Jump to content

Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lockheed YF-117 Night Hawk)

"F-117" redirects here. For other uses, see F-117 (disambiguation).

F-117 Nighthawk
Top view of angular aircraft banking left while flying over mountain range
F-117 flying over mountains in Nevada in 2002
General information
TypeStealth attack aircraft[1]
National originUnited States
ManufacturerLockheed Corporation
StatusUsed as training aircraft as of 2024
Primary userUnited States Air Force
Number built64 (5 YF-117As, 59 F-117As)
History
Introduction dateOctober 1983; 41 years ago (1983-10)[2]
First flightJune 18, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-06-18)
Developed fromLockheed Have Blue

The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a retired American single-seat, subsonic twin-engine stealth attack aircraft developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It was the first operational aircraft to be designed with stealth technology.

Work on what would become the F-117 commenced in the 1970s as a means of countering increasingly sophisticated Soviet surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). During 1976, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) issued Lockheed with a contract to produce the Have Blue technology demonstrator, the test data from which validated the concept. On 1 November 1978, it was decided to proceed with the F-117 development program. A total of five prototypes would be produced; the first of which performed its maiden flight in 1981 at Groom Lake, Nevada. The first production F-117 was delivered in 1982, and its initial operating capability was achieved in October 1983. All aircraft were initially based at Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada.

The aircraft's faceted shape (made from two-dimensional flat surfaces) heavily contributes to its relatively low radar cross-section of about 0.001 m2 (0.0108 sq ft). To minimize its infrared signature, it has a non-circular tail pipe that mixes hot exhaust with cool ambient air and lacks afterburners; it is also restricted to subsonic speeds as breaking the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom that would increase both its acoustic and infrared footprints. While its performance in air combat maneuvering was less than that of most contemporary fighters, it was strictly an attack aircraft despite being commonly referred to as the "Stealth Fighter". For this reason, it is equipped with integrated sophisticated digital navigation and attack systems, targeting being achieved via a thermal imaging infrared system and a laser rangefinder/laser designator. It is aerodynamically unstable in all three aircraft principal axes and thus requires constant flight corrections via a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight system to maintain controlled flight.

Even in the years following its entry to service, the F-117 was a black project, its existence being denied by USAF officials. On 10 November 1988, the F-117 was publicly acknowledged for the first time. Its first combat mission was flown during the United States invasion of Panama in 1989. The last of 59 production F-117s were delivered on 3 July 1990. The F-117 was widely publicized for its role in the Gulf War of 1991, having flown approximately 1,300 sorties and scored direct hits on what the US military described as 1,600 high-value targets in Iraq. F-117s also participated in the conflict in Yugoslavia, during which one was shot down by a surface-to-air missile (SAM) in 1999. It was also active during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 and Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. The USAF retired the F-117 in 2008, primarily due to the fielding of the F-22 Raptor.[3] Despite the type's official retirement, a portion of the fleet has been kept in airworthy condition, and F-117s have been observed flying since being retired from combat.[4]

Development

[edit]

Background and Have Blue

[edit]
Main article: Lockheed Have Blue

In 1936, Robert Watson Watt, a British engineer who invented radar, noted that measures to reduce an object's radar cross-section (RCS) could be used to evade radar detection.[5] In 1962, Pyotr Ufimtsev, a Soviet mathematician, published a seminal paper titled Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction in the journal of the Moscow Institute for Radio Engineering, in which he showed that the strength of the radar return from an object is related to its edge configuration, not its size.[6] Ufimtsev was extending theoretical work published by the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld.[7][6]: xiii [8] Ufimtsev demonstrated that he could calculate the RCS across a wing's surface and along its edge. The obvious and logical conclusion was that even a large aircraft could reduce its radar signature by exploiting this principle. However, the resulting design would make the aircraft aerodynamically unstable, and the state of computer technology in the early 1960s could not provide the kinds of flight computers which would later allow aircraft such as the F-117 and B-2 Spirit to stay airborne. By the 1970s, when Lockheed analyst Denys Overholser found Ufimtsev's paper, computers and software had advanced significantly, and the stage was set for the development of a stealth airplane.[9][10]

Aircraft parked inside an open hangar
F-117A painted in "Gray Dragon" experimental camouflage scheme

The F-117 was conceived after the Vietnam War, where increasingly sophisticated Soviet surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) had downed heavy bombers.[11] The heavy losses inflicted by Soviet-made SAMs upon the Israeli Air Force in the 1973 Yom Kippur war also contributed to a 1974 Defense Science Board assessment that in case of a conflict in Central Europe, air defenses would likely prevent NATO air strikes on targets in Eastern Europe.[12]

It was a black project, remaining an ultra-secret program for much of its life.[13][14][10] The project began in 1975 with a model called the "Hopeless Diamond"[15][16][17] (a wordplay on the Hope Diamond because of its appearance). The following year, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) issued Lockheed Skunk Works a contract to build and test two Stealth Strike Fighters, under the code name "Have Blue".[18][19] These subscale aircraft incorporated jet engines of the Northrop T-38A, fly-by-wire systems of the F-16, landing gear of the A-10, and environmental systems of the C-130.[18] By bringing together existing technology and components, Lockheed built two demonstrators under budget, at $35 million for both aircraft, and in record time.[18] Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering William J. Perry was instrumental in shepherding the project.[20]

The maiden flight of the demonstrators occurred on 1 December 1977.[21][22] Although both aircraft crashed during the demonstration program, test data gathered proved positive.[23][24] The success of Have Blue led the government to increase funding for stealth technology. Much of that increase was allocated towards the production of an operational stealth aircraft, the Lockheed F-117, under the program code name "Senior Trend".[25][26]

Senior Trend

[edit]

The decision to produce the F-117 was made on 1 November 1978, and a contract was awarded to Lockheed Advanced Development Projects, popularly known as the Skunk Works, in Burbank, California.[27][28] The program was led by Ben Rich, with Alan Brown as manager of the project.[29][30] Rich called on Bill Schroeder, a Lockheed mathematician, and Overholser, a mathematician and Radar Specialist, to exploit Ufimtsev's work. The three designed a computer program called "Echo", which made it possible to design an airplane with flat panels, called facets, which were arranged so as to scatter over 99% of a radar's signal energy "painting" the aircraft.[9][31][29]

The first YF-117A, serial number 79-10780, made its maiden flight from Groom Lake ("Area 51"), Nevada, on 18 June 1981,[32][33] only 31 months after the full-scale development decision. The first production F-117A was delivered in 1982, and operational capability was achieved in October 1983.[7][34] The 4450th Tactical Group stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, were tasked with the operational development of the early F-117, and between 1981 (prior to the arrival of the first models) and 1989 they used LTV A-7 Corsair IIs for training, to bring all pilots to a common flight training baseline and later as chase planes for F-117A tests.[35]

F-117 79-7084 being refueled by a Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker of the 4450th Tactical Group in 1983.

