a diverse range of health related conditions.[43] As a major subject of increasing research interest, 52 papers were published in 2003, rising to 477 by 2012.[18] Nearly 100 randomized controlled trials had been published by early 2014.[44]

According to a systematic review and meta-analysis, mindfulness meditation programs demonstrated moderate evidence of reducing anxiety, depression, and pain, but showed low evidence for improving stress/distress, mental health-related quality of life, positive mood, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, and weight. The study highlighted the need for stronger research designs to better understand the effects of meditation programs on various dimensions of mental health. [45]

The development of therapies to improve individuals' flexibility in switching between using and not using emotion regulation (ER) methods is necessary because it is linked to better mental health, wellbeing, and resilience. According to research, those who attended MBSR training exhibited greater regulatory decision flexibility.[46] In post-secondary students, research on mindfulness-based stress reduction has demonstrated that it can reduce psychological distress, which is common in this age range. In one study, the long-term impact of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) treatment extended to two months after the intervention was completed.[47]

Research suggests mindfulness training improves focus, attention, and ability to work under stress.[48][49][50] Mindfulness may also have potential benefits for cardiovascular health.[51][52][53] The effectiveness of MBSR in treating psychological disorders, particularly anxiety and depression, has been supported by recent meta-analytic evidence. However, MBSR was found to be not more effective than traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and showed only moderate efficacy compared to other active treatments. [54] Evidence suggests efficacy of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of substance use disorders.[55][56][57] Mindfulness training may also be beneficial for people with fibromyalgia.[58][59][60]

In addition, recent research has explored the ability of mindfulness-based stress reduction to increase self-compassion and enhance the well-being of those who are caregivers, specifically mothers, for youth struggling with substance use disorders.[61] Mindfulness-based interventions allowed for the mothers to experience a decrease in stress as well as a better relationship with themselves which resulted in improved interpersonal relationships.

It has been demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction has beneficial impacts on healthy individuals as well as suffering individuals and those close to suffering individuals. Roca et al. (2019) conducted an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program for healthy participants.[62] Five pillars of MBSR, including mindfulness, compassion, psychological well-being, psychological distress, and emotional-cognitive control were identified. Participants psychological functioning were examined and assessed using questionnaires. Mindfulness and overall well-being was significant between the five pillars observed.

Mindfulness-based interventions and their impact have become prevalent in every-day life, especially when rooted in an academic setting. After interviewing children, of the average age of 11, it was apparent that mindfulness had contributed to their ability to regulate their emotions.[63] In addition to these findings, these children expressed that the more mindfulness was incorporated by their school and teachers, the easier it was to apply its principles. In a 2021 Cochrane review for mindfulness-based psychological interventions for medical students and junior doctors its utility remained unconfirmed due to few studies and risk of bias.[64]

