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AIDS-related lymphoma

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AIDS-related lymphoma
SpecialtyHematology and oncology

AIDS-related lymphoma describes lymphomas occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2]

A lymphoma is a type of cancer arising from lymphoid cells. In AIDS, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary cerebral lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are all increased. There are three different varieties of AIDS-related lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma (small non-cleaved cell lymphoma).[3]

Signs and symptoms

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The histologic classification of the lymphoma, as well as the locations and severity of the disease, all influence the clinical presentation of HIV-related lymphomas.[4] HIV-related lymphomas are more likely to present with advanced stage disease, constitutional symptoms (also known as "B" symptoms; fever, weight loss, and night sweats), extranodal involvement, or disease involving unusual locations (such as the body cavity or soft tissue) than lymphomas in the HIV-negative population.[5][6]

HIV-related lymphomas can present with a variety of clinical symptoms, including organomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and/or constitutional symptoms. Unknown fever, cytopenias, tumor lysis syndrome (including lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase), and other isolated laboratory abnormalities (such as hypercalcemia) are observed in certain patients.[7]

Causes

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HIV-positive individuals' lymphomas vary widely and can be classified into several histologic subtypes.[8] The two primary lymphoma types that develop in HIV-positive individuals are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL).[9]

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a highly aggressive type of B-cell lymphoma. It is distinguished by the widespread proliferation of large neoplastic B lymphocytes with nuclei that are equal to or larger than normal histiocytic nuclei.[10] The illness manifests with B symptoms at an advanced stage of the illness. It mostly affects patients who are severely immunosuppressed and can occur at nodal or extranodal sites, with the gastrointestinal tract being the most common site.[11][12] It makes up between 45 and 50 percent of all lymphomas seen in this group, making it the most prevalent AIDS-associated lymphoma subtype.[13][14] All ages are affected by DLBCL, which typically manifests as a rapidly growing lymph node mass in the neck or abdomen.[15] Up to 40% of patients have extranodal extramedullary disease, and about 30% of patients exhibit B symptoms.[16]

The second most prevalent NHL subtype that affects HIV-positive individuals with a comparatively high CD4 cell count is Burkitt's lymphoma. Patients typically have elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels and poor performance status.[15] The central nervous system is involved in 8 to 28% of cases, with extranodal involvement occurring more frequently.[11] It usually manifests at a younger age and with CD4 cell counts greater than 200 cells/μL.[17] It develops quickly and is a kind of tumor that starts from B cells. In addition, it is fatal if untreated.[18] Burkitt's lymphoma is linked to a high incidence of oral cavity involvement and makes up 10-15% of AIDS-defining lymphomas.[15] Three clinical subtypes of Burkitt's lymphoma have been identified: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-related.[19] Thirty to forty percent of AIDS-related NHL cases are Burkitt's lymphoma subtype, which is most prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients.[18]

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a subtype of NHL that impacts the eyes, brain, spine, and cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system.[20] It appears in patients who have severe immune suppression; since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, its incidence has declined in these patients. The majority of PCNSL linked to HIV is Epstein-Barr virus positive.[15] Furthermore, unlike HIV-negative PCNSL, patients typically present with multiple brain lesions and/or changes in mental status or focal neurologic symptoms.[14][21] Changes in mental state, intracranial pressure symptoms (headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema), and local compression symptoms (epilepsy, memory loss, unstable gait, visual impairment, slurred speech) are the most common symptoms of PCNSL.[22]

Primary effusion lymphoma is a distinct subtype of aggressive B-cell NHL. It is brought on by HHV8, commonly referred to as KSHV, or Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.[23][24] It is uncommon, making up 0.3% of NHL in the general population and 4% of NHL linked to HIV. Between 60 and 90 percent of cases of primary effusion lymphoma have EBV co-infection, although its pathogenesis is unknown.[15] There are malignant lymphomatous effusions in the pericardium, peritoneal cavity, and pleural space.[25]

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) originates from terminally differentiated, activated B-cells at the post-germinal center that are changing from immunoblasts to plasma cells.[15] About 2% of all AIDS-associated lymphomas are PBL-associated lymphomas.[26] HIV infection is closely associated with this uncommon form of lymphoma, which primarily affects the oral cavity.[27][verification needed] 

With a widespread proliferation of massive neoplastic cells that resemble B-cell immunoblasts but have the immunophenotype of plasma cells, it is incredibly aggressive.[28]

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common cancers that do not indicate AIDS, and since highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced, its incidence has increased. It is a germinal center-derived cell that produces Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells.[15] It is more common in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV.[29] Compared to mild immune compromise, the incidence of HL is lower in states of extreme immunodeficiency. It's possible that there was insufficient immunological contact between non-neoplastic inflammatory cells and HRS cells.[30]