The F-117 was secret for much of the 1980s. Many news articles discussed what they called an "F-19" stealth fighter, and the Testor Corporation produced a very inaccurate scale model. When an F-117 crashed in Sequoia National Forest in July 1986, killing the pilot and starting a fire, the USAF established restricted airspace.[36] Armed guards prohibited entry, including firefighters, and a helicopter gunship circled the site. All F-117 debris was replaced with remains of a F-101A Voodoo crash stored at Area 51. When another fatal crash in October 1987 occurred inside Nellis, the military again provided little information to the press.[37]

The USAF denied the existence of the aircraft until 10 November 1988, when Assistant Secretary of Defense J. Daniel Howard displayed a grainy photograph at a Pentagon press conference, disproving the many inaccurate rumors about the shape of the "F-19".[38] After the announcement, pilots could fly the F-117 during daytime and no longer needed to be associated with the A-7, flying the T-38 supersonic trainer for travel and training instead.[39] In April 1990, two F-117s flew to Nellis, arriving during daylight and publicly displayed to a crowd of tens of thousands.[40][41]

F-117 flight demonstration

Five Full Scale Development (FSD) aircraft were built, designated "YF-117A".[42] The last of 59 production F-117s were delivered on 3 July 1990.[34][43] As the USAF has stated, "Streamlined management by Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, combined breakthrough stealth technology with concurrent development and production to rapidly field the aircraft... The F-117A program demonstrates that a stealth aircraft can be designed for reliability and maintainability."[2]

Designation

[edit]

The operational aircraft was officially designated "F-117A".[44][5] Most modern U.S. military aircraft use post-1962 designations in which the designation "F" is usually an air-to-air fighter, "B" is usually a bomber, "A" is usually a ground-attack aircraft, etc. (Examples include the F-15, the B-2 and the A-6.) The F-117 is primarily an attack aircraft,[1] so its "F" designation is inconsistent with the Department of Defense system. This is an inconsistency that has been repeatedly employed by the USAF with several of its attack aircraft since the late 1950s, including the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. A televised documentary quoted project manager Alan Brown as saying that Robert J. Dixon, a four-star USAF general who was the head of Tactical Air Command, felt that the top-notch USAF fighter pilots required to fly the new aircraft were more easily attracted to an aircraft with an "F" designation for fighter, as opposed to a bomber ("B") or attack ("A") designation.[45][46] Early on, one potential air-to-air mission considered for the F-117 was to hunt down the Soviet A-50 "Mainstay" airborne warning and control system (AWACS). However, this was not deemed to be effective and this mission was passed to the nascent Advanced Tactical Fighter, which eventually became the F-22 Raptor.[47]

The designation "F-117" seems to indicate that it was given an official designation prior to the 1962 U.S. Tri-Service Aircraft Designation System and could be considered numerically to be a part of the earlier Century Series of fighters. The assumption prior to the revealing of the aircraft to the public was that it would likely receive the F-19 designation as that number had not been used. However, there were no other aircraft to receive a "100" series number following the F-111. Soviet fighters obtained by the U.S. via various means under the Constant Peg program[48] were given F-series numbers for their evaluation by U.S. pilots, and with the advent of the Teen Series fighters, most often Century Series designations.[49]

As with other exotic military aircraft types flying in the southern Nevada area, such as captured fighters, an arbitrary radio call of "117" was assigned. This same radio call had been used by the enigmatic 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron, also known as the "Red Hats" or "Red Eagles", that often had flown expatriated MiG jet fighters in the area, but there was no relationship to the call and the formal F-19 designation then being considered by the USAF. Apparently, use of the "117" radio call became commonplace and when Lockheed released its first flight manual (i.e., the USAF "dash one" manual for the aircraft), F-117A was the designation printed on the cover.[50]

Design

[edit]
Closeup view of the nose of a black jet, emphasizing the many angled-surfaces
Front view of an F-117

When the USAF first approached Lockheed with the stealth concept, Skunk Works Director Kelly Johnson proposed a rounded design. He believed smoothly blended shapes offered the best combination of speed and stealth. However, his assistant, Ben Rich, showed that faceted-angle surfaces would provide a significant reduction in radar signature, and the necessary aerodynamic control could be provided with computer units. A May 1975 Skunk Works report, "Progress Report No. 2, High Stealth Conceptual Studies", showed the rounded concept that was rejected in favor of the flat-sided approach.[51][52][53] The resulting unusual design surprised and puzzled experienced pilots; a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot who flew it as an exchange officer stated that when he first saw a photograph of the still-secret F-117, he "promptly giggled and thought [to himself] 'this clearly can't fly'".[54]

The single-seat F-117 is powered by two non-afterburning General Electric F404 turbofan engines. They were extensively modified to suit a stealth aircraft, such as to have a cooler operational temperature, and somewhat resembled a turbojet instead.[55] The engine was redesigned to produce a minimum of mass thrust, which eased the task of designing a suitable inlet and nozzle. To obscure the engine from enemy radar, a conductive metal mesh grill was installed in the intake while the exhaust gases were intentionally mixed with cool air to lower the thermal signature.[56]

The aircraft is air refuelable and features a V-tail. The maximum speed is 623 mph (1,003 km/h; 541 kn) at high altitude, the max rate of climb is 2,820 feet (860 m) per minute, and service ceiling is 43,000 to 45,000 feet (13,000 to 14,000 m).[57][58] The cockpit was quite spacious, with ergonomic displays and controls, but the field of view was somewhat obstructed with a large blind spot to the rear.[59]

