Harnack's curve theorem

The elliptic curve (smooth degree 3) on the left is an M-curve, as it has the maximum (2) components, while the curve on the right has only 1 component.

In real algebraic geometry, Harnack's curve theorem, named after Axel Harnack, gives the possible numbers of connected components that an algebraic curve can have, in terms of the degree of the curve. For any algebraic curve of degree $m$ in the real projective plane, the number of components $c$ is bounded by

{\frac {1-(-1)^{m}}{2}}\leq c\leq {\frac {(m-1)(m-2)}{2}}+1.\

The maximum number is one more than the maximum genus of a curve of degree $m$ , attained when the curve is nonsingular. Moreover, any number of components in this range of possible values can be attained.

A curve which attains the maximum number of real components is called an M-curve (from "maximum") – for example, an elliptic curve with two components, such as $y^{2}=x^{3}-x,$ or the Trott curve, a quartic with four components, are examples of M-curves.

This theorem formed the background to Hilbert's sixteenth problem.

In a recent development a Harnack curve is shown to be a curve whose amoeba has area equal to the Newton polygon of the polynomial $P$ , which is called the characteristic curve of dimer models, and every Harnack curve is the spectral curve of some dimer model.(Mikhalkin 2001)(Kenyon, Okounkov & Sheffield (2006))

References

Dmitrii Andreevich Gudkov, The topology of real projective algebraic varieties, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 29 (1974), 3–79 (Russian), English transl., Russian Math. Surveys 29:4 (1974), 1–79
Carl Gustav Axel Harnack, Ueber die Vieltheiligkeit der ebenen algebraischen Curven, Math. Ann. 10 (1876), 189–199
George Wilson, Hilbert's sixteenth problem, Topology 17 (1978), 53–74
Kenyon, Richard; Okounkov, Andrei; Sheffield, Scott (2006). "Dimers and Amoebae". Annals of Mathematics. 163 (3): 1019–1056. arXiv:math-ph/0311005. doi:10.4007/annals.2006.163.1019. MR 2215138. S2CID 119724053.
Mikhalkin, Grigory (2001), Amoebas of algebraic varieties, arXiv:math/0108225, MR 2102998