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List of volcanoes in Australia

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This is a list of active, dormant and extinct volcanoes in Australia and its island territories. Note that the term volcano is used loosely as it can include groups of related volcanoes and vents that erupted at similar times with lava of related origin. The lists provided below are mainly volcanoes of Cenozoic aged, with some notable older (Mesozoic and Paleozoic aged), volcanoes included. There are no volcanoes on the Australian mainland that have erupted since European settlement, but some volcanoes in Victoria, South Australia and North Queensland could have been witnessed by Aboriginal people several thousand years ago. There are active volcanoes in the Heard and McDonald Islands.

Australian states

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Queensland

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Atherton Volcano — — 17°30′S 144°30′E / 17.5°S 144.5°E / -17.5; 144.5 (Atherton Volcano) <100,000 years ago[1]
Lake Barrine 730 — 17°12′S 145°24′E / 17.2°S 145.4°E / -17.2; 145.4 (Lake Barrine) >17,000 years ago[1]
Mount Quincan 703 2,306 17°18′11″S 145°34′39″E / 17.30306°S 145.57750°E / -17.30306; 145.57750 (Mount Quincan) 10,000 years ago
Bauhinia Volcano — — 24°48′S 149°30′E / 24.8°S 149.5°E / -24.8; 149.5 (Bauhinia Volcano) 23–25 million years ago
Brisbane Volcano — — 27°42′S 152°36′E / 27.7°S 152.6°E / -27.7; 152.6 (Brisbane Volcano) 16–62 million years ago
Buckland — — — —
Bundaberg Volcano — — — —
Bunya Mountains — — 26°54′S 151°48′E / 26.9°S 151.8°E / -26.9; 151.8 (Bunya Mountains) 23 million years ago
Chudleigh Volcano — — 10°30′S 144°12′E / 10.5°S 144.2°E / -10.5; 144.2 (Chudleigh Volcano) 250,000 years ago
Lake Eacham — — 17°12′S 145°36′E / 17.2°S 145.6°E / -17.2; 145.6 (Lake Eacham) >9,000 years ago[1]
Malanda Volcano 1200 — 17°30′S 145°30′E / 17.5°S 145.5°E / -17.5; 145.5 (Malanda Volcano) 3 million years ago
Mount Fox — — 18°30′S 145°28′E / 18.50°S 145.47°E / -18.50; 145.47 (Mount Fox) —
Mount Hay — — — —
Fraser Volcano 25°00′S 153°21′E / 25.0°S 153.35°E / -25.0; 153.35 (Hillsborough Volcano) 31 million years ago[2]
Hillsborough Volcano — — 21°00′S 149°00′E / 21.0°S 149.0°E / -21.0; 149.0 (Hillsborough Volcano) 33.2 million years ago
Sloping Hummock 90 — 24°50′33″S 152°25′35″E / 24.84250°S 152.42639°E / -24.84250; 152.42639 (Sloping Hummock) —
The Crater (Mount Hypipamee) 1,000 — 17°12′S 145°12′E / 17.2°S 145.2°E / -17.2; 145.2 (Mount Hypipamee Crater) —
The Crater (Bombarri Mountain) 1,000 — 19°36′S 144°18′E / 19.6°S 144.3°E / -19.6; 144.3 (Bombarri Mountain Crater) —
Kinrara Volcano — — 18°18′S 144°36′E / 18.3°S 144.6°E / -18.3; 144.6 (Kinrara Volcano) 7,000 years ago[3]
Main Range Volcano — — 27°54′S 152°24′E / 27.9°S 152.4°E / -27.9; 152.4 (Main Range Volcano) 23–27 million years ago[4]
Mount Le Brun — — 25°35′52″S 151°54′32″E / 25.59778°S 151.90889°E / -25.59778; 151.90889 (Mount Le Brun) >600,000 years ago
Mount McBride 911 — 18°18′S 144°36′E / 18.3°S 144.6°E / -18.3; 144.6 (Mount McBride) 1.7 million years ago
McLean Volcano — — 15°48′S 144°48′E / 15.8°S 144.8°E / -15.8; 144.8 (McLean Volcano) <1 million years ago
Mingela — — — —
Mitchell Volcano — — 26°00′S 148°12′E / 26.0°S 148.2°E / -26.0; 148.2 (Mitchell Volcano) 21–24 million years ago