MBIs (mindfulness-based interventions) showed a positive effect on mental and somatic health in social interactions when compared to other active treatments in adults. However, these effects were largely independent of gender, study sample, duration, and compliance with the MBSR intervention. The research also highlighted that while MBIs were effective, their benefits were generally modest compared to other therapeutic interventions. [65]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kabat-Zinn J (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0-345-53972-4.
  2. ^ a b c Kabat-Zinn J. (2003). "Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 10 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
  3. ^ a b c Creswell JD (January 2017). "Mindfulness Interventions". Annual Review of Psychology. 68: 491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139. PMID 27687118.
  4. ^ Gu J, Strauss C, Bond R, Cavanagh K (April 2015). "How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies". Clinical Psychology Review. 37: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006. PMID 25689576. S2CID 4117449.
  5. ^ a b c Khoury B, Sharma M, Rush SE, Fournier C (June 2015). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 78 (6): 519–528. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009. PMID 25818837.
  6. ^ Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL (February 2018). "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 59: 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011. PMC 5741505. PMID 29126747.
  7. ^ Boyd JE, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC (January 2018). "Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 43 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1503/jpn.170021. PMC 5747539. PMID 29252162.
  8. ^ Jones BJ, Kaur S, Miller M, Spencer RM (2020). "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Benefits Psychological Well-Being, Sleep Quality, and Athletic Performance in Female Collegiate Rowers". Frontiers in Psychology. 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572980. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7531189. PMID 33071908.
  9. ^ di Fronso S, Robazza C, Pompa D, Bertollo M (2024-01-15). "Dreaming while awake: The beneficial effects of yoga Nidra on mental and physical recovery in two elite karate athletes". Heliyon. 10 (1): e24180. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1024180D. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24180. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10806354. PMID 38268574.
  10. ^ a b Black DS, Slavich GM (June 2016). "Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1373 (1): 13–24. Bibcode:2016NYASA1373...13B. doi:10.1111/nyas.12998. PMC 4940234. PMID 26799456.
  11. ^ a b Karunamuni N, Imayama I, Goonetilleke D (March 2021). "Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables". Social Science & Medicine. 272: 112846. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846. PMID 32089388. S2CID 211262159.
  12. ^ a b Creswell JD, Lindsay EK, Villalba DK, Chin B (April 2019). "Mindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes". Psychosomatic Medicine. 81 (3): 224–232. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000675. PMC 6613793. PMID 30806634.
  13. ^ Kathirasan K, Rai S (2023-02-20). "The Mindfulness-Based Wellbeing Enhancement (MBWE) Curriculum". Introducing Mindfulness-Based Wellbeing Enhancement. London: Routledge. pp. 240–247. doi:10.4324/9781003322955-4. ISBN 978-1-003-32295-5.
  14. ^ a b Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H (July 2004). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 57 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x. PMID 15256293. S2CID 8136857.
  15. ^ a b Frewen, P. A., Evans, E.M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J., Partridge, K. (2008). "Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking" (PDF). Cognitive Therapy and Research. 32 (6): 758–774. doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1. S2CID 17323996.
  16. ^ a b Sapolsky R (2004). Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. USA: Holt paperbacks. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-8050-7369-0.
  17. ^ a b Sapolsky RM (September 1982). "The endocrine stress-response and social status in the wild baboon". Hormones and Behavior. 16 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(82)90027-7. PMID 6890939. S2CID 41960639.
  18. ^ a b c d Pickert, K. (February 2014). "The art of being mindful. Finding peace in a stressed-out, digitally dependent culture may just be a matter of thinking differently". Time. Vol. 183, no. 4. pp. 40–6. PMID 24640415.
  19. ^ a b Warren R (January 8, 2014). "A Meditation on the Quiet Time Caucus". Roll Call. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Mindfulness based stress reduction at El Camino Hospital, Mountain View, CA". El Camino Hospital. 2015.
  21. ^ Vonderlin R, Biermann M, Bohus M, Lyssenko L (2 March 2020). "Mindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Mindfulness. 11 (7): 1579–1598. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01328-3.
  22. ^ Dawson AF, Brown WW, Anderson J, Datta B, Donald JN, Hong K, et al. (July 2020). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 12 (2): 384–410. doi:10.1111/aphw.12188. PMID 31743957. S2CID 208186271.
  23. ^ Zenner C, Herrnleben-Kurz S, Walach H (2014). "Mindfulness-based interventions in schools-a systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 603. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603. PMC 4075476. PMID 25071620.
