Comparison of parser generators
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This is a list of notable lexer generators and parser generators for various language classes.
Regular languages
[edit]Regular languages are a category of languages (sometimes termed Chomsky Type 3) which can be matched by a state machine (more specifically, by a deterministic finite automaton or a nondeterministic finite automaton) constructed from a regular expression. In particular, a regular language can match constructs like "A follows B", "Either A or B", "A, followed by zero or more instances of B", but cannot match constructs which require consistency between non-adjacent elements, such as "some instances of A followed by the same number of instances of B", and also cannot express the concept of recursive "nesting" ("every A is eventually followed by a matching B"). A classic example of a problem which a regular grammar cannot handle is the question of whether a given string contains correctly nested parentheses. (This is typically handled by a Chomsky Type 2 grammar, also termed a context-free grammar.)
| Name | Lexer algorithm | Output languages | Grammar, code | Development platform | License |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alex | DFA | Haskell | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| AnnoFlex | DFA | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, BSD |
| Astir | DFA table driven, with branching | C++ | Only grammar (actioned) | All | Free, MIT |
| AustenX | DFA | Java | Separate | All | Free, BSD |
| C# Flex | DFA | C# | Mixed | .NET CLR | Free, GNU GPL |
| C# Lex | DFA | C# | Mixed | .NET CLR | ? |
| CookCC | DFA | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| DFA | DFA compressed matrix | C, C++ | Separate | Windows, Visual Studio | BSD |
| Dolphin | DFA | C++ | Separate | All | Proprietary |
| Flex | DFA table driven | C, C++ | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| gelex | DFA | Eiffel | Mixed | Eiffel | Free, MIT |
| golex | DFA | Go | Mixed | Go | Free, BSD-style |
| gplex | DFA | C# | Mixed | .NET CLR | Free, BSD-like |
| JFlex | DFA | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, BSD |
| JLex | DFA | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, BSD-like |
| lex | DFA | C | Mixed | POSIX | Partial, proprietary, CDDL |
| lexertl | DFA | C++ | ? | All | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Quex | DFA direct code | C, C++ | Mixed | All | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Ragel | DFA | Go, C, C++, Java, assembly | Mixed | All | Free, GNU GPL, MIT[1][2] |
| RE/flex | DFA direct code, DFA table driven, and NFA regex libraries | C++ | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| re2c | DFA direct code | C, C++, Go, Rust | Mixed | All | Free, public domain |
Deterministic context-free languages
[edit]Context-free languages are a category of languages (sometimes termed Chomsky Type 2) which can be matched by a sequence of replacement rules, each of which essentially maps each non-terminal element to a sequence of terminal elements and/or other nonterminal elements. Grammars of this type can match anything that can be matched by a regular grammar, and furthermore, can handle the concept of recursive "nesting" ("every A is eventually followed by a matching B"), such as the question of whether a given string contains correctly nested parentheses. The rules of Context-free grammars are purely local, however, and therefore cannot handle questions that require non-local analysis such as "Does a declaration exist for every variable that is used in a function?". To do so technically would require a more sophisticated grammar, like a Chomsky Type 1 grammar, also termed a context-sensitive grammar. However, parser generators for context-free grammars often support the ability for user-written code to introduce limited amounts of context-sensitivity. (For example, upon encountering a variable declaration, user-written code could save the name and type of the variable into an external data structure, so that these could be checked against later variable references detected by the parser.)
The deterministic context-free languages are a proper subset of the context-free languages which can be efficiently parsed by deterministic pushdown automata.