Monto — — — —
Nebo Volcano — — 21°24′S 148°12′E / 21.4°S 148.2°E / -21.4; 148.2 (Nebo Volcano) 28–35 million years ago
Nulla Volcano — — 19°42′S 145°18′E / 19.7°S 145.3°E / -19.7; 145.3 (Nulla Volcano) 13,000 years ago
Piebald Volcano 417 — 15°06′S 145°06′E / 15.1°S 145.1°E / -15.1; 145.1 (Piebald Volcano) <3 million years ago
Rockhampton Volcano — — 23°18′S 150°24′E / 23.3°S 150.4°E / -23.3; 150.4 (Rockhampton Volcano) 67–71 million years ago
Springsure 600 — 24°00′S 148°06′E / 24.0°S 148.1°E / -24.0; 148.1 (Springsure) 24–33 million years ago
Sturgeon Volcano — — 20°18′S 144°12′E / 20.3°S 144.2°E / -20.3; 144.2 (Sturgeon Volcano) 92,000 years ago
Toomba — — 19°30′S 145°00′E / 19.5°S 145.0°E / -19.5; 145.0 (Toomba) 21,000 years ago[3]
Undara Crater 1,020 3,345 18°15′S 144°45′E / 18.25°S 144.75°E / -18.25; 144.75 (Undara Crater) 189,000 years ago[3]
Wallaroo Volcano — — 18°00′S 145°24′E / 18.0°S 145.4°E / -18.0; 145.4 (Wallaroo Volcano) <5 million years ago
Mount Barney, Focal Peak Volcano 1,359 4,958 28°10′S 152°25′E / 28.17°S 152.42°E / -28.17; 152.42 (Mount Barney) —
Campbells Folly — — — —
Mount Pie — — — —
Mount Glennie — — — —
Levers Plateau — — — —
Glass House Mountains — — — 26–27 million years ago[2]
Mount Beerburrum 276 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Beerburrum) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Beerwah 556 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Beerwah) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Coochin 235 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Coochin) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Cooee — — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Cooee) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Coonowrin 377 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Coonowrin) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Elimbah 129 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Elimbah) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Horogargan — — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Horogargan) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Miketeebumulgrai 199 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Miketeebumulgrai) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Ngungun 253 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Ngungun) 26–27 million years ago
Round Mountain — — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Round Mountain) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Tibberoowuccum 220 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Tibberoowuccum) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Tibrogargan 364 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Tibrogargan) 26–27 million years ago
Mount Tunbubudla 312 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Mount Tunbubudla) 26–27 million years ago
Wild Horse Mountain 123 — 26°42′S 152°54′E / 26.7°S 152.9°E / -26.7; 152.9 (Wild Horse Mountain) 26–27 million years ago
Anvil Peak — — 22°48′S 148°00′E / 22.8°S 148.0°E / -22.8; 148.0 (Anvil Peak) 27–35 million years ago
Table Mountain — — 22°48′S 148°00′E / 22.8°S 148.0°E / -22.8; 148.0 (Table Mountain) 27–35 million years ago
Murray Island 200 656 10°00′S 144°00′E / 10.0°S 144.0°E / -10.0; 144.0 (Murray Island) 1 million years ago