  24. ^ Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Kuyken W, Crane C, Foulkes L, Parker J, Dalgleish T (March 2019). "Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 60 (3): 244–258. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12980. PMC 6546608. PMID 30345511.
  25. ^ Kriakous SA, Elliott KA, Lamers C, Owen R (2020-09-24). "The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Psychological Functioning of Healthcare Professionals: a Systematic Review". Mindfulness. 12 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01500-9. PMC 7511255. PMID 32989406. S2CID 221880373.
  26. ^ Sala M, Shankar Ram S, Vanzhula IA, Levinson CA (June 2020). "Mindfulness and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 53 (6): 834–851. doi:10.1002/eat.23247. PMID 32100320.
  27. ^ Carrière K, Khoury B, Günak MM, Knäuper B (February 2018). "Mindfulness-based interventions for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Obesity Reviews. 19 (2): 164–177. doi:10.1111/obr.12623. PMID 29076610. S2CID 44877765.
  28. ^ Rogers JM, Ferrari M, Mosely K, Lang CP, Brennan L (January 2017). "Mindfulness-based interventions for adults who are overweight or obese: a meta-analysis of physical and psychological health outcomes". Obesity Reviews. 18 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1111/obr.12461. hdl:10072/393029. PMID 27862826. S2CID 3977651.
  29. ^ Xue J, Zhang Y, Huang Y (June 2019). "A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on ADHD symptoms". Medicine. 98 (23): e15957. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015957. PMC 6571280. PMID 31169722.
  30. ^ Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Maffei C (2018). "The Clinical Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials". European Addiction Research. 24 (3): 137–162. doi:10.1159/000490762. PMID 30016796.
  31. ^ Spijkerman MP, Pots WT, Bohlmeijer ET (April 2016). "Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Clinical Psychology Review. 45: 102–114. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009. PMID 27111302.
  32. ^ Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D (April 2010). "The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1037/a0018555. PMC 2848393. PMID 20350028.
  33. ^ Hilton L, Hempel S, Ewing BA, Apaydin E, Xenakis L, Newberry S, et al. (April 2017). "Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9844-2. PMC 5368208. PMID 27658913.
  34. ^ Zeidan F, Martucci KT, Kraft RA, Gordon NS, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC (April 2011). "Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 31 (14): 5540–5548. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5791-10.2011. PMC 3090218. PMID 21471390.
  35. ^ Wang YY, Wang F, Zheng W, Zhang L, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, Xiang YT (2020). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 18 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1518228. PMID 30380915. S2CID 53201885.
  36. ^ Kanen J, Nazir R, Sedky K, Pradhan B (30 April 2015). "The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Sleep Disturbance: A Meta-Analysis". Adolescent Psychiatry. 5 (2): 105–115. doi:10.2174/2210676605666150311222928.
  37. ^ Xunlin NG, Lau Y, Klainin-Yobas P (April 2020). "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions among cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Supportive Care in Cancer. 28 (4): 1563–1578. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05219-9. PMID 31834518. S2CID 209331542.
  38. ^ Xie C, Dong B, Wang L, Jing X, Wu Y, Lin L, Tian L (March 2020). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction can alleviate cancer- related fatigue: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 130: 109916. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109916. PMID 31927347. S2CID 210166679.
  39. ^ DiRenzo D, Crespo-Bosque M, Gould N, Finan P, Nanavati J, Bingham CO (October 2018). "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis". Current Rheumatology Reports. 20 (12): 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0787-4. PMC 6233984. PMID 30338418.
  40. ^ Simpson R, Simpson S, Ramparsad N, Lawrence M, Booth J, Mercer SW (February 2020). "Effects of Mindfulness-based interventions on physical symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 38: 101493. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101493. PMID 31835209. S2CID 209232064.
  41. ^ Guo J, Wang H, Luo J, Guo Y, Xie Y, Lei B, et al. (11 December 2019). "Factors influencing the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on diabetes distress: a meta-analysis". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 7 (1): e000757. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000757. PMC 6936501. PMID 31908794.
  42. ^ Demarzo MM, Montero-Marin J, Cuijpers P, Zabaleta-del-Olmo E, Mahtani KR, Vellinga A, et al. (November 2015). "The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A Meta-Analytic Review". Annals of Family Medicine. 13 (6): 573–582. doi:10.1370/afm.1863. PMC 4639383. PMID 26553897.
  43. ^ Reibel DK, Greeson JM, Brainard GC, Rosenzweig S (2001-07-01). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life in a heterogeneous patient population". General Hospital Psychiatry. 23 (4): 183–192. doi:10.1016/S0163-8343(01)00149-9. ISSN 0163-8343. PMID 11543844.
  44. ^ Hurley D (January 14, 2014). "Breathing In vs. Spacing Out". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  45. ^ Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga E, et al. (March 2014). "Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 357–368. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018. PMC 4142584. PMID 24395196.