| Name | Parsing algorithm | Input grammar notation | Output languages | Grammar, code | Lexer | Development platform | IDE | License |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANTLR4 | Adaptive LL(*)[3] | EBNF | C#, Java, Python, JavaScript, C++, Swift, Go, PHP | Separate | generated | Java virtual machine | Yes | Free, BSD |
| ANTLR3 | LL(*) | EBNF | ActionScript, Ada95, C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, Perl, Python, Ruby | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine | Yes | Free, BSD |
| APG[4] | Recursive descent, backtracking | ABNF | Python, JavaScript, C, Java | Separate | none | All | No | Free, BSD |
| Beaver[5][6] | LALR(1) | EBNF | Java | Mixed | external | Java virtual machine | No | Free, BSD |
| Bison | LALR(1), LR(1), IELR(1), GLR | Yacc | C, C++, Java | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL with exception |
| BtYacc | Backtracking Bottom-up | ? | C++ | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, public domain |
| byacc | LALR(1) | Yacc | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, public domain |
| CL-Yacc[7][8] | LALR(1) | Lisp | Common Lisp | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, MIT |
| Coco/R | LL(1) + semantic predicates | EBNF | C, C++, C#, F#, Java, Ada, Object Pascal, Delphi, Modula-2, Oberon, Ruby, Swift, Unicon, Visual Basic .NET | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine, .NET framework, Windows, POSIX (depends on output language) | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| CppCC[9][10] | LL(k) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | POSIX | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| CUP[11][12] | LALR(1) | ? | Java | Mixed | external | Java virtual machine | No | Free, BSD-like |
| Eli[13][14] | LALR(1) | ? | C | Mixed | generated | POSIX | No | Free, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL |
| Essence[15] | LR(?) | ? | Scheme 48 | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, BSD |
| eyapp[16] | LALR(1) | ? | Perl | Mixed | external or generated | All | No | Free, Artistic |
| GOLD[17] | LALR(1) | BNF | x86 assembly language, ANSI C, C#, D, Java, Pascal, Object Pascal, Python, Visual Basic 6, Visual Basic .NET, Visual C++ | Separate | generated | Windows | Yes | Free, zlib modified |
| Hime Parser Generator[18] | LALR(1), GLR | BNF dialect | C#, Java, Rust | Separate | generated | .NET framework, Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Hyacc[19] | LR(1), LALR(1), LR(0) | Yacc | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| JavaCC[20][21] | LL(k) | EBNF | Java, C++, JavaScript (via GWT compiler)[22] | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine | Yes | Free, BSD |
| JFLAP | LL(1), LALR(1) | ? | Java | ? | ? | Java virtual machine | Yes | ? |
| JetPAG | LL(k) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| JS/CC | LALR(1) | EBNF | JavaScript, JScript, ECMAScript | Mixed | internal | All | Yes | Free, BSD |
| KDevelop-PG-Qt | LL(1), backtracking, shunting-yard | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated or external | All, KDE | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Kelbt | Backtracking LALR(1) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | POSIX | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| kmyacc | LALR(1) | ? | C, Java, Perl, JavaScript | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| Lapg | LALR(1) | ? | C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| Lark | LALR(1), Earley (SPPF) | EBNF | Python, JavaScript | Mixed | generated | All | Yes | Free, MIT |
| Lemon | LALR(1) | BNF dialect[23] | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, public domain |
| Lezer[24][25][26] | LR(1), GLR | EBNF dialect | JavaScript | Separate | generated | Node.js, JavaScript | No | Free, MIT |
| Lime | LALR(1) | ? | PHP | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| LISA | LR(?), LL(?), LALR(?), SLR(?) | ? | Java | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine | Yes | Free, public domain |
| LLgen | LL(1) | ? | C | Mixed | external | POSIX | No | Free, BSD |
| LLnextgen | LL(1) | ? | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| LLLPG | LL(k) + syntactic and semantic predicates | ANTLR-like | C# | Mixed | generated (?) | .NET framework, Mono | Visual Studio | Free, GNU LGPL |
| LPG | Backtracking LALR(k) | ? | Java | Mixed | generated | Java virtual machine | No | Free, EPL |
| LRSTAR[27] | LALR(1), LALR(*) | YACC, ANTLR, EBNF | C++ | Separate | generated | Windows | Visual Studio | Free, BSD |
| Menhir | LR(1) | ? | OCaml | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, QPL |
| ML-Yacc | LALR(1) | ? | ML | Mixed | external | All | No | ? |
| Monkey | LR(1) | ? | Java | Separate | generated | Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| Msta | LALR(k), LR(k) | YACC, EBNF | C, C++ | Mixed | external or generated | POSIX, Cygwin | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| MTP (More Than Parsing) | LL(1) | ? | Java | Separate | generated | Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| MyParser | LL(*) | Markdown | C++11 | Separate | internal | Any with standard C++11 compiler | No | Free, MIT |
| NLT | GLR | C#/BNF-like | C# | Mixed | mixed | .NET framework | No | Free, MIT |
| ocamlyacc | LALR(1) | ? | OCaml | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, QPL |
| olex | LL(1) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| Parsec | LL, backtracking | Haskell | Haskell | Mixed | none | All | No | Free, BSD |
| yapp[16] | LALR(1) | ? | Perl | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| Parser Objects | LL(k) | ? | Java | Mixed | ? | Java virtual machine | No | Free, zlib |