New South Wales

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Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Abercrombie Volcano — — 34°18′S 149°24′E / 34.3°S 149.4°E / -34.3; 149.4 (Abercrombie Volcano) 14–26 million years ago
Airly Volcano — — 32°54′S 150°06′E / 32.9°S 150.1°E / -32.9; 150.1 (Airly Volcano) 34–42 million years ago
Barrington Volcano — — 31°48′S 151°12′E / 31.8°S 151.2°E / -31.8; 151.2 (Barrington Volcano) 44–54 million years ago
Bunda Bunda Volcano — — 31°06′S 152°24′E / 31.1°S 152.4°E / -31.1; 152.4 (Bunda Bunda Volcano) 71 million years ago
Byrock Volcano — — 30°42′S 146°18′E / 30.7°S 146.3°E / -30.7; 146.3 (Byrock Volcano) 17 million years ago[5]
Mount Canobolas 1,395 — 33°18′S 149°00′E / 33.3°S 149.0°E / -33.3; 149.0 (Mount Canobolas) 12–13 million years ago
Cargelligo Volcano — — 33°24′S 146°30′E / 33.4°S 146.5°E / -33.4; 146.5 (Cargelligo Volcano) 15 million years ago[5]
Central Volcano inc. Maybole Volcano and Gragin Peak — — 29°48′S 151°36′E / 29.8°S 151.6°E / -29.8; 151.6 (Central Volcano) —
Comboyne Volcano — — 31°36′S 152°30′E / 31.6°S 152.5°E / -31.6; 152.5 (Comboyne Volcano) 16–17 million years ago[4]
Doughboy Volcano — — 30°18′S 152°12′E / 30.3°S 152.2°E / -30.3; 152.2 (Doughboy Volcano) 38–45 million years ago
Dubbo Volcano — — 32°12′S 149°12′E / 32.2°S 149.2°E / -32.2; 149.2 (Dubbo Volcano) 12–15 million years ago
Ebor Volcano — — 30°24′S 152°24′E / 30.4°S 152.4°E / -30.4; 152.4 (Ebor Volcano) 19–20 million years ago[4]
El Capitan — — 31°12′S 146°12′E / 31.2°S 146.2°E / -31.2; 146.2 (El Capitan) 18 million years ago[5]
Mount Gulaga or Mount Dromedary 806 — 36°18′S 150°00′E / 36.3°S 150.0°E / -36.3; 150.0 (Mount Gulaga) —
Mount Kaputar or Nandewar Volcano 1,507 — 30°12′S 150°06′E / 30.2°S 150.1°E / -30.2; 150.1 (Mount Kaputar) 17–18 million years ago
Liverpool Range — — 31°54′S 150°24′E / 31.9°S 150.4°E / -31.9; 150.4 (Liverpool Range) 32–35 million years ago
Monaro — — 35°42′S 150°18′E / 35.7°S 150.3°E / -35.7; 150.3 (Monaro) 37–55 million years ago
Nerriga Volcano — — 35°12′S 149°48′E / 35.2°S 149.8°E / -35.2; 149.8 (Nerriga Volcano) 50 million years ago
Snowy Mountains — — 35°30′S 148°18′E / 35.5°S 148.3°E / -35.5; 148.3 (Snowy Mountains) 17–22 million years ago
South Coast Volcano — — 35°42′S 150°18′E / 35.7°S 150.3°E / -35.7; 150.3 (South Coast Volcano) 26–31 million years ago
Southern Highlands Volcano — — 34°36′S 150°30′E / 34.6°S 150.5°E / -34.6; 150.5 (Southern Highlands Volcano) 31–55 million years ago
Prospect Hill — — 33°49′30″S 150°55′5″E / 33.82500°S 150.91806°E / -33.82500; 150.91806 (Prospect Hill) 80 million years ago
Walcha Volcano — — 31°24′S 151°48′E / 31.4°S 151.8°E / -31.4; 151.8 (Walcha Volcano) 44–56 million years ago
Mount Warning or Tweed Volcano 1,157 3,796 28°23′50″S 153°16′15″E / 28.39722°S 153.27083°E / -28.39722; 153.27083 (Mount Warning) 24–23 million years ago[4]
Warrumbungles inc The Breadknife — — 31°18′S 149°00′E / 31.3°S 149.0°E / -31.3; 149.0 (Warrumbungles) 13–17 million years ago

