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Luke P. Poland

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"Senator Poland" redirects here. For the Alaska State Senate member, see Kathryn Poland.
Luke Potter Poland
Member of the
United States House of Representatives
from Vermont's 2nd district
In office
March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885
Preceded byJames M. Tyler
Succeeded byWilliam W. Grout
In office
March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1875
Preceded byJustin Smith Morrill
Succeeded byDudley C. Denison
United States Senator
from Vermont
In office
November 21, 1865 – March 3, 1867
Preceded byJacob Collamer
Succeeded byJustin S. Morrill
Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
In office
1886–1887
Preceded byOrpheus T. Taylor
Succeeded byMyron E. Church
ConstituencyWaterville
In office
1878–1880
Preceded byElijah Dickinson Blodgett
Succeeded byWalter P. Smith
ConstituencySt. Johnsbury
Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
In office
1860–1865
Preceded byIsaac F. Redfield
Succeeded byJohn Pierpoint
Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
In office
1857–1860
Preceded byPierpoint Isham
Succeeded byAsahel Peck
In office
1849–1850
Preceded byCharles Davis
Succeeded byNone (Size of court reduced)
Personal details
Born(1815-11-01)November 1, 1815
Westford, Vermont, US
DiedJuly 2, 1887(1887-07-02) (aged 71)
Waterville, Vermont, US
Resting placeMount Pleasant Cemetery, St. Johnsbury, Vermont, US
Political partyDemocratic (1836–1848)
Free Soil (1848–1854)
Republican (from 1854)
Spouse(s)Martha Smith Poland (m. 1838)
Adelia Henrietta Poland (m. 1854)
Children4
RelativesMartha L. Poland Thurston (niece)
ProfessionAttorney

Luke Potter Poland (November 1, 1815 – July 2, 1887) was an American attorney, politician, and judge from Vermont. A Republican, he was most notable for his service as a justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (associate justice from 1848 to 1849 and 1857 to 1860, chief justice from 1860 to 1865).

A native of Westford, Vermont, Poland was educated in the local schools and at Jericho Academy. While still in school, he worked in his father's sawmill and as a store clerk in Waterville. He received his qualification as a teacher, then taught school while studying law with an attorney in Morristown. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and practiced in Morrisville.

Poland was an opponent of slavery and became active in politics as a Democrat, then gravitated to the Free Soil Party and Republican Party as the abolition movement gained increasing prominence in the 1840s and 1850s. He served in county offices including register of probate and state's attorney before being appointed an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, an office he held from 1848 to 1849 and 1857 to 1860. From 1860 to 1865, he served as the court's chief justice.

In October 1865, Poland was appointed to temporarily succeed Jacob Collamer in the United States Senate, and he served from November 21, 1865 to March 3, 1867. In 1866, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, and he served three terms, from March 4, 1867 to March 3, 1875. In 1882, he was again elected to the U.S. House and served one term, from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885.

He served as the chair of the "Poland Committee", tasked with reporting on the “Condition of Affairs in the State of Arkansas,” after the Brooks-Baxter War[1]

Poland died at his summer home in Waterville, Vermont on July 2, 1887. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in St. Johnsbury, Vermont

Early life

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Poland was born in Westford, Vermont son of Luther and Nancy Potter Poland.[2] His father was a carpenter, farmer, and sawmill owner who also represented Waterville, Vermont in the Vermont House of Representatives.[3] He attended the common schools of Waterville and the Jericho Academy.[4] Poland worked as a clerk in Waterville, Vermont, worked in his father's sawmill, and taught in the public schools of Morrisville, Vermont.[5] He studied law in the Morristown, Vermont office of attorney Samuel A. Willard and was admitted to the bar in December 1836.[3]

Poland was also active in politics as an opponent of slavery, initially as a Democrat, and in 1848 was the party's unsuccessful nominee for lieutenant governor.[6] He later became a member of the Free Soil Party.[7] He became a Republican when the party was founded in the mid-1850s and maintained that affiliation for the rest of his life.[8]

Career

[edit]