| PCCTS | LL | ? | C, C++ | ? | ? | All | No | ? |
| PLY | LALR(1) | BNF | Python | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| PlyPlus | LALR(1) | EBNF | Python | Separate | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| PRECC | LL(k) | ? | C | Separate | generated | DOS, POSIX | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| racc[28] | LALR(1) | BNF-like, yacc-like[29] | Ruby | Mixed | ? | Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD | No | LGPL |
| QLALR | LALR(1) | ? | C++ | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| SableCC | LALR(1) | ? | C, C++, C#, Java, OCaml, Python | Separate | generated | Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| SLK[30] | LL(k) LR(k) LALR(k) | EBNF | C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript | Separate | external | All | No | SLK[31] |
| SLY[32] | LALR(1) | BNF | Python | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| SP (Simple Parser) | Recursive descent | Python | Python | Separate | generated | All | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Spirit | Recursive descent | ? | C++ | Mixed | internal | All | No | Free, Boost |
| Styx | LALR(1) | ? | C, C++ | Separate | generated | All | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Sweet Parser | LALR(1) | ? | C++ | Separate | generated | Windows | No | Free, zlib |
| Tap | LL(1) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| TextTransformer | LL(k) | ? | C++ | Mixed | generated | Windows | Yes | Proprietary |
| TinyPG | LL(1) | ? | C#, Visual Basic | ? | ? | Windows | Yes | Partial, CPOL 1.0 |
| Toy Parser Generator | Recursive descent | ? | Python | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| TP Yacc | LALR(1) | ? | Turbo Pascal | Mixed | external | All | Yes | Free, GNU GPL |
| Tree-Sitter[33] | LR(1), GLR | JavaScript DSL, JSON | C, bindings (Rust, WebAssembly, JavaScript, Python, many other) | Separate | generated + external | All | Neovim, Helix, GNU Emacs, Lapce, Zed | Free, MIT |
| Tunnel Grammar Studio | Tunnel Parsing | ABNF | C++ | Separate | generated | Windows | Yes | Proprietary |
| UltraGram | LALR(1), LR(1), GLR | BNF | C++, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET | Separate | external | Windows | Yes | Free, public domain |
| UniCC | LALR(1) | EBNF | C, C++, Python, JavaScript, JSON, XML | Mixed | generated | POSIX | No | Free, BSD |
| UrchinCC | LL(1) | ? | Java | ? | generated | Java virtual machine | No | ? |
| Yacc AT&T/Sun | LALR(1) | Yacc | C | Mixed | external | POSIX | No | Free, CPL & CDDL |
| Yacc++ | LR(1), LALR(1) | Yacc | C++, C# | Mixed | generated or external | All | No | Proprietary |
| Yapps | LL(1) | ? | Python | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| yecc | LALR(1) | ? | Erlang | Separate | generated | All | No | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| Visual BNF | LR(1), LALR(1) | ? | C# | Separate | generated | .NET framework | Yes | Proprietary |
| YooParse | LR(1), LALR(1) | ? | C++ | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, MIT |
| Parse[34] | LR(1) | BNF in C++ types | ? | ? | none | C++11 standard compiler | No | Free, MIT |
| GGLL | LL(1) | Graph | Java | Mixed | generated | Windows | Yes | Free, MIT |
| Product | Parsing algorithm | Input grammar notation | Output languages | Grammar, code | Lexer | Development platform | IDE | License |
Parsing expression grammars, deterministic Boolean grammars
[edit]This table compares parser generators with parsing expression grammars, deterministic Boolean grammars.
| Name | Parsing algorithm | Output languages | Grammar, code | Development platform | License |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AustenX | Packrat (modified) | Java | Separate | All | Free, BSD |
| Aurochs | Packrat | C, OCaml, Java | Mixed | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| BNFlite | Recursive descent | C++ | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Canopy | Packrat | Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby | Separate | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| CL-peg | Packrat | Common Lisp | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Drat! | Packrat | D | Mixed | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| Frisby | Packrat | Haskell | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| grammar::peg | Packrat | Tcl | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| Grako | Packrat + Cut + Left Recursion | Python, C++ (beta) | Separate | All | Free, BSD |
| IronMeta | Packrat | C# | Mixed | Windows | Free, BSD |
| Laja | 2-phase scannerless top-down backtracking + runtime support | Java | Separate | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| lars::Parser | Packrat (supporting left-recursion and grammar ambiguity) | C++ | Identical | All | Free, BSD |
| LPeg | Parsing machine | Lua | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| lug | Parsing machine | C++17 | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Mouse | Recursive descent (modified, limited memoization and left-recursion) | Java | Separate | Java virtual machine | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| Narwhal | Packrat | C | Mixed | POSIX, Windows | Free, BSD |
| Nearley | Earley | JavaScript | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Nemerle.Peg | Recursive descent + Pratt | Nemerle | Separate | All | Free, BSD |
| neotoma | Packrat | Erlang | Separate | All | Free, MIT |