Victoria

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Aberfeldy Volcano — — 37°48′S 146°24′E / 37.8°S 146.4°E / -37.8; 146.4 (Aberfeldy Volcano) 27 million years ago
Lake Bullen Merri — — — —
Mount Buninyong 744 — — —
Lake Colongulac — — — —
Cosgrove 9 million years ago[5]
Dargo — — — —
Budj Bim, in Budj Bim National Park — — 38°04′S 141°55′E / 38.07°S 141.92°E / -38.07; 141.92 (Mount Eccles) 36.9 ±3.1 thousand years ago
Mount Elephant 395 — 37°58′S 143°12′E / 37.96°S 143.20°E / -37.96; 143.20 (Mount Elephant) 5,000–20,000 years ago
Flinders Volcano — — 38°30′S 145°18′E / 38.5°S 145.3°E / -38.5; 145.3 (Flinders Volcano) 40–48 million years ago
Mount Franklin 635 — — 470,000 years ago
Gelantipy Volcano — — 37°12′S 148°18′E / 37.2°S 148.3°E / -37.2; 148.3 (Gelantipy Volcano) 34–43 million years ago
Lake Gnotuk — — — —
Mount Hamilton — — — —
Howitt Volcano — — 37°12′S 146°42′E / 37.2°S 146.7°E / -37.2; 146.7 (Howitt Volcano) 32–36 million years ago
Lake Keilambete — — — —
Mount Kooroocheang 230 — — —
La Trobe Volcano — — 38°30′S 146°18′E / 38.5°S 146.3°E / -38.5; 146.3 (La Trobe Volcano) 50–59 million years ago
Mount Leura 311 — 38°06′S 143°06′E / 38.1°S 143.1°E / -38.1; 143.1 (Mount Leura) 5,000–20,000 years ago
Mount Macedon 1,014 3,346 37°25′S 144°35′E / 37.41°S 144.58°E / -37.41; 144.58 (Mount Macedon) 360 million years ago
Mount Napier 440 1,440 37°48′S 142°30′E / 37.8°S 142.5°E / -37.8; 142.5 (Mount Napier) 32,000 years ago
Neerim Volcano — — 38°00′S 146°00′E / 38.0°S 146.0°E / -38.0; 146.0 (Neerim Volcano) 20–25 million years ago
Mount Noorat 310 — 38°10′37″S 142°55′39″E / 38.1769267°S 142.9276341°E / -38.1769267; 142.9276341 (Mount Noorat) 5,000–20,000 years ago
Poowong — — — —
Mount Porndon 278 — 38°11′S 143°10′E / 38.18°S 143.17°E / -38.18; 143.17 (Mount Porndon) 300,000 years ago
Lake Purrumbete — — — —
Stockyard Hill — — 37°34′S 143°19′E / 37.56°S 143.32°E / -37.56; 143.32 (Stockyard Hill/Black Lake) 0.1–0.5 million years ago [6]
The Anakies — — 37°33′S 144°06′E / 37.55°S 144.10°E / -37.55; 144.10 (The Anakies) 1.5 million years ago[7]
Toombullup Volcano — — 36°54′S 146°18′E / 36.9°S 146.3°E / -36.9; 146.3 (Toombullup Volcano) 37–44 million years ago
Tower Hill, in Tower Hill State Game Reserve 103 338 38°19′16″S 142°21′35″E / 38.3212°S 142.3597°E / -38.3212; 142.3597 (Tower Hill) 36.8 ±3.8 thousand years ago
Uplands Volcano — — 36°48′S 147°36′E / 36.8°S 147.6°E / -36.8; 147.6 (Uplands Volcano) 2 million years ago
Mount Warrenheip 741 — — —
Mount Warrnambool 216 — 38°11′S 142°26′E / 38.18°S 142.44°E / -38.18; 142.44 (Mount Warrnambool) 5,000–20,000 years ago
Newer Volcanics Province — — 37°46′S 142°30′E / 37.767°S 142.500°E / -37.767; 142.500 (Newer Volcanics) —

South Australia

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South Australia's volcanoes are the youngest in Australia, and erupted within the memory of local Indigenous peoples. They are all in the Limestone Coast region, in the Mount Burr Range. They are considered dormant rather than extinct.

Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Mount Burr 187 614 37°33′S 140°28′E / 37.55°S 140.46°E / -37.55; 140.46 (Mount Burr) 4,750 years ago
Mount Gambier 190 623 37°50′S 140°47′E / 37.84°S 140.78°E / -37.84; 140.78 (Mount Gambier) 4,500 years ago
Mount Schank 158 518 37°56′S 140°44′E / 37.94°S 140.74°E / -37.94; 140.74 (Mount Schank) 5,000 years ago
Mount Muirhead 130 427 37°34′S 140°25′E / 37.56°S 140.41°E / -37.56; 140.41 (Mount Muirhead) 5,000 years ago

Western Australia

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There are no active or dormant volcanoes in Western Australia, although there are a number of extinct ones, and geological evidence of others. There are nineteen small extinct volcanoes in the valley of the Fitzroy River in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The Kimberley also has a number of groups of hot springs, which may be connected with the volcanic activity that produced the extinct volcanoes (but since these volcanic formations are Proterozoic in age – i.e. maybe a billion years old, this would be very unlikely). There are also deposits of basalt at Bunbury and Cape Gosselin.

Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Argyle diamond mine — — 16°36′S 128°18′E / 16.6°S 128.3°E / -16.6; 128.3 (Argyle Diamond Pipe) 1.58 million years ago

Tasmania

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Table Cape 181 594 40°57′S 145°44′E / 40.95°S 145.73°E / -40.95; 145.73 (Table Cape) 12 million years ago
The Nut 143 469 40°46′S 145°18′E / 40.76°S 145.3°E / -40.76; 145.3 (The Nut) 25-70 million years ago
Hillwood Volcano 2880 9448 41°13′S 146°57′E / 41.21°S 146.95°E / -41.21; 146.95 250 million years ago
Lune River — — 43°15′S 146°32′E / 43.25°S 146.54°E / -43.25; 146.54 180 million years ago
Mount Charter 514 1686 41°37′21″S 145°40′32″E / 41.62250°S 145.67556°E / -41.62250; 145.67556 500 million years ago
Mount Tor 1105 3625 41°25′53″S 145°53′34″E / 41.43139°S 145.89278°E / -41.43139; 145.89278 500 million years ago
Mount Julia 843 2766 41°53′3″S 145°33′50″E / 41.88417°S 145.56389°E / -41.88417; 145.56389 500 million years ago
Mount Cripps 943 3,094 41°34′49″S 145°45′59″E / 41.58028°S 145.76639°E / -41.58028; 145.76639 500 million years ago
Mount Read Volcanics 1.123 3.684 41°30′S 145°19′E / 41.50°S 145.32°E / -41.50; 145.32 500 million years ago

Territories

[edit]

Australia Capital Territory

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Mount Stromlo 770 2,530 35°19′0″S 149°1′0″E / 35.31667°S 149.01667°E / -35.31667; 149.01667 (Mount Stromlo) Silurian period

Heard and McDonald Islands

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Anzac Peak 715 2,346 52°59′32″S 73°17′58″E / 52.99222°S 73.29944°E / -52.99222; 73.29944 (Anzac Peak) —
Big Ben (Mawson Peak) 2,745 9,006 53°6′0″S 73°31′0″E / 53.10000°S 73.51667°E / -53.10000; 73.51667 (Big Ben) 2023
Mount Dixon 715 2,346 53°0′S 73°17′E / 53.000°S 73.283°E / -53.000; 73.283 (Mount Dixon) —
McDonald Islands 230 755 53°02′S 72°36′E / 53.03°S 72.60°E / -53.03; 72.60 (McDonald Islands) 2005