Avionics

[edit]

Early stealth aircraft were designed with a focus on minimal radar cross-section (RCS) rather than aerodynamic performance; because of this, the F-117 is aerodynamically unstable in all three aircraft principal axes and requires constant flight corrections from a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight system to maintain controlled flight.[60][61] It is equipped with quadruple-redundant fly-by-wire flight controls. To lower development costs, the avionics, fly-by-wire systems, and other systems and parts were derived from the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, and McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.[62] To maintain a high level of secrecy, components were often rerouted from other aircraft programs, ordered using falsified addresses and other details, while $3 million worth of equipment was removed from USAF storage without disclosing its purpose.[63]

Lockheed YF-117A cockpit at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, USA
YF-117A cockpit

The aircraft is equipped with sophisticated navigation and attack systems integrated into a digital avionics suite. It navigates primarily by GPS and high accuracy inertial navigation.[64] Missions are coordinated by an automated planning system that can automatically perform all aspects of an attack mission, including weapons release.[65] Targets are acquired by a thermal imaging infrared system, paired with a laser rangefinder/laser designator that finds the range and designates targets for laser-guided bombs. The F-117's split internal bay can carry 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ordnance. Typical weapons are a pair of GBU-10, GBU-12, or GBU-27 laser-guided bombs, two BLU-109 penetration bombs, or, after 2006, two Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) GPS/INS guided stand-off bombs.[66][67]

Stealth

[edit]
Main article: Stealth aircraft

The F-117 has a radar cross-section (RCS) of about 0.001 m2 (0.0108 sq ft).[68] Among the penalties for stealth are subsonic speeds to prevent frame heating, heat on the engine inlet and outlet prevent certain thrusting maneuvers, a very low wing aspect ratio, and a high sweep angle (50°) are needed to deflect incoming radar waves to the sides.[12][69][70] With these design considerations and no afterburner, the F-117 is limited to subsonic speeds. Additionally, to maintain its low observability, the F-117 was not equipped with radar; not only would an active radar be detectable through its emissions, but an inactive radar antenna would also act as a reflector of radar energy.[71] Whether it carries any radar detection equipment remained classified as of 2008.[12]

Its faceted shape (made from two-dimensional flat surfaces) resulted from the limitations of the 1970s-era computer technology used to calculate its RCS. Later supercomputers made it possible for subsequent aircraft like the B-2 bomber to use curved surfaces while maintaining stealth, through the use of far more computational resources to perform the additional calculations.[72] The radar-absorbent flat sheets covering the F-117 weighed almost one ton, and were held in place by glue, with the gaps between the sheets filled with a kind of putty material called "butter".[12][73]

An exhaust plume contributes a significant infrared signature. The F-117 reduces IR signature with a non-circular tail pipe (a slit shape) to minimize the exhaust cross-section and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air.[74] The F-117 lacks afterburners, because the hot exhaust would increase the infrared signature, breaking the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom, and surface heating of the aircraft skin would also increase the infrared footprint. As a result, its performance in air combat maneuvering required in a dogfight would never match that of a dedicated fighter aircraft; this was unimportant in the case of the F-117 since it was a dedicated attack aircraft.[45]

Passive (multistatic) radar, bistatic radar and especially multistatic radar systems detect some stealth aircraft better than conventional monostatic radars, since first-generation stealth technology (such as the F-117) reflects energy away from the transmitter's line of sight, effectively increasing the radar cross section (RCS) in other directions, which the passive radars monitor.[75]

Operational history

[edit]

Early activities

[edit]
An F-117 conducts a live exercise bombing run using GBU-27 laser-guided bombs

During the program's early years, from 1984 to mid-1992, the F-117 fleet was based at Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada, where it served under the 4450th Tactical Group; Air Combat Command's only F-117A unit.[76] The unit was headquartered at Nellis Air Force Base. A-7 Corsair II aircraft were used for training. Most personnel and their families lived in Las Vegas. This required commercial air and trucking to transport personnel between Las Vegas and Tonopah each week.[77] The 4450th was absorbed by the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing in 1989. In 1992, the entire fleet was transferred to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, under the command of the 49th Fighter Wing.[76]

The F-117 reached initial operating capability status in 1983.[2][76] The Nighthawk's pilots called themselves "Bandits". Each of the 558 Air Force pilots who have flown the F-117 has a Bandit number, such as "Bandit 52", that indicates the sequential order of their first flight in the F-117.[78] Pilots told friends and families that they flew the Northrop F-5 in aggressor squadrons against Tactical Air Command.[37]

The F-117 has been used several times in war. Its first mission was during the United States invasion of Panama in 1989.[79][80] During that invasion, at least two F-117s dropped bombs on Rio Hato airfield.[81][82]

The aircraft was operated in secret from Tonopah for almost a decade, after the Gulf War, all aircraft moved to Holloman in 1992—however, its integration with the USAF's non-stealth "iron jets" occurred slowly. As one senior F-117 pilot later said: Because of ongoing secrecy others continued to see the aircraft as "none of their business, a stand-alone system".[12] The F-117 and the men and women of the 49th Fighter Wing were deployed to Southwest Asia on multiple occasions. On their first deployment, with the aid of aerial refueling, pilots flew non-stop from Holloman to Kuwait, a flight of approximately 18.5 hours.[83]

Yugoslavia

[edit]
Main article: 1999 F-117A shootdown
Canopy of F-117 shot down in Serbia in March 1999 at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade

One F-117 (AF ser. no. 82-0806) was lost to enemy action. It was downed during an Operation Allied Force mission against the Army of Yugoslavia on 27 March 1999.[84] The aircraft was acquired by a fire control radar at a distance of 8.1 mi (13 km) and an altitude of 26,000 ft (8 km). SA-3s were then launched by a Yugoslav version of the Soviet Isayev S-125 "Neva" (NATO name SA-3 "Goa") anti-aircraft missile system.[84][85][86] The launcher was run by the 3rd Battalion of the 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade under the command of Colonel Zoltán Dani.[87] After the explosion, the aircraft became uncontrollable, forcing the pilot to eject. The pilot was recovered six hours later by a United States Air Force Pararescue team.[84][88] The stealth technology from the downed F-117 has reportedly been studied by Russia,[89] and possibly China.[90] The U.S. did not attempt to destroy the wreckage; senior Pentagon officials claimed that its technology was already dated and no longer important to protect.[37]