He practiced in Morrisville.[3] Poland was registrar of probate from 1839 to 1840 and was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1843.[9] In 1844 and 1845 he was the state's attorney of Lamoille County,[10] and in 1848 he succeeded Charles Davis as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, a position in which he served until 1849.[11] In 1850, Poland moved to St. Johnsbury, Vermont.[12] From 1850 to 1857, he served as a judge of the Vermont Circuit Court.[13] He served as an associate justice again from 1857 to 1860, succeeding Pierpoint Isham.[13] In 1860, he succeeded Isaac F. Redfield as chief justice; he served until 1865, and was succeeded by John Pierpoint.[13]

On October 24, 1865, Poland was to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Jacob Collamer, and he served from November 21, 1865 to March 3, 1867.[7] He was then elected to the House of Representatives for the 40th and the three succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1867 to March 3, 1875.[14] While in the U.S. House, he was chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business (40th Congress) and a member of the Committee on Revision of the Laws (40th, 41st, and 43rd Congresses).[15] He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the 44th Congress in 1874.[15]

After leaving the House, Poland continued to practice law in St. Johnsbury.[12] In 1878, he was elected to a term in the Vermont House of Representatives, where he was appointed chairman of the Judiciary Committee.[12] Poland was also a trustee of the University of Vermont and president of the First National Bank of St. Johnsbury.[12]

In 1882, Poland was again elected to the U.S. House.[12] He served one term (48th Congress, March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885).[12] He was not a candidate for renomination in 1884 and resumed practicing law in St. Johnsbury.[12]

Death and burial

[edit]

In retirement, Poland resided in Waterville, where he had purchased and renovated his father-in-law's home.[12] In 1886, he was elected to represent Waterville in the Vermont House and was again selected to chair the Judiciary Committee.[12] He died in Waterville on July 2, 1887.[10] Poland was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in St. Johnsbury.[16]

Awards

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In 1858, the University of Vermont (UVM) awarded Poland the honorary degree of Master of Arts.[17] In 1861, UVM awarded him an honorary LL.D.[17]

Family

[edit]

In 1838, Poland married Martha Smith Page and they had three children.[18] Martha died in 1853 and he married her sister, Adelia Henrietta.[18] With his first wife, Poland's children included: Susan E. (1840–1841); Martin Luther (1841–1878), a West Point graduate and captain in the United States Army who died while on duty at Fort Yuma on the California-Arizona border; Mary Frances (1843–1865); and Isabel Emma (1848–1927), the wife of first Andrew E. Rankin, and then Henry O. Cushman.[18]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pruden, William. "Poland Committee". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
  2. ^ Ross, Jonathan (1887). Child, Hamilton (ed.). Gazetteer of Caledonia and Essex Counties, Vt. 1764-1887. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Journal Company. p. 73 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b c Ross, p. 73.
  4. ^ Ross, p. 74.
  5. ^ Ross, pp. 73 74.
  6. ^ "Democratic Nominations". Bennington Gazette. East bennington, VT. August 9, 1848. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ a b Ross, p. 75.
  8. ^ "Hon. Luke Potter Poland". Bennington Banner. Bennington, VT. July 7, 1887. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Brown, John Howard, ed. (1903). Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States. Vol. VI. Boston, MA: Federal Book Company. p. 287 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ a b Brown, p. 287.
  11. ^ Porter, Charles W. (1886). Vermont Legislative Directory. Boston, MA: Rand, Avery, & Company. pp. 199–200 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ross, p. 79.
  13. ^ a b c Porter, pp. 199–200.
  14. ^ Lanman, Charles (1887). Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States. New York, NY: J. M. Morrison. p. 398 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ a b Lanman, p. 398.
  16. ^ Joint Committee On Printing, United States Congress (1928). Biographical Directory of the American Congress. 1774-1927. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1419 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ a b Ross, pp. 79–80.
  18. ^ a b c Ross, p. 80.
[edit]
Party political offices
Preceded by
Jacob Scott
 Free Soil nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
1848 		Succeeded by
Daniel Roberts, Jr.
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 3) from Vermont
November 21, 1865 – March 3, 1867
Served alongside: Solomon Foot and George F. Edmunds 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Vermont's 2nd congressional district
March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1875 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Vermont's 2nd congressional district
March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 		Succeeded by
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