Lord Howe Island

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Ball's Pyramid 562 1,844 31°45′07″S 159°15′05″E / 31.75194°S 159.25139°E / -31.75194; 159.25139 (Ball's Pyramid) —
Mount Gower 875 2,870 31°34′51″S 159°04′54″E / 31.58083°S 159.08167°E / -31.58083; 159.08167 (Mount Gower) —

Australia Antarctic Territory

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Gaussberg 370 1,214 66°48′S 89°1′E / 66.800°S 89.017°E / -66.800; 89.017 (Gaussberg) —

Norfolk Island

[edit]

Norfolk Island and neighbouring Nepean Island and Phillip Island are mountain top remnants of an elongated shield volcano.[8]

Tasman Sea

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Bass Strait Basin — — — —
Tasman Seamounts — — — —
Barcoo Seamount — — — —
Britannia Seamount — — — —
Derwent-Hunter Seamount — — — —
Gascoyne Seamount — — — —
Heemskirk Seamount — — — —
Queensland Seamount — — — —
Soela Seamount — — — —
Taupo Seamount — — — —
Zeelian Seamount — — — —

Other

[edit]
Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet Coordinates
Macquarie Island 433 1,421 54°30′S 158°57′E / 54.50°S 158.95°E / -54.50; 158.95 (Macquarie Island) —
Norfolk Island 315 1,033 29°S 168°E / 29°S 168°E / -29; 168 (Norfolk Island) 2.4 million years ago
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References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ a b c Whitehead, P. W.; Stephenson, P. J.; McDougall, I.; Hopkins, M. S.; Graham, A. W.; Collerson, K. D.; Johnson, D. P. (1 July 2007). "Temporal development of the Atherton Basalt Province, north Queensland". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 54 (5): 691–709. Bibcode:2007AuJES..54..691W. doi:10.1080/08120090701305236. ISSN 0812-0099. S2CID 140645798.
  2. ^ a b Cohen, B. E.; Vasconcelos, P. M.; Knesel, K. M. (1 February 2007). "40Ar/39Ar constraints on the timing of Oligocene intraplate volcanism in southeast Queensland". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 54 (1): 105–125. Bibcode:2007AuJES..54..105C. doi:10.1080/08120090600981483. ISSN 0812-0099. S2CID 128834679.
  3. ^ a b c Cohen, B.E.; Mark, D.F.; Fallon, S.J.; Stephenson, P.J. (2017). "Holocene-Neogene volcanism in northeastern Australia: Chronology and eruption history" (PDF). Quaternary Geochronology. 39: 79–91. Bibcode:2017QuGeo..39...79C. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2017.01.003.
  4. ^ a b c d Knesel, Kurt M.; Cohen, Benjamin E.; Vasconcelos, Paulo M.; Thiede, David S. (2008). "Rapid change in drift of the Australian plate records collision with Ontong Java plateau". Nature. 454 (7205): 754–757. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..754K. doi:10.1038/nature07138. PMID 18685705. S2CID 4427792.
  5. ^ a b c d Cohen, B. E.; Knesel, K. M.; Vasconcelos, P. M.; Thiede, D. S.; Hergt, J. M. (1 April 2008). "40Ar/39Ar constraints on the timing and origin of Miocene leucitite volcanism in southeastern Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 55 (3): 407–418. Bibcode:2008AuJES..55..407C. doi:10.1080/08120090701769514. ISSN 0812-0099. S2CID 129437099.
  6. ^ Stockyard Hill 3-in-1, retrieved 8 March 2018
  7. ^ "The Anakies".
  8. ^ "Norfolk Island". ga.gov.au. 15 May 2014.
Sources
[edit]
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