Mediterranean recluse spider
| Mediterranean recluse spider | |
|---|---|
| |
| Female | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Sicariidae |
| Genus: | Loxosceles |
| Species: | L. rufescens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Loxosceles rufescens | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
The Mediterranean recluse spider (Loxosceles rufescens) is a species of spider that originated in the Mediterranean region as its name implies, but can now be found in many parts of the world and is listed as one of the most invasive spiders worldwide. Usually dwelling in caves, the spiders will also inhabit basements and tunnels. Their webs shelter their egg sacs, which hatch into young that molt as they grow. The spider hunts at night and eats species including silverfish and cockroaches, and they usually target smaller insects.
Similar to other species in their genus, bites from L. rufescens can cause necrosis and, for some individuals, systemic damage due to the enzyme sphingomyelinase D. Pest control may be undertaken with similar strategies as used for the brown recluse spider.
Characteristics
[edit]L. rufescens is a cave-dwelling arachnid that is nearly indistinguishable in appearance from Loxosceles reclusa, the brown recluse spider. Individuals can be identified as medium-sized spiders distinguished by three pairs of two eyes organized in the shape of a triangle (spiders commonly have 8 eyes), with a violin-shaped pattern on their cephalothorax.[2] This spider belongs to the genus Loxosceles which contains many of the most dangerous spiders in the world.[2] Both males and females grow to approximately 7-7.5 mm in length.[3]
L. rufescens egg sacs contain approximately 40 eggs that each take a few weeks to hatch, depending on the temperature.[4] The young spiders grow slowly and produce molts during their growing phase. These molts often have a pale ghostly appearance.[4] Mediterranean recluse spiders typically live from one to three years.[4] The webs of Mediterranean recluse spiders spin function as a daytime hiding spot and provide seclusion for the egg sacs. The webs are very thin and fragile, formed by strands of silk laid in a disorganized manner.[4]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The Mediterranean recluse is listed as one of the most invasive species in the world.[5] It is native to the Mediterranean area and western Asia, including parts of Europe and Northern Africa, and prefers warm temperatures and generally dry weather. Today, this spider has a global distribution due to increased human travel and the increase of transported goods.[6] This species has been introduced to Madagascar, southeast Asia from India to Japan, Australia, and numerous Atlantic and Pacific islands (including four in the Hawaiian archipelago) and in North America, it has been recorded in over 20 of the United States, widely scattered from California to Florida and north to Michigan, as well as Ontario, Canada.[7] In areas where L. rufescens are non-native, they can be found in semi-arid environments and damp areas such as basements, caves, and tunnels. In these locations, individuals can find their favorable meal of cockroaches and silverfish.[2] During a routine building pest check-in in 2021, spiders of this species were found in the basement of the University of Michigan's Shapiro Undergraduate Library, which led to its closure for two days.[8]
Ecology
[edit]L. rufescens differs from many other spider species in their predatory behavior. L. rufescens is an active hunter and will set out at night to capture and kill a variety of arthropods that are susceptible to their venom rather than catching them in a web. They are most active at night and typically target smaller insects because of their vulnerable soft exoskeleton.[9] Males are more prolific hunters than female individuals partly due to their simultaneous search for a potential mate.