  46. ^ Alkoby A, Pliskin R, Halperin E, Levit-Binnun N (June 2019). "An eight-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) workshop increases regulatory choice flexibility". Emotion. 19 (4): 593–604. doi:10.1037/emo0000461. PMID 29952613. S2CID 49476836.
  47. ^ Felver JC, Morton ML, Clawson AJ (2018). "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Reduces Psychological Distress in College Students". College Student Journal. 52 (3): 291–298. ISSN 0146-3934.
  48. ^ Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, Gray JR, Greve DN, Treadway MT, et al. (November 2005). "Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness". NeuroReport. 16 (17): 1893–1897. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19. PMC 1361002. PMID 16272874.
  49. ^ Cloud J (2010-08-06). "Losing Focus? Studies Say Meditation May Help". Time.
  50. ^ Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ (June 2007). "Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention". Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 7 (2): 109–119. doi:10.3758/CABN.7.2.109. PMID 17672382.
  51. ^ Levine GN, Lange RA, Bairey-Merz CN, Davidson RJ, Jamerson K, Mehta PK, et al. (September 2017). "Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Journal of the American Heart Association. 6 (10). doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.002218. PMC 5721815. PMID 28963100.
  52. ^ Grierson AB, Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Scott J (September 2016). "The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models". Psychological Medicine. 46 (12): 2467–2484. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001392. PMC 4988274. PMID 27352637.
  53. ^ Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Jenkins ZM, Ski CF (December 2017). "Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 95: 156–178. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004. PMID 28863392.
  54. ^ Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, et al. (June 2013). "Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (6): 763–771. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005. PMID 23796855.
  55. ^ Sancho M, De Gracia M, Rodríguez RC, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Sánchez-González J, Trujols J, et al. (2018). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9 (95): 95. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095. PMC 5884944. PMID 29651257.
  56. ^ Chiesa A, Serretti A (April 2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence". Substance Use & Misuse. 49 (5): 492–512. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.770027. PMID 23461667. S2CID 34990668.
  57. ^ Garland EL, Froeliger B, Howard MO (January 2014). "Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4: 173. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173. PMC 3887509. PMID 24454293.
  58. ^ Adler-Neal AL, Zeidan F (September 2017). "Mindfulness Meditation for Fibromyalgia: Mechanistic and Clinical Considerations". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (9): 59. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0686-0. PMC 5693231. PMID 28752493.
  59. ^ Henke M, Chur-Hansen A (5 June 2014). "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based programs on physical symptoms and psychological distress in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review". International Journal of Wellbeing. 4 (1): 28–45. doi:10.5502/ijw.v4i1.2. hdl:2440/94673.
  60. ^ Lauche R, Cramer H, Dobos G, Langhorst J, Schmidt S (December 2013). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 75 (6): 500–510. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.010. PMID 24290038.
  61. ^ Smith JM, Bright KS, Mader J, Smith J, Afzal AR, Patterson C, et al. (April 2020). "A pilot of a mindfulness based stress reduction intervention for female caregivers of youth who are experiencing substance use disorders". Addictive Behaviors. 103: 106223. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106223. PMID 31838440. S2CID 209385094.
  62. ^ Roca P, Diez GG, Castellanos N, Vazquez C (2019-07-18). Sendiña-Nadal I (ed.). "Does mindfulness change the mind? A novel psychonectome perspective based on Network Analysis". PLOS ONE. 14 (7): e0219793. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419793R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219793. PMC 6638953. PMID 31318929.
  63. ^ Hutchinson JK, Huws JC, Dorjee D (December 2018). "Exploring experiences of children in applying a school-based mindfulness programme to their lives". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 27 (12): 3935–3951. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1221-2. ISSN 1062-1024. S2CID 149474127.
  64. ^ Sekhar P, Tee QX, Ashraf G, Trinh D, Shachar J, Jiang A, et al. (Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group) (December 2021). "Mindfulness-based psychological interventions for improving mental well-being in medical students and junior doctors". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (12): CD013740. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013740.pub2. PMC 8664003. PMID 34890044.
  65. ^ de Vibe M, Bjørndal A, Fattah S, Dyrdal GM, Halland E, Tanner-Smith EE (January 2017). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of life and social functioning in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Campbell Systematic Reviews. 13 (1): 1–264. doi:10.4073/csr.2017.11. hdl:11250/2488002. ISSN 1891-1803.

[1]

[2]

[edit]
  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mindfulness-based_stress_reduction&oldid=1256091895"