Louvar
| Louvar | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Luvaridae |
| Genus: | Luvarus |
| Species: | L. imperialis
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| Binomial name | |
| Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque, 1810
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The louvar or luvar (Luvarus imperialis) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, it is the only extant species in the genus Luvarus and family Luvaridae. This taxon is classified within the suborder Acanthuroidei, which includes the surgeonfish, of the order Acanthuriformes, and is the only pelagic species of this order. The juvenile form has a pair of spines near the base of the tail, like the surgeonfish, though they are lost in the adult.
Taxonomy
[edit]The louvar was first formally described in 1810 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque with its type locality given as Sicily.[3] Rafinesque described it as the only species in the monospecific genus Luvarus.[4] It is the only extant species in the genus and in the family Luvaridae,[5] the Luvaridae being proposed by Theodore Gill in 1885.[6] The family is included in the suborder Acanthuroidei of the order Acanthuriformes.[7]
Etymology
[edit]The louvar's binomial Luvarus imperialis is based on the Sicilian name for this fish, Luvari imperiali, which was used because this species resembles the actual luvari, the common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). The specific name imperialis means "imperial" or "majestic", perhaps referring to the palatability of its flesh.[8]
Description
[edit]The louvar has a robust, ovoid body tapering towards the caudal fin with a small mouth and eyes that are placed low on the head,[9] behind the mouth and beneath a large bulging forehead.[10] The anal and dorsal fins are long-based and are not tall and have no spines,[11] the anal fin has 18 soft rays and the dorsal fins have 20.[2] The caudal fin is large and concave with the slender caudal peduncle having either one or two keels close to the base of the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are tiny while the long pectoral fins have pointed tips. These fishes have a covering of rough skin with very small spines.[11] The overall colour is a metallic bluish-grey with some pinkish or orange tint.[10] The dorsal and caudal fins are reddish.[11] The juveniles have longer dorsal and anal fins than the adults and the origin of these fins is closer to the head. They also have long pelvic fins and teeth in the jaws, features that are lost as they change to adults.[10][11] The louvar has a maximum published total length of 200 cm (79 in), although 152 cm (60 in) is more typical, and a maximum weight of 150 kg (330 lb).[2]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The louvar has an almost cosmopolitan tropical and temperate distribution. It is widespread in the Indo-Pacific region but in the Atlantic the distribution is more localised, although it appears to be less uncommon in the eastern Atlantic than it is in the western Atlantic, and there are a number of widely dispersed records from the Mediterranean.[1] This is an oceanic or epipelagic species found near the surface or in deep water, down to 200 m (660 ft).[2]
Biology
[edit]Louvars are solitary[2] carnivores feeding on soft-bodied zooplankton such as jellyfishes and ctenophores.[10] The spawn from the late spring and throughout the summer[2] and each female may lay millions of small pelagic eggs.[10]
Studies of louvar anatomy indicates that they have evolved a highly complex system of red muscle akin to those of endothermic animals, of which there are very few known fish. However, it lacks a rete mirabile, unlike actual endotherms. It remains uncertain whether the species may ultimately evolve true endothermy or remain an ectotherm.[12]
Fisheries
[edit]
Louvars are very rare and are not targeted by fisheries and are normally taken as bycatch.[1] For example, they are hardly ever found in fish markets in the United States, only as bycatch, but is prized as an eating fish.[13] Fish are often removed from markets because of their high parasite load.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Collette, B.B. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Luvarus imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T190116A115308008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190116A15572470.en. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Luvarus imperialis". FishBase. February 2023 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Luvarus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Luvaridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Luvaridae". FishBase. February 2023 version.
- ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 2): Families EPHIPPIDAE, LEIOGNATHIDAE, SCATOPHAGIDAE, ANTIGONIIDAE, SIGANIDAE, CAPROIDAE, LUVARIDAE, ZANCLIDAE and ACANTHURIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Mark McGrouther (31 March 2021). "Louvar, Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque, 1810". Australian Museum. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Dianne J. Bray. "Luvarus imperialis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Louvar". Mexican Fish. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Arostegui, Martin C.; Shero, Michelle R.; Frank, Lawrence R.; Berquist, Rachel M.; Braun, Camrin D. (2023). "An enigmatic pelagic fish with internalized red muscle: A future regional endotherm or forever an ectotherm?". Journal of Fish Biology. 102 (6): 1311–1326. doi:10.1111/jfb.15375. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 36911991.
- ^ "Louvar: A Fish You May Never Taste". Larry Levine, Table Talk at Larry's. January 3, 2012.
External links
[edit]- "Luvarus imperialis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
- "Louvar". Australian Museum Fish Site. Retrieved 31 March 2006.
- "Phylogenetic Revision of the Fish Families Luvaridae and †Kushlukiidae (Acanthuroidei), with a New Genus and Two New Species of Eocene Luvarids" Contains information about Luvaridae and Kushlukiidae (Acanthuroidei).