| NPEG | Recursive descent | C# | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| OMeta | Packrat (modified, partial memoization) | JavaScript, Squeak, Python | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| PackCC | Packrat (modified, left-recursion support) | C | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Packrat | Packrat | Scheme | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Pappy | Packrat | Haskell | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| parboiled | Recursive descent | Java, Scala | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| Lambda PEG | Recursive descent | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| parsepp | Recursive descent | C++ | Mixed | All | Free, public domain |
| Parsnip | Packrat | C++ | Mixed | Windows | Free, GNU GPL |
| Patterns | Parsing machine | Swift | Identical | All | Free, MIT |
| peg | Recursive descent | C | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| PEG.js | Packrat (partial memoization) | JavaScript | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Peggy[35] | Packrat (partial memoization) | JavaScript | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Pegasus | Recursive descent, Packrat (selectively) | C# | Mixed | Windows | Free, MIT |
| pegc | Recursive descent | C | Mixed | All | Free, public domain |
| pest | Recursive descent | Rust | Separate | All | Free, MIT, Apache 2.0 |
| PetitParser | Packrat | Smalltalk, Java, Dart | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| PEGTL[36] | Recursive descent | C++11, C++17 | Mixed | All | Free, Boost |
| Parser Grammar Engine (PGE) | Hybrid recursive descent / operator precedence[37] | Parrot bytecode | Mixed | Parrot virtual machine | Free, Artistic 2.0 |
| PyPy rlib | Packrat | Python | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Rats! | Packrat | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, GNU LGPL |
| Spirit2 | Recursive descent | C++ | Mixed | All | Free, Boost |
| Treetop | Recursive descent | Ruby | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Yard | Recursive descent | C++ | Mixed | All | Free, MIT or public domain |
| Waxeye | Parsing machine | C, Java, JavaScript, Python, Racket, Ruby | Separate | All | Free, MIT |
| PHP PEG | PEG Parser? | PHP | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
General context-free, conjunctive, or Boolean languages
[edit]This table compares parser generator languages with a general context-free grammar, a conjunctive grammar, or a Boolean grammar.
| Name | Parsing algorithm | Input grammar notation | Output languages | Grammar, code | Lexer | Development platform | IDE | License |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACCENT | Earley | Yacc variant | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| APaGeD | GLR, LALR(1), LL(k) | ? | D | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, Artistic |
| Bison | LALR(1), LR(1), IELR(1), GLR | Yacc | C, C++, D,[38] Java, XML | Mixed, except XML | external | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit | GLR | ? | Parlanse | Mixed | generated | Windows | No | Proprietary |
| DParser | Scannerless GLR | ? | C | Mixed | scannerless | POSIX | No | Free, BSD |
| Dypgen | Runtime-extensible GLR | ? | OCaml | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, CeCILL-B |
| E3 | Earley | ? | OCaml | Mixed | external, or scannerless | All | No | ? |
| Elkhound | GLR | ? | C++, OCaml | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, BSD |
| GDK | LALR(1), GLR | ? | C, Lex, Haskell, HTML, Java, Object Pascal, Yacc | Mixed | generated | POSIX | No | Free, MIT |
| Happy | LALR, GLR | ? | Haskell | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, BSD |
| Hime Parser Generator | GLR | ? | C#, Java, Rust | Separate | generated | .NET framework, Java virtual machine | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
| IronText Library | LALR(1), GLR | C# | C# | Mixed | generated or external | .NET framework | No | Free, Apache 2.0 |
| Jison | LALR(1), LR(0), SLR(1) | Yacc | JavaScript, C#, PHP | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| Syntax | LALR(1), LR(0), SLR(1) CLR(1) LL(1) | JSON/Yacc | JavaScript, Python, PHP, Ruby, C++, C#, Rust, Java | Mixed | generated | All | No | Free, MIT |
| Laja | Scannerless, two phase | Laja | Java | Separate | scannerless | All | No | Free, GNU GPL |
| ModelCC | Earley | Annotated class model | Java | Generated | generated | All | No | Free, BSD |
| P3 | Earley–combinators | BNF-like | OCaml | Mixed | external, or scannerless | All | No | ? |
| P4 | Earley–combinators, infinitary CFGs | BNF-like | OCaml | Mixed | external, or scannerless | All | No | ? |
| Scannerless Boolean Parser | Scannerless GLR (Boolean grammars) | ? | Haskell, Java | Separate | scannerless | Java virtual machine | No | Free, BSD |
| SDF/SGLR | Scannerless GLR | SDF | C, Java | Separate | scannerless | All | Yes | Free, BSD |
| SmaCC | GLR(1), LALR(1), LR(1) | ? | Smalltalk | Mixed | internal | All | Yes | Free, MIT |
| SPARK | Earley | ? | Python | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, MIT |
| Tom | GLR | ? | C | Generated | none | All | No | Free, "No licensing or copyright restrictions" |
| UltraGram | LALR, LR, GLR | ? | C++, C#, Java, Visual Basic .NET | Separate | generated | Windows | Yes | Proprietary |
| Wormhole | Pruning, LR, GLR, Scannerless GLR | ? | C, Python | Mixed | scannerless | Windows | No | Free, MIT |
| Whale Calf | General tabular, SLL(k), Linear normal form (conjunctive grammars), LR, Binary normal form (Boolean grammars) | ? | C++ | Separate | external | All | No | Proprietary |
| yaep | Earley | Yacc-like | C | Mixed | external | All | No | Free, GNU LGPL |
Context-sensitive grammars
[edit]This table compares parser generators with context-sensitive grammars.