American sources state that a second F-117 was targeted and damaged during the campaign, allegedly on 30 April 1999.[91][92] The aircraft returned to Spangdahlem Air Base,[92] but it supposedly never flew again.[93][94] The USAF continued using the F-117 during Operation Allied Force.[95]

Iraq and Afghanistan

[edit]
A pair of F-117s

During the Gulf War in 1991, the F-117 flew approximately 1,300 sorties and scored direct hits on what the U.S. called 1,600 high-value targets in Iraq[2] over 6,905 flight hours.[96] Leaflet drops on Iraqi forces displayed the F-117 destroying ground targets and warned "Escape now and save yourselves".[39] Only 229 Coalition tactical aircraft could drop and designate laser-guided bombs of which 36 F-117s represented 15.7%, and only the USAF had the I-2000 bombs intended for hardened targets. So the F-117 represented 32% of all coalition aircraft that could deliver such bombs.[97]: 73–74  Notably, F-117s were involved in the Amiriyah shelter bombing, killing at least 408 civilians.[98]

Much media attention was given to the bombing of telecommunications, water, and transportation infrastructure in Baghdad. Stealth bombers were used due to the perimeter of Baghdad being heavily defended with anti-aircraft weapons. The bombings quickly became part of a propaganda battle with media highlighting the killing of civilians and American claims that stealth bombing was highly effective at destroying military targets.[99] Post war records show that the F-117 had 18 times more targets per aircraft than their non-stealthy peers.[100]

Outside of Baghdad, the F-117 bombing was primarily used to destroy airfields, and it was used in conjunction with other air munitions. Overall, 42 F-117s dropped 2077 bombs in Desert Storm. This accounts for about a third of USAF guided bombing.[99]

Early claims of the F-117's effectiveness were later found to be overstated.[101] Initial reports of F-117s hitting 80% of their targets were later scaled back to "41–60%".[97]: 132  On the first night, they failed to hit 40% of their assigned air-defense targets, including the Air Defense Operations Center in Baghdad, and 8 such targets remained functional out of 10 that could be assessed.[97]: 136–137  In their Desert Storm white paper, the USAF stated that "the F-117 was the only airplane that the planners dared risk over downtown Baghdad" and that this area was particularly well defended. (Dozens of F-16s were routinely tasked to attack Baghdad in the first few days of the war.)[97]: 137–138  In fact, most of the air defenses were on the outskirts of the city and many other aircraft hit targets in the downtown area, with minimal casualties when they attacked at night like the F-117;[97] they avoided the optically aimed anti-aircraft cannon and infrared SAMs which were the biggest threat to Coalition aircraft.[97]: 105 

The F-117 was used during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001.[102][103] The Taliban lacked a modern Air Force. After the initial bombing campaign in October, targets justifying F-117 usage were limited as was the use of the F-117.[104]

The first bombs dropped in the 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom were from two F-117 on the Dora Farms in an attempt to assassinate Saddam Hussein. The F-117 was chosen to deliver a bunker buster payload because nearby Baghdad was heavily fortified with anti-aircraft weapons, and US intelligence indicated Saddam Hussein's bunker was too reinforced for missiles. The EGBU-27 Advanced Paveway III bunker buster is an unusual payload for the F-117. Post-facto intelligence showed that Saddam Hussein had been at Dora Farms but left several hours prior to the bombing.[105][106] During this time the Air Force estimated the operational cost as $35,000 per JDAM style bomb delivered by the F-117.[107]

Program closeout

[edit]

The loss of an F-117 in Serbia caused the USAF to create a subsection of their existing weapons school to improve tactics. More training was done with other units, and the F-117 began to participate in Red Flag exercises. Though advanced for its time, the F-117's stealthy faceted airframe required a large amount of maintenance and was eventually superseded by streamlined shapes produced with computer-aided design. Other weapon systems began to take on the F-117's roles, such as the F-22 Raptor gaining the ability to drop guided bombs.[3] By 2005, the aircraft was used only for certain missions, such as if a pilot needed to verify that the correct target had been hit, or when minimal collateral damage was vital.[12][8]

The USAF had once planned to retire the F-117 in 2011, but Program Budget Decision 720 (PBD 720), dated 28 December 2005, proposed retiring it by October 2008 to free up an estimated $1.07 billion[108] to buy more F-22s.[78] PBD 720 called for 10 F-117s to be retired in FY2007 and the remaining 42 in FY2008, stating that other USAF planes and missiles could stealthily deliver precision ordnance, including the B-2 Spirit, F-22 and JASSM.[109] The planned introduction of the multi-role F-35 Lightning II also contributed to the retirement decision.[110]

In late 2006, the USAF closed the F-117 formal training unit (FTU),[111] and announced the retirement of the F-117.[112] The first six aircraft to be retired took their last flight on 12 March 2007 after a ceremony at Holloman AFB to commemorate the aircraft's career. Brigadier General David L. Goldfein, commander of the 49th Fighter Wing, said at the ceremony, "With the launch of these great aircraft today, the circle comes to a close—their service to our nation's defense fulfilled, their mission accomplished, and a job well done. We send them today to their final resting place—a home they are intimately familiar with—their first, and only, home outside of Holloman."[113]

A pair of specially painted F-117s sporting a United States flag theme on their bellies fly off from their last refueling by the Ohio Air National Guard's 121st Air Refueling Wing

Unlike most other USAF aircraft that are retired to Davis-Monthan AFB for scrapping, or dispersal to museums, most of the F-117s were placed in "Type 1000" storage[114] in their original hangars at the Tonopah Test Range Airport.[115] At Tonopah, their wings were removed and the aircraft are stored in their original climate-controlled hangars.[113] The decommissioning occurred in eight phases, with the operational aircraft retired to Tonopah in seven waves from 13 March 2007 until the last wave's arrival on 22 April 2008.[116][115] Four aircraft were kept flying beyond April by the 410th Flight Test Squadron at Palmdale for flight test. By August, two were remaining. The last F-117 (AF Serial No. 86-0831) left Palmdale to fly to Tonopah on 11 August 2008.[117][118] With the last aircraft retired, the 410th was inactivated in a ceremony on 1 August 2008.[119]

