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Pig War (1859)

Coordinates: 48°27′42″N 123°00′24″W / 48.46167°N 123.00667°W / 48.46167; -123.00667
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Pig War

      — San Juan Islands
      — USA
      — UK
      — Border proposed by the USA
      — Border proposed by the UK
      — Compromise proposal
      — Modern border
DateJune 15 – October 1859 (troops stationed on San Juan Island until 1874)
Location
San Juan Islands
48°27′42″N 123°00′24″W / 48.46167°N 123.00667°W / 48.46167; -123.00667
Result A bloodless war—San Juan Islands awarded to the United States following third-party arbitration by the German Empire.
Belligerents

 United States

 United Kingdom

Commanders and leaders
Strength
461 combatants, 14 cannons 2,140 combatants; 5 warships mounting 70 cannons
Vancouver's 1798 map, showing some confusion in the vicinity of southeastern Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and Haro Strait

The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island (present-day Canada) and the Washington Territory (present-day State of Washington). The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute, and the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. Despite being referred to as a "war", there were no human casualties on either side.

Background

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Border ambiguity

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The Oregon Treaty of June 15, 1846, resolved the Oregon boundary dispute by dividing the Oregon Country/Columbia District between the United States and Britain "along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island, and thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, and of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the Pacific Ocean."[1]

However, two straits could be called the middle of the channel: Haro Strait, along the west side of the San Juan Islands; and Rosario Strait, along the east side.[2]

In 1846, there was still some uncertainty about the region's physical geography. The most commonly available maps were those of George Vancouver, published in 1798, and of Charles Wilkes, published in 1845. In both cases, the maps are unclear in the vicinity of the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. As a result, Haro Strait is not fully clear either.[3]

In 1856, the US and Britain set up a Boundary Commission to resolve several issues regarding the international boundary, including the water boundary from the Strait of Georgia to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The British appointed James Charles Prevost First Commissioner, George Henry Richards Second Commissioner, and William A. G. Young Secretary. The US appointed Archibald Campbell First Commissioner,[4] John Parke Second Commissioner, and William J. Warren Secretary. On June 27, 1857, the American and British commissioners met for the first time on board the British ship HMS Satellite,[4] anchored in Esquimalt Harbour. The two sides met several more times in 1857 in Esquimalt Harbour and Nanaimo Harbour, and corresponded by letter between meetings. The water boundary was discussed from October to December. From the start, Prevost maintained that Rosario Strait was required by the treaty's wording and was intended by the treaty framers, while Campbell had the same opinion for Haro Strait. [5]

Prevost held that the channel specified in the treaty must have three essential qualities:

  • it must separate the continent from Vancouver Island
  • it must carry the boundary in a southerly direction
  • it must be navigable

Only Rosario fulfilled these requirements, he wrote. Campbell countered that the expression "southerly", in the treaty, was to be understood in a general sense, that Rosario Strait did not separate the continent from Vancouver Island, but the San Juan Islands from Lummi Island, Cypress Island, Fidalgo Island, and others, and that navigability was not germane to the issue, but even if it was, Haro Strait was the wider and more direct passage. Finally, he challenged Prevost to produce any evidence showing that the treaty framers had intended Rosario Strait. Prevost responded to the challenge by referring to American maps showing the boundary running through Rosario Strait, including one by John C. Frémont, produced for and published by the US government, and another by John B. Preston, Surveyor General of Oregon in 1852. To the other points, Prevost repeated his statements about Rosario Strait's navigability—the channels between Lummi, Cypress, and Fidalgo islands not being navigable—and that a line through Rosario would be southerly. At the same time, one through Haro would have to be drawn westerly. The two continued to discuss the issue into December 1857, until it was clear what each side's argument was and that neither would be convinced of the other. Prevost made a final offer at the sixth meeting, on December 3. He suggested a compromise line through San Juan Channel, which would give the US all the main islands except San Juan Island. This offer was rejected and the commission adjourned, agreeing to report back to their respective governments. Thus ambiguity over the water boundary remained.[6]

Because of this ambiguity, both the United States and Britain claimed sovereignty over the San Juan Islands.[7] During this period of disputed sovereignty, Britain's Hudson's Bay Company established operations on San Juan and turned the island into a sheep ranch. Meanwhile, by mid-1859, twenty-five to twenty-nine American settlers had arrived.[2][8]

San Juan Island held significance not for its size, but as a military strategic point. While the British held Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island to the west, overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the entry point to Haro Strait, leading to the Strait of Georgia, the nation that held the San Juan Islands would be able to dominate all the straits connecting the Strait of Juan de Fuca with the Strait of Georgia.[9]