Mechanism

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HIV-positive patients have a higher incidence of malignancies for a variety of reasons. These consist of inflammation, cytokine dysregulation, and persistent antigenic stimulation.[15] Moreover, oncogenic viruses are more likely to infect HIV/AIDS patients.[31] Thus, a variety of factors, such as a compromised immune system, genetic changes, viral infection, and persistent B cell activation, contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS-associated lymphoma.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Besson C, Goubar A, Gabarre J, et al. (October 2001). "Changes in AIDS-related lymphoma since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy". Blood. 98 (8): 2339–44. doi:10.1182/blood.V98.8.2339. PMID 11588028.
  2. ^ Rigolet A, Bossi P, Caumes E, et al. (September 2001). "Caractéristiques épidémiologiques et évolution de l'incidence des lymphomes cérébraux primitifs observés chez 80 patients infectés par le VIH entre 1983 et 1999" [Epidemiological features and incidence trends of primary cerebral lymphomas observed in 80 HIV-infected patients from 1983 to 1999]. Pathologie-biologie (in French). 49 (7): 572–5. doi:10.1016/S0369-8114(01)00206-1. PMID 11642021.
  3. ^ "AIDS-Related Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®) - National Cancer Institute". Cancer.gov. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  4. ^ "UpToDate". UpToDate. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  5. ^ Heise, Walter (2010). "GI-lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients (organ transplantation; HIV)". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 24 (1). Elsevier BV: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2010.01.001. ISSN 1521-6918. PMID 20206109.
  6. ^ Noy, Ariela (2020). "HIV Lymphoma and Burkitts Lymphoma". The Cancer Journal. 26 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 260–268. doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000448. ISSN 1540-336X. PMC 9302611. PMID 32496459.
  7. ^ Abellán-Martínez, Javier; Guerra-Vales, Juan-Manuel; Fernández-Cotarelo, María-José; González-Alegre, María-Teresa (2009). "Evolution of the incidence and aetiology of fever of unknown origin (FUO), and survival in HIV-infected patients after HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 20 (5). Elsevier BV: 474–477. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2009.01.004. ISSN 0953-6205. PMID 19712847.
  8. ^ Carroll, Virginia; Garzino-Demo, Alfredo (June 29, 2015). "HIV-associated lymphoma in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: shifting the immunological landscape". Pathogens and Disease. 73 (7). Oxford University Press (OUP): ftv044. doi:10.1093/femspd/ftv044. ISSN 2049-632X. PMC 4607737. PMID 26121984.
  9. ^ Brunnberg, Uta; Hentrich, Marcus; Hoffmann, Christian; Wolf, Timo; Hübel, Kai (2017). "HIV-Associated Malignant Lymphoma". Oncology Research and Treatment. 40 (3). S. Karger AG: 82–87. doi:10.1159/000456036. ISSN 2296-5270. PMID 28253516.
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  12. ^ Magangane, Pumza S.; Mohamed, Zainab; Naidoo, Richard (February 24, 2020). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, low-resource setting". South African Journal of Oncology. 4. AOSIS. doi:10.4102/sajo.v4i0.104. ISSN 2518-8704.
  13. ^ Wu, Dedong; Chen, Chen; Zhang, Mingzhi; Li, Zhaoming; Wang, Suqian; Shi, Jijing; Zhang, Yu; Yao, Dingzhu; Hu, Shuang (March 29, 2019). "The clinical features and prognosis of 100 AIDS-related lymphoma cases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 5381. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5381W. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41869-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6441082. PMID 30926889.
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  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Berhan, Ayenew; Bayleyegn, Biruk; Getaneh, Zegeye (2022). "HIV/AIDS Associated Lymphoma: Review". Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 12. Informa UK Limited: 31–45. doi:10.2147/blctt.s361320. ISSN 1179-9889. PMC 9063794. PMID 35517869.
  16. ^ Shah, Hina J.; Keraliya, Abhishek R.; Jagannathan, Jyothi P.; Tirumani, Sree Harsha; Lele, Vikram R.; DiPiro, Pamela J. (2017). "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Era of Precision Oncology: How Imaging Is Helpful". Korean Journal of Radiology. 18 (1). The Korean Society of Radiology: 54–70. doi:10.3348/kjr.2017.18.1.54. ISSN 1229-6929. PMC 5240489. PMID 28096718.