Five aircraft were placed in museums, including the first four YF-117As and some remains of the F-117 shot down over Serbia. Through 2009, one F-117 had been scrapped; AF Serial No. 79-0784 was scrapped at the Palmdale test facility on 26 April 2008. It was the last F-117 at Palmdale and was scrapped to test an effective method for destroying these planes.[120]

Congress had ordered that all F-117s mothballed from 30 September 2006 onwards were to be maintained "in a condition that would allow recall of that aircraft to future service" as part of the 2007 National Defense Authorization Act. As of 2022, USAF plans to demilitarize three F-117s each year until 2034 when they should all be demilitarized.[121][122]

Post-retirement service

[edit]

The USAF is currently using the aircraft in aggressor squadron and cruise missile training, and research and development. USAF has also slowed the retirement of its current inventory of about 45 F-117s to two to three units a year. This plan should extend the lifetime of the F-117 program to 2034.[122][121] In March 2019, it was reported that four F-117s had been secretly deployed to the Middle East in 2016 and that one had to make an emergency landing at Ali Al Salem (OKAS), Kuwait sometime late that year.[123]

F-117 Nighthawk during Northern Edge 23-1 at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, May 2023

On 13 September 2021, a pair of F-117s landed at Fresno Yosemite International Airport in California. They were scheduled to train with the California Air National Guard F-15C/D Eagles of the 144th Fighter Wing over the next few days.[124] One aircraft had red letters on its tail, and the other had white letters. One of the two was observed to not be fitted with radar reflectors.[125] That year USAF published photographs on DVIDS, the first acknowledgement by the service that the aircraft continued to fly after its official retirement.[122]

In January 2022, two F-117s were observed in flight in the Saline Military Operating Area. One had portions of its exterior covered in a "mirror-like coating" believed to be an experimental treatment to reduce the aircraft's infrared signature.[126]

F-117s trailing a KC-135 Stratotanker, October 2023

In May 2023, an F-117 participated in exercise Savannah Sentry at the Air Dominance Center in Savannah, Georgia. It was a joint exercise with both active USAF and Air National Guard units. In a video documenting the exercise, an off-screen crew member stated that there are approximately 48 flyable F-117s in USAF inventory. They stated that the F-117 is sometimes used in aggressor-type training roles and was brought to Savannah Sentry to participate in an "unclassified capacity."[127] On 1 February 2024, two F-117s were seen at testing range R-2508 in the Mojave Desert.[128]

Variants

[edit]

F-117N "Seahawk"

[edit]

The United States Navy tested the F-117 in 1984 but determined it was unsuitable for carrier use.[39] In the early 1990s, Lockheed proposed an upgraded carrier-capable F-117 variant dubbed the "Seahawk" to the Navy as an alternative to the canceled A/F-X program. The unsolicited proposal was received poorly by the Department of Defense, which lacked interest in the single mission capabilities on offer, particularly as it would take money away from the Joint Advanced Strike Technology program, which evolved into the Joint Strike Fighter. The F-117N would have differed from the land-based F-117 in several ways, such as the use of "elevators, a bubble canopy, a less sharply swept wing and reconfigured tail".[129][130] It would also be re-engined with General Electric F414 turbofans in place of the General Electric F404s. The aircraft would be optionally fitted with hardpoints, allowing for an additional 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) of payload, and a new ground-attack radar with air-to-air capability. In that role, the F-117N could carry AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles.[129][131]

F-117B

[edit]

After being rebuffed by the Navy, Lockheed submitted an updated proposal that included afterburning capability and a larger emphasis on the F-117N as a multi-mission aircraft, rather than just an attack aircraft.[131] To boost interest, Lockheed also proposed an F-117B land-based variant that shared most of the F-117N capabilities. This variant was proposed to the USAF and RAF.[132] Two RAF pilots formally evaluated the aircraft in 1986 as a reward for British help with the American bombing of Libya that year. RAF exchange officers began flying the F-117 in 1987,[39] but the British declined an offer during the Reagan administration to purchase the aircraft.[133] This renewed F-117N proposal was also known as the A/F-117X.[134] Neither the F-117N nor the F-117B were ordered.

Operators

[edit]
22 F-117s from the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Langley AFB, Virginia, prior to being deployed to Saudi Arabia for Operation Desert Shield
United States

Source: f117sfa.org[135]

Aircraft on display

[edit]

United States

[edit]
79-10781 Scorpion 2 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force

YF-117A
F-117A
  • 80-0785 – Pole-mounted outside the Skunk Works facility at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California. Hybrid airframe comprising the wreckage of 80–0785, the first production F-117A, and static test articles 778 and 779.[140] It is fixed to a pedestal and serves as a monument.[141]
  • 81-0794 Delta Dawn - Museum of Aviation (Warner Robins); aircraft arrived at the museum on 18 May 2023; it is to be partially restored and put on display.[142]
  • 82-0799 Midnight Rider – Hill Aerospace Museum; Aircraft arrived at the museum on 5 August 2020; it is to be prepared and painted for display.[143]
  • 82-0803 Unexpected Guest – Displayed outside the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.[144] It was fixed to a pedestal and became a monument.
  • 84-0810 Dark Angel – On 13 November 2022 it was reported on social media that the airframe was being delivered from Tonopah Test Range to the Pima Air & Space Museum.[145] Aircraft is visible outside of the restoration and maintenance hangar as of November 2024.[citation needed]
  • 85-0813 The Toxic Avenger – Delivered to Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California on 29 July 2022 for restoration and then display. Restoration is expected to take about a year and cost around $75,000.[146]
  • 85-0816 Lone Wolf - Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, undergoing restoration. It was the first F-117 to drop a bomb during Operation Desert Storm.[147]
  • 85-0817 Shaba[148] – Arrived at the Kalamazoo Air Zoo on 11 December 2020. Restoration completed and put on display July 2022.[149]
  • 85-0819 Raven Beauty – Arrived at the Stafford Air & Space Museum on July 11, 2024 for preservation. It will be available for public display on 24 July 2024.[150]
  • 84-0827 – Stripped fuselage listed as "scrap" on a government surplus website in early 2020. Fate unknown.[143]
  • 85-0831 – Located at the Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum in Ashland, Nebraska, where it is scheduled for restoration and display. It served as a test aircraft at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California from 1987 to 2008.[151]
  • 85-0833 Black Devil – Unveiled at Palm Springs Air Museum on 3 October 2020. Now on display following a period of restoration.[152]

Serbia

[edit]
F-117A

Nicknames

[edit]

The aircraft's official name is "Night Hawk",[154] with the alternative form "Nighthawk" also used.