Threat to humans
[edit]Spiders in the genus Loxosceles are well known for their bite, causing skin necrosis and for some people, causing great damage and widespread, systemic effects. This is referred to as loxoscelism.[3] The necrosis is due to the unique enzyme, sphingomyelinase D (SMase D). This enzyme from the Loxesceles venom alters the structure of the membrane raft, leading to protease activation on the membrane. This ultimately results in proteolytic cleavage of cell surface proteins and necrosis of the cell.[10] Most cases are medically insignificant, but in some cases, from 2 to 8 hours after a bite, there may be penetrating pain followed by a burning sensation. Areas adjacent to the bite often become red and painful due to vasospasm and ischemia. A blister may form which often changes to a dark blue color with a sunken center days following the bite.[11] In rare cases, hemolysis, intravascular coagulation, and thrombocytopenia can occur, leading to renal failure.[10]
In 2024, L. rufescens has been blamed for the deaths of two individuals in Italy; one a 52-year-old policeman from Palermo, bitten by L. rufescens, according to a local Sardinian newspaper,[12] and the other a 23-year old male, who died more than a month after being bitten, according to ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata), the "National Associated Press Agency".[13]
Control and mitigation
[edit]Controlling Loxosceles species populations within dwellings can be challenging as they prefer to dwell in small, dark crevices. This is exacerbated by their ability to survive without food and water for extended periods. There are no published control or mitigation efforts specifically directed to the Mediterranean recluse spider population, except for the mention of the need for further such efforts in a study conducted in Washington, DC.[7] However, with the indistinguishable features between the brown recluse and Mediterranean recluse spiders,[7] efforts to control the brown recluse spider may be translated into mitigating the Mediterranean recluse population. Many of these efforts may include regular pest control and vacuuming of dead insects, sanitizing, removal of spider webs, and the use of glue traps and insecticides.[14]
Gallery
[edit]-
Juvenile specimen -
L. rufescens with prey (moth fly) -
Specimen from Croatia -
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Taxon details Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-10-06
- ^ a b c Sadeghi, Saber; Dashan, Meysam; Malek-Hosseini, Mohammad Javad (2017-03-14). "Mediterranean Recluse Spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Araneae: Sicariidae) from Charkhab Cave, Southern Iran". Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 11 (1): 156–160. ISSN 2322-1984. PMC 5629298. PMID 29018831.
- ^ a b Zamani, Alireza; Rafinejad, Javad (2014-04-09). "First Record of the Mediterranean Recluse Spider Loxosceles rufescens (Araneae: Sicariidae) from Iran". Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 8 (2): 228–231. ISSN 2322-1984. PMC 4478436. PMID 26114138.
- ^ a b c d "Loxosceles spp., Brown Recluse and Mediterranean Recluse Spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae)". LSU AgCenter. 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ Nentwig, Wolfgang; Pantini, Paolo; Vetter, Richard S. (2017-06-15). "Distribution and medical aspects of Loxosceles rufescens, one of the most invasive spiders of the world (Araneae: Sicariidae)". Toxicon. 132: 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.007. ISSN 1879-3150. PMID 28408204.
- ^ Hula, Vladimír; Niedobová, Jana (2020-09-01). "The Mediterranean Recluse Spider Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820): a new invasive for Socotra Island (Yemen)". Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 31 (3): 719–723. doi:10.1007/s12210-020-00925-7. ISSN 1720-0776. S2CID 219976560.
- ^ a b c Greene, Albert (1 July 2009). "The Mediterranean Recluse Spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour): An Abundant but Cryptic Inhabitant of Deep Infrastructure in the Washington, D.C. Area (Arachnida: Araneae: Sicariidae)". American Entomologist. 55 (3): 158–169. doi:10.1093/ae/55.3.158.
- ^ "Mediterranean recluse spiders identified in campus buildings | The University Record". record.umich.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ "Brown Recluse Spider | Office for Environmental Programs Outreach Services". oepos.ca.uky.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ a b Lopes, Priscila Hess; Berg, Carmen W. van den; Tambourgi, Denise V. (2020). "Sphingomyelinases D From Loxosceles Spider Venoms and Cell Membranes: Action on Lipid Rafts and Activation of Endogenous Metalloproteinases". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 11: 636. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00636. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 7237637. PMID 32477123.
- ^ Swanson, David L.; Vetter, Richard S. (May 2006). "Loxoscelism". Clinics in Dermatology. 24 (3): 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.006. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 16714202.
- ^ "Bitten by a violin spider, a policeman dies". L'Unione Sarda English. 2024-07-13. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
- ^ "23-year-old bitten by violin spider dies - General News - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 2024-08-17. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
- ^ "Control of Brown Recluse Spiders". Insects in the City. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Loxosceles rufescens at Wikimedia Commons