Political context

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General George B. McClellan, George Pickett’s West Point classmate and lifelong friend, claimed that General William S. Harney and Pickett conspired with a cabal, to start a war with Britain, creating a common enemy, to head off a north–south confrontation. However, General Granville O. Haller disputed McClellan's theory. He said they had wanted to start a war, but with hope of distracting the north so that the south could secede from the union.[10] The theories are given credence when it is noted that Major General Silas Casey, then a lieutenant colonel and deputy commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment, was reduced to a support role for Captain George Pickett who was given independent jurisdiction over a vast area by Harney, then a brevet major, and was also passed over by Harney in favor of Pickett when given this choice command.[10]

On the other hand, it can be said that Lieutenant Colonel Casey had not been reduced, for he was given command over the USS Massachusetts and Major Haller to protect and supervise the water of Puget Sound. Based on his military experience, he was given discretion to deviate from his orders.[10]

The pig incident

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A photograph of Belle Vue Sheep Farm Sep 1859 on San Juan Island circa the Pig War
Watercolor of Belle Vue sheep farm San Juan Island at time of Pig War
Modern view of Belle Vue sheep farm site and Olympic Mountains in the background

On June 15, 1859, exactly 13 years after the adoption of the Oregon Treaty, the ambiguity led to direct conflict. Lyman Cutlar, an American farmer who had moved onto San Juan Island claiming rights to live there under the Donation Land Claim Act, found a pig rooting in his garden[2][7][11] and eating his tubers. This was not the first occurrence and as a result Cutlar shot the pig, killing it. It turned out that the pig was owned by an Irishman, Charles Griffin, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company to run the sheep ranch on the island.[2][7][11] He also owned several pigs that he allowed to roam freely. The two had lived in peace until this incident. Cutlar offered $10 (equivalent to $340 in 2023) to Griffin to compensate for the pig, but Griffin was unsatisfied with this offer and demanded $100 (equivalent to $3,400 in 2023). Following this reply, Cutlar believed he should not have to pay for the pig because the pig had been trespassing on his land. One likely apocryphal account has Cutlar saying to Griffin, "It was eating my potatoes"; and Griffin replying, "It is up to you to keep your potatoes out of my pig."[11] When British authorities threatened to arrest Cutlar, American settlers called for military protection.[citation needed]

Military escalation

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Aerial view of Roberts redoubt San Juan Island

Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the Department of Oregon, initially dispatched Captain George Pickett and 66 American soldiers of the 9th Infantry Regiment under Pickett's command, to San Juan Island with orders to prevent the British from landing; the regiment sailed aboard USS Massachusetts.[2][7] Concerned that a squatter population of Americans would begin to occupy San Juan Island if the Americans were not kept in check, the British sent three warships under the command of Captain Geoffrey Hornby to counter the Americans.[2][7][11] Pickett was quoted as saying defiantly, "We'll make a Bunker Hill of it," placing him in the national limelight.[12] Pickett sited his company and battery near the Hudson's Bay Company's Belle Vue sheep farm near today's Cattle Point Light, and directly under the guns of HMS Satellite, a British ship. When this tactical error was pointed out, Capt Pickett moved his battery of cannon a few miles north to high ground overlooking both Griffin Bay and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and commenced to build a redoubt for his cannon.[citation needed]

Pickett established the American camp near the south end of San Juan Island, today one of two historical sites on the island, the other being the British camp, defended by the Royal Marines on the north end of the island. The camp redoubt was built under the supervision of new West Point graduate 2nd Lieutenant Henry Martyn Robert; Robert went on to become a general in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War and author of Robert's Rules of Order.[13][14] Robert's Redoubt is considered the best-preserved fortification of its kind in the United States. (To the east is Jackle's Lagoon, named for George Jackle, a soldier stationed at the American camp.)[15][16]

The situation continued to escalate. By August 10, 1859, 461 Americans with 14 cannons under Colonel Silas Casey were opposed by five British warships mounting 70 guns and carrying 2,140 men.[2][7][11]

The governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, had ordered Captain Hornby to dislodge the American troops, avoiding armed conflict if possible. At the time, the additional reinforcements sent by American General Harney had not yet arrived, and the island was occupied by only Pickett's 66 men. Hornby refused to take any action until British Rear Admiral Robert L. Baynes, who was in command of the British Navy in the Pacific, would arrive himself. When Baynes finally came and took stock of the situation, he told Governor Douglas that he would not escalate the conflict into a war between great nations "over a squabble about a pig".[7][11]

Resolution

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A sign commemorating the Pig War at the entrance of the British camp

When news about the crisis reached London and Washington, D.C., officials from both nations were shocked and took action to calm the potentially explosive international incident.[17]

In September, U.S. President James Buchanan sent General Winfield Scott to negotiate with Governor Douglas and resolve the growing crisis.[7][11][18] This was in the best interest of the United States, as sectionalist tensions within the country were increasing, soon to culminate in the American Civil War.[11] Scott had calmed two other border crises between the two nations in the late 1830s. He arrived in the San Juans in October and began negotiations with Douglas.[17]