As it prioritized stealth over aerodynamics, it earned the nickname "Wobblin' Goblin" due to its alleged instability at low speeds. However, F-117 pilots have stated the nickname is undeserved.[155] "Wobblin' (or Wobbly) Goblin" is likely a holdover from the early Have Blue / Senior Trend (FSD) days of the project when instability was a problem. In the USAF, "Goblin" (without wobbly) persists as a nickname because of the aircraft's appearance. During Operation Desert Storm, Saudis dubbed the aircraft "Shaba", which is Arabic for "Ghost".[156][157] Some pilots also called the airplane the "Stinkbug".[158]

During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 it picked up the nickname "Invisible" (Serbian Cyrillic "Невидљиви", Latin "Nevidljivi"). The name became ironic after it was shot down over Serbian airspace near Buđanovci, leading to the phrase "we didn't know it was invisible".[159]

Specifications (F-117A)

[edit]

Data from U.S. Air Force National Museum, for the F-117A,[2] Jet Bombers[160]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 65 ft 11 in (20.09 m)
  • Wingspan: 43 ft 4 in (13.21 m)
  • Height: 12 ft 5 in (3.78 m)
  • Wing area: 780 sq ft (72 m2) [161]
  • Airfoil: Lozenge section, three flats Upper, two flats Lower[162]
  • Empty weight: 29,500 lb (13,381 kg) [161]
  • Max takeoff weight: 52,500 lb (23,814 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F404-F1D2 turbofan engines, 9,040 lbf (40.2 kN) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 594 kn (684 mph, 1,100 km/h)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 0.92
  • Range: 930 nmi (1,070 mi, 1,720 km) [151]
  • Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (14,000 m)
  • Wing loading: 67.3 lb/sq ft (329 kg/m2) calculated from[161]
  • Thrust/weight: 0.40

Armament

Notable appearances in media

[edit]
Main article: Aircraft in fiction § F-117 Nighthawk

The Omaha Nighthawks professional American football team used the F-117 Nighthawk as its logo.[164]