  17. ^ Pinisetti, S.; Nalabolu, G. R.; Uvr, C.; Tadi, D. P. (2013). "HIV Associated Intra–oral Burkitt's Lymphoma: A Case Report". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 7 (12). JCDR Research and Publications: 3088–3089. doi:10.7860/jcdr/2013/6715.3862. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 3919292. PMID 24551737.
  18. ^ a b Ansorge, Rick (November 1, 2021). "Burkitt Lymphoma: Diagnosis, Prognosis, Symptoms, and Treatments". WebMD. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  19. ^ Dozzo, Massimo; Carobolante, Francesca; Donisi, Pietro Maria; Scattolin, Annamaria; Maino, Elena; Sancetta, Rosaria; Viero, Piera; Bassan, Renato (2016). "Burkitt lymphoma in adolescents and young adults: management challenges". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 8. Informa UK Limited: 11–29. doi:10.2147/ahmt.s94170. ISSN 1179-318X. PMC 5207020. PMID 28096698.
  20. ^ Grommes, Christian; DeAngelis, Lisa M. (July 20, 2017). "Primary CNS Lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 35 (21). American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO): 2410–2418. doi:10.1200/jco.2017.72.7602. ISSN 0732-183X. PMC 5516483. PMID 28640701.
  21. ^ Dunleavy, Kieron; Wilson, Wyndham H. (April 5, 2012). "How I treat HIV-associated lymphoma". Blood. 119 (14). American Society of Hematology: 3245–3255. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-373738. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 3321851. PMID 22337719.
  22. ^ Zhao, Hui; Ma, Miao; Zhang, Limin; Zheng, Guanghui; Lv, Hong; Liu, Jie; Li, Xiao; Song, Bei; Zhang, Guojun (May 7, 2019). "Diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma via cerebrospinal fluid cytology: a case report". BMC Neurology. 19 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1317-3. ISSN 1471-2377. PMC 6505083. PMID 31064334.
  23. ^ Jarrett, Ruth F (December 17, 2005). "Viruses and lymphoma/leukaemia". The Journal of Pathology. 208 (2). Wiley: 176–186. doi:10.1002/path.1905. ISSN 0022-3417. PMID 16362996.
  24. ^ Antar, A; El Hajj, H; Jabbour, M; Khalifeh, I; EL-Merhi, F; Mahfouz, R; Bazarbachi, A (March 7, 2014). "Primary effusion lymphoma in an elderly patient effectively treated by lenalidomide: case report and review of literature". Blood Cancer Journal. 4 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: e190. doi:10.1038/bcj.2014.6. ISSN 2044-5385. PMC 3972705. PMID 24608734.
  25. ^ Narkhede, Mayur; Arora, Shagun; Ujjani, Chaitra (2018). "Primary effusion lymphoma: current perspectives". OncoTargets and Therapy. 11. Informa UK Limited: 3747–3754. doi:10.2147/ott.s167392. ISSN 1178-6930. PMC 6029609. PMID 29988764.
  26. ^ Castillo, Jorge J.; Bibas, Michele; Miranda, Roberto N. (April 9, 2015). "The biology and treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma". Blood. 125 (15). American Society of Hematology: 2323–2330. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-10-567479. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 25636338.
  27. ^ Castillo, Jorge; Reagan, John (2011). "Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review". Scientific World Journal. 11: 687–96. doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.59. PMC 5720057. PMID 21442146.
  28. ^ Broccoli, Alessandro; Nanni, Laura; Stefoni, Vittorio; Agostinelli, Claudio; Argnani, Lisa; Cavo, Michele; Zinzani, Pier Luigi (June 8, 2018). "A patient with plasmablastic lymphoma achieving long-term complete remission after thalidomide-dexamethasone induction and double autologous stem cell transplantation: a case report". BMC Cancer. 18 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 645. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4561-9. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 5992724. PMID 29879938.
  29. ^ Ul-Haq, Ikram; Dalla Pria, Alessia; Suardi, Elisa; Pinato, David J.; Froeling, Fieke; Forni, John; Randell, Paul; Bower, Mark (March 13, 2018). "Blood Epstein–Barr virus DNA does not predict outcome in advanced HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma". Medical Oncology. 35 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 53. doi:10.1007/s12032-018-1099-2. hdl:10044/1/58296. ISSN 1357-0560. PMC 5849636. PMID 29536181.
  30. ^ Grogg, K L; Miller, R F; Dogan, A (December 20, 2006). "HIV infection and lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 60 (12). BMJ: 1365–1372. doi:10.1136/jcp.2007.051953. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 2095580. PMID 18042692.
  31. ^ Yarchoan, Robert; Uldrick, Thomas S. (March 15, 2018). "HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (11). Massachusetts Medical Society: 1029–1041. doi:10.1056/nejmra1615896. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 6890231. PMID 29539283.

Further reading

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