As a result of the negotiations, both sides agreed to retain joint military occupation of the island until a final settlement could be reached, reducing their presence to a token force of no more than 100 men.[7] The British camp was established on the north end of San Juan Island along the shoreline, for ease of supply and access; and the American camp was created on the south end on a high, windswept meadow, suitable for artillery barrages against shipping.[11] Today the Union Jack still flies above the British camp site, being raised and lowered daily by park rangers, making it one of the few places without diplomatic status where U.S. government employees regularly hoist the flag of another country, though this is only for commemorative purposes.[19]

During the years of joint military occupation, the small British and American units on San Juan Island had an amicable mutual social life, visiting one another's camps to celebrate their respective national holidays and holding various athletic competitions. Park rangers tell visitors the biggest threat to peace on the island during these years was "the large amounts of alcohol available".[citation needed]

This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years. The dispute was peacefully resolved after more than a decade of confrontation and military bluster, during which time local British authorities lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region while the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War.[20] In 1866, the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the Colony of British Columbia to form an enlarged Colony of British Columbia.

In 1871, the enlarged colony joined the newly formed Dominion of Canada. That year, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington, which dealt with various differences between the two nations, including border issues involving the newly formed dominion. Among the results of the treaty was the decision to resolve the San Juan dispute by international arbitration, with German Emperor Wilhelm I chosen to act as arbitrator, meaning that the German Empire would decide if the British or the Americans would officially own the San Juan Islands. Presenting for the United States in the San Juan arbitration was George Bancroft who displayed great versatility and skill and won the case.[21] Wilhelm referred the issue to a three-man arbitration commission which met in Geneva for nearly a year.[17] On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States' offer.[2][7][11] The arbitrators chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait, to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.

On November 25, 1872, the British withdrew their Royal Marines from the British camp.[2] The Americans followed by July 1874.[2][7]

The Pig War is commemorated in San Juan Island National Historical Park.[11]

Key figures

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  • The redoubt had a commanding view of San Juan Island's southern tip and the approaches to the prairie from Griffin bay (left) and the Strait of Juan de Fuca
    The redoubt had a commanding view of San Juan Island's southern tip and the approaches to the prairie from Griffin bay (left) and the Strait of Juan de Fuca
  • Watercolor of US Army building Roberts Redoubt on San Juan Island
    Watercolor of US Army building Roberts Redoubt on San Juan Island
  • Water color of American camp, San Juan Island
    Water color of American camp, San Juan Island
  • American camp as it exists today
    American camp as it exists today
  • Union Jack at the British camp in San Juan Island National Historical Park
    Union Jack at the British camp in San Juan Island National Historical Park
  • British troops evacuate San Juan Island
    British troops evacuate San Juan Island

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The full text of Oregon Treaty at Wikisource
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Matthews, Todd. "The Pig War of San Juan Island". The Tablet. www.wahmee.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  3. ^ Hayes 1999, pp. 171–174.
  4. ^ a b Dougherty, Phil (2010-02-28). "The International Boundary Commission first meets on June 27, 1857". HistoryLink.org. Essay 9328. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  5. ^ "The Pig War of 1859". Historic UK. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  6. ^ Howay 1914, pp. 301–306.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Pig War". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  8. ^ Howay 1914, p. 303.
  9. ^ Vouri 1999, pp. 24, 81, 152.
  10. ^ a b c Vouri 1999, p. 82–84.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Woodbury, Chuck (July 1991). "How One Pig Could Have Changed American History". Out West Newspaper. No. 15. Edmonds, WA: Out West. Archived from the original on 1998-02-14.
  12. ^ Tagg 2008, 47. Major General George Edward Pickett.
  13. ^ "The Redoubt - San Juan Island National Historical Park". U.S. National Park Service. 2016-04-10. Archived from the original on 2016-10-08.
  14. ^ "Belle Vue Sheep Farm - San Juan Island National Historical Park". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23.
  15. ^ "Jakle's Lagoon, San Juan Island". thesanjuans.com. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  16. ^ Vouri 1999, p. [page needed].
  17. ^ a b c "The Pig War". San Juan Island National Historical Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  18. ^ Sainsbury, Brendan (12 September 2022). "The US island that nearly ignited a war". bbc.com. BBC Travel. Retrieved 17 Sep 2022.
  19. ^ Gibbs 1859, p. [page needed].
  20. ^ Jewell 2015, pp. 19–20.
  21. ^ Baker, Melissa. "Arbitration Explained". Island Histories. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  22. ^ Vouri 1999, p. 235.
  23. ^ Vouri 1999, pp. 1–5.

Sources

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Further reading

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