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Eden 2004, p. 240.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk". National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  3. ^ a b Miller 1990, p. 44.
  4. ^ "A Rare F-117A Stealth Fighter Flies Over 'Star Wars Canyon". Popular Mechanics. 19 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 277.
  6. ^ a b Ufimtsev, P.Ya. "Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction". oai.dtic.mil. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b Day, Dwayne A. (2003). "Stealth Technology". Centennial of Flight. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  8. ^ a b Ireton, Colin T. (Fall 2006). "Filling the Stealth Gap". Air and Space Power Journal. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015.
  9. ^ a b Hott, Bartholomew; Pollock, George E. "The Advent, Evolution, and New Horizons of United States Stealth Aircraft". ics.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 16 February 2003. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  10. ^ a b Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, p. 14.
  11. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, p. 9.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Sweetman, Bill (January 2008). "Unconventional Weapon". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  13. ^ Cunningham, Jim (Fall 1991). "Cracks in the Black Dike, Secrecy, the Media and the F-117A". Air & Space Power Journal. United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  14. ^ "Top Gun – the F-117 Stealth Fighter". BBC News. 16 February 1999. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  15. ^ Rich 1994, pp. 26–27
  16. ^ "F-117 History". F-117 Stealth Fighter Association. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  17. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, p. 12.
  18. ^ a b c Goodall 1992, p. 19
  19. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 13-14.
  20. ^ Wagner, Rich; Tegnelia, Jim. "Technology-Strategy Seminar: NATO's AirLand Battle Strategy and Future Extended Deterrence". Center for Strategic & International Studies Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  21. ^ Eden 2004, pp. 242–243
  22. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 18-20.
  23. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 20-23.
  24. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 278-279.
  25. ^ Goodall 1992, p. 24.
  26. ^ F-117A "Senior Trend". f-117a.com. Retrieved 12 June 2010
  27. ^ Rich 1994, p. 71
  28. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, p. 25.
  29. ^ a b Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 10-11.
  30. ^ "YouTube". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 – via YouTube.
  31. ^ "The Secrets of Stealth". Discovery Military Channel. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007.
  32. ^ Goodall 1992, p. 27
  33. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 279.
  34. ^ a b Goodall 1992, p. 29
  35. ^ Holder and Wallace 2000, [page needed].
  36. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruBeOIcKIdo&ab_channel=ForrestHaggertyChannel
  37. ^ a b c Richelson, Jeffrey T. (July 2001). "When Secrets Crash". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  38. ^ Jr, John H. Cushman; Times, Special To the New York (11 November 1988). "Air Force Lifts Curtain, a Bit, on Secret Plane". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  39. ^ a b c d Crickmore, Paul (2003). Combat Legend: F-117 Nighthawk. Airlife. pp. 33, 48–49, 60. ISBN 1-84037-394-6.
  40. ^ Gregos, J. "First Public Display of the F-117 at Nellis AFB April 21, 1990". dreamlandresort.com. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  41. ^ Morrissey, David H. (22 April 1990). "Secret Fighter Steals Into Public View". Albuquerque Journal. pp. A1, A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "DOD 4120.15-L – Addendum". United States Department of Defense. December 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  43. ^ Donald 2003, p. 98
  44. ^ DOD 4120.15-L: Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles (PDF), United States Department of Defense, 12 May 2004, p. 38, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2004, retrieved 17 July 2017
  45. ^ a b "Stealth and Beyond: Air Stealth (TV-series)". The History Channel. 2006. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  46. ^ Moderns (13 April 2017). "Modern Marvels S11E62 F117". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2018 – via YouTube.
  47. ^ Brown, James "JB" (21 November 2022). F-117 Nighthawk and F-22 Raptor with Jim "JB" Brown, President & CEO National Test Pilot School. Torrance, California: Western Museum of Flight. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  48. ^ Grier, Peter (April 2007). "Constant Peg". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 90, no. 4.
  49. ^ Merlin 2011, p. 32.
  50. ^ Miller 1990
  51. ^ Slattery, Chad. "Secrets of the Skunk Works – 'Little Harvey, Concept B'". Air & Space/Smithsonian.
  52. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 12-13.
  53. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 278.
  54. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 85-86.
  55. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 280-281.
  56. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 281.
  57. ^ Dorr 2016, p. 315.
  58. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 279-280.
  59. ^ Nijboer 2016, p. 210.
  60. ^ Rich and Janos 1994, pp. 30–31, 46.
  61. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 280.
  62. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 14-15.
  63. ^ Rich and Janos 1994, p. 46.
  64. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 282.
  65. ^ "F-117A Nighthawk". Federation of American Scientists.
  66. ^ Rich and Janos 1994, p. 26.
  67. ^ Enos, James R. (May 2022). "Applying real system age to DoD systems". Systems Engineering. 25 (3): 242–253. doi:10.1002/sys.21614. S2CID 246811908.
  68. ^ Richardson 2001, p. 57
  69. ^ Richardson 2001, p. 36
  70. ^ Richardson 2001, p. 51
  71. ^ Holloway, Don (March 1996). "Stealth Secrets of the F-117 Nighthawk". Historynet.com. HistoryNet. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  72. ^ Rich 1994, p. 21.
  73. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 27-28.
  74. ^ Crickmore and Crickmore 2003, pp. 15-16.
  75. ^ "Bistatic Radar Sets". Radartutorial.eu. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  76. ^ a b c "F-117A - Nighthawk". Holloman Air Force Base. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  77. ^ Scott, W.B. (2023). "The First Nighthawks". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 158 (25): 58–60.
  78. ^ a b Topolsky, Joshua (11 March 2008). "Air Force's stealth fighters making final flights". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  79. ^ Crockmore 2006 pp. 382
  80. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 283.
  81. ^ Healy, Melissa (24 December 1989). "1st Combat for Stealth Fighter--Panama Airfield Bombed". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  82. ^ C. Wilson, George (24 December 1989). "'Stealth' Plane Used in Panama". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  83. ^ "F-117A - Nighthawk". holloman.af.mil. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  84. ^ a b c Logan 2009 pp.105
  85. ^ "NATO air attack shifts, aims at violence inside Kosovo". CNN. 27 March 1999.
  86. ^ "Serb discusses 1999 downing of stealth". USA Today. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  87. ^ Dsouza, Larkins (8 February 2007). "Who shot down F-117?". Defence Aviation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  88. ^ Whitcomb, Darrel. "The Night They Saved Vega 31". airforcemag.com. Air Force Association. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  89. ^ "Russians admit testing F-117 lost in Yugoslavia" (PDF). Flight Global. 2001.
  90. ^ Stojanovic, Dusan (23 January 2011). "China's new stealth fighter may use U.S. technology". China Digital Times.
  91. ^ "Damage said attributed to full moon". Nl.newsbank.com. 6 May 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  92. ^ a b "Yes, Serbian Air Defenses Did Hit Another F-117 During Operation Allied Force In 1999". The Drive. 1 December 2020.
  93. ^ Riccioni, Everest E. (8 March 2005). "Description of our Failing Defence Acquisition System". Project on government oversight. This event, which occurred during the Kosovo conflict on 27 March, was a major blow to the US Air Force. The aircraft was special: an F-117 Nighthawk stealth bomber that should have been all but invisible to the Serbian air defences. And this certainly wasn't a fluke—a few nights later, Serb missiles damaged a second F-117.
  94. ^ Nixon, Mark (January 2002). "Gallant Knights, MiG-29 in Action during Allied Force". AirForces Monthly.
  95. ^ Donald 2003, p. 119
  96. ^ "Weapons: F-117A Stealth". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  97. ^ a b c d e f "Operation Desert Storm Evaluation of the Air Campaign GAO/NSIAD-97-134" (PDF). General Accounting Office. 12 June 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  98. ^ Clark 1992, p. 70.
  99. ^ a b Arkin, William M. "Baghdad". Airpower Journal. 11 (1): 4.
  100. ^ RENNER, US AIR force, Major R. A. (January 2004). "America's asymmetric advantage: The utility of airpower in the new strategic environment". Defence Studies. 4 (1): 87–113. doi:10.1080/1470243042000255281.
  101. ^ Schmitt, Eric (17 June 1991). "Navy Looks On with Envy at Air Force Stealth Display". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  102. ^ LaBoy, Vanessa (18 April 2003). "Nighthawks return home". Air Force. USAF. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  103. ^ "Have Blue and Stealth Technology". www.darpa.mil. DARPA. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  104. ^ Haulman, Daniel. "Aberrations in Iraq and Afghanistan". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  105. ^ Martin, David (19 March 2013). "Ex-CIA officer on the strike that could have averted Iraq War - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. CBS. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  106. ^ Kinkade, Mark (7 July 2003). "The First Shot". Airman. 47 (7): 24–29.
  107. ^ Fulghum, David A. (21 December 2001). "Bombing costs escalate in Afghanistan operations". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 155 (24): 38.
  108. ^ Tiron, Roxana (22 February 2006). "New Mexico Air Force base at crossroads". The Hill. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  109. ^ "Program Budget Decision 720" (PDF). Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007.
  110. ^ Shea, Christopher (4 February 2007). "Now you see it..." Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  111. ^ "F-117 pilot school closes". Air Force Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  112. ^ Bates, Matthew (28 October 2006). "F-117: A long, storied history that is about to end". US Air Force.
  113. ^ a b Barrier, Terri (16 March 2007). "F-117A retirement bittersweet occasion". Aerotech News and Review.
  114. ^ According to a statement by the USAF, "Aircraft in Type-1000 storage are to be maintained until recalled to active service, should the need arise. Type 1000 aircraft are termed inviolate, meaning they have a high potential to return to flying status and no parts may be removed from them. These aircraft are 're-preserved' every four years."
  115. ^ a b Logan 2009 pp.45-188
  116. ^ Pae, Peter (23 April 2008). "Stealth fighters fly off the radar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  117. ^ Logan 2009 pp. 154
  118. ^ Radecki, Alan (8 August 2008). "F-117's final formation fling". Flight International. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  119. ^ "410th FLTS 'Baja Scorpions' closes historic chapter". U.S. Air Force. 5 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012.
  120. ^ Logan 2008 pp. 66
  121. ^ a b "F-117 Nighthawk Archives". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  122. ^ a b c D'Urso, Stefano (10 January 2023). "The U.S. Air Force Wants The F-117 To Fly Until 2034". The Aviationist. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  123. ^ Leone, Dario (11 April 2019). ""One of the F-117s secretly deployed to the middle East to take part in OIR made emergency landing in Kuwait", Scramble Magazine Says". The Aviation Geek Club. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  124. ^ "Behold F-117s on Their Historic Deployment to Fresno in These Stunning Shots". The Drive. 16 September 2021.
  125. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (13 September 2021). "F-117s Make Surprise Appearance At Fresno Airport To Train Against Local F-15s". The Drive. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  126. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (23 January 2022). "F-35 And F-117 Spotted Flying With Mysterious Mirror-Like Skin". The Drive. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  127. ^ Killian, Mike (7 May 2022). "F-117 Nighthawk Up Close at Sentry Savannah 2022". YouTube.
  128. ^ "The Most Stunning F-117 Photos We've Seen Since Its 'Retirement'". The Warzone. 4 February 2024.
  129. ^ a b "Navy still not interested in F-117N; JAST plan due tomorrow". Aerospace Daily. 167 (52): 426. 1993.
  130. ^ "Variant Aircraft". f-117a.com, 14 July 2003. Retrieved 7 November 2010
  131. ^ a b Morocco, John D. (1994). "Lockheed Returns to Navy with new F-117N Design". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 140 (10): 26.
  132. ^ "Lockheed Martin targets RAF and USN for F-117". Flight International. 28 June 1995.
  133. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (3 January 2017). "Reagan Invited Thatcher To Join The Top Secret F-117 Program". The Drive.
  134. ^ "Skunk Works official touts A/F-117X as Navy stealth option". Aerospace Daily. Vol. 171, no. 56. 1994. p. 446.
  135. ^ "F-117 Organizations". F-117 Stealth Fighter Association. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  136. ^ "Holloman Restores F-117 Nighthawk". Holloman Air Force Base. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  137. ^ "F-117 Nighthawk/79-10781". National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  138. ^ Rogoway, Thomas Newdick and Tyler (18 June 2021). "Why The F-117 Made Its First Flight In Pastel Camouflage 40 Years Ago Today". The War Zone. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  139. ^ "One of only four existing F-117s returns to Edwards". Edwards Air Force Base. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
  140. ^ "F-117A Serial Listings". f-117a.com. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  141. ^ Wilson, Alan (29 February 2016). "Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk [80-0785]". Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  142. ^ Leone, Dario (25 May 2023). "Museum of Aviation receives F-117A Nighthawk "Delta Dawn"". The Aviation Geek Club. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  143. ^ a b Hunter, Jamie (6 August 2020). "Stripped F-117 Nighthawk Arrives At Hill Aerospace Museum Direct From Tonopah". The Drive. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  144. ^ Trevithick, Joseph; Rogoway, Tyler (8 November 2019). "Stunning Video And Photos Of Skunk Works Preparing An F-117 For The Reagan Library". The Drive. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  145. ^ "Aircraft Factsheets: Lockheed F-117". Aviamagazine.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  146. ^ Jansen, Shaun (29 July 2022). "Once top secret US stealth plane arrives at Castle Air Museum". Merced Sun-Star. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  147. ^ Leone, Dario (11 October 2023). "F-117 that dropped the first bomb in Desert Storm to arrive at Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum". The Aviation Geek Club. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  148. ^ "Project: Get Shaba (817) Home" Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Kalamazoo Air Zoo. Retrieved 8 June 2020
  149. ^ "Modern Age Aircrafts [sic] | Air Zoo Aerospace & Science Museum | Kalamazoo, MI". www.airzoo.org. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  150. ^ "Untitled Facebook Post". www.facebook.com. Stafford Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  151. ^ a b "F-117A "Nighthawk"". Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  152. ^ Cenceiotti, David (11 October 2020). "Watch F-117 Stealth Jet #833 "Black Devil" Get A Water Salute Arriving At the Palm Springs Air Museum". The Aviationist. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  153. ^ Daly, M. "Tape Reveals Stealth of Our Ukrainian Pal". Daily News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
  154. ^ "DOD 4120.15-L: Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. 12 May 2004. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  155. ^ Rhodes, Jeffrey P. (July 1990). "The Black Jet". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 73, no. 7. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  156. ^ Gresham, John D. (21 January 2011). "Gulf War 20th: Emerging from the Shadows". defensemedianetwork.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  157. ^ "Ghost – an Arabic word". Arabic.fi.
  158. ^ "F-117A: Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 8 March 2001.
  159. ^ Aronstein and Piccirillo 1997, [page needed].
  160. ^ Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 282-283.
  161. ^ a b c "F-117 Nighthawk Fast Facts" (PDF). Lockheed Martin. November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2020.
  162. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  163. ^ "F-117A Nighthawk". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  164. ^ "Omaha Welcomes Nighthawks". ufl-football.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Aronstein, David C. and Albert C. Piccirillo (1997). Have Blue and the F-117A. Reston, Virginia, US: AIAA. ISBN 978-1-56347-245-9.
  • Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. New York, US: Alfred Knopf. ISBN 978-1-84115-007-9.
  • Grant, R.G. and John R. Dailey (2007). Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. Harlow, Essex, UK: DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7566-1902-2.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony R. (2008). Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, US: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
  • Sun, Andt (1990). F-117A Stealth Fighter. Hong Kong: Concord Publications Co. ISBN 978-962-361-017-9.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. (2004). "Lockheed F-117". Modern Military Aircraft (Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc. ISBN 978-1-84013-640-1.
  • The World's Great Stealth and Reconnaissance Aircraft. New York, US: Smithmark Publishing. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8317-9558-0.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to F-117 Nighthawk.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk&oldid=1259127740"