| Name | Parsing algorithm | Input grammar notation | Boolean grammar abilities | Development platform | License |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bnf2xml | Recursive descent (is a text filter output is xml) | simple BNF[clarification needed] grammar (input matching), output is xml | ? | Beta, and not a full EBNF parser | Free, GNU GPL |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "Ragel State Machine Compiler".
- ^ http://www.colm.net/open-source/ragel/ [verification needed]
- ^ "Adaptive LL(*) Parsing: The Power of Dynamic Analysis" (PDF). Terence Parr. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
- ^ "Survey on Various Syntax Analyzer Tools". www.ijraset.com. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ Boyland, John; Spiewak, Daniel (2010-09-17). "Tool Paper: ScalaBison Recursive Ascent-Descent Parser Generator". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Language Descriptions Tools and Applications (LDTA 2009). 253 (7): 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2010.08.032. ISSN 1571-0661.
- ^ "Beaver - a LALR Parser Generator". beaver.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ Newton, Jim E.; Demaille, Akim; Verna, Didier (2016-05-09). "Type-Checking of Heterogeneous Sequences in Common Lisp" (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th European Lisp Symposium on European Lisp Symposium. ELS2016. Kraków, Poland: European Lisp Scientific Activities Association: 13–20. ISBN 978-2-9557474-0-7.
- ^ "CL-Yacc — a LALR(1) parser generator for Common Lisp". www.irif.fr. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ Hosseinpour, Sahereh; Alavi Milani, Mir Mohammad Reza; Pehlivan, Hüseyin (July 2018). "A Step-by-Step Solution Methodology for Mathematical Expressions". Symmetry. 10 (7): 285. Bibcode:2018Symm...10..285H. doi:10.3390/sym10070285. ISSN 2073-8994.
- ^ "CppCC's Home Page". cppcc.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ "Java Cup". pages.cs.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ "CUP". www2.cs.tum.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ Thiemann, Peter; Neubauer, Matthias (2004-12-31). "Parameterized LR Parsing". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools, and Applications (LDTA 2004). 110: 115–132. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.06.007. ISSN 1571-0661.
- ^ Gray, Robert W.; Levi, Steven P.; Heuring, Vincent P.; Sloane, Anthony M.; Waite, William M. (1992). "Eli: a complete, flexible compiler construction system". Communications of the ACM. 35 (2): 121–130. doi:10.1145/129630.129637. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 5121773.
- ^ Owens, Scott; Flatt, M.; Shivers, O.; McMullan, Benjamin (2004-10-01). "Lexer and Parser Generators in Scheme" (PDF). Scheme 2004: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Scheme and Functional Programming.
- ^ a b Areias, Hugo; Simões, Alberto; Henriques, P.; Cruz, Daniela Carneiro da (2010-09-01). "Parser generation in Perl : an overview and available tools" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Volkman, Victor (2007-07-19). "Let Your Parser Go for the GOLD". Developer.com. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "Parsing in C#: All the Tools and Libraries You Can Use (Part 2) - DZone". dzone.com. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ Ortin, Francisco; Quiroga, Jose; Rodriguez-Prieto, Oscar; Garcia, Miguel (2022-03-03). "An empirical evaluation of Lex/Yacc and ANTLR parser generation tools". PLOS ONE. 17 (3): e0264326. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1764326O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264326. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8893623. PMID 35239695.
- ^ Enseling, Oliver (2000-12-29). "Build your own languages with JavaCC". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "JavaCC". JavaCC. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ "Building parsers for the web with JavaCC & GWT (Part one)". Chris Ainsley. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
- ^ "The Lemon Parser Generator". sqlite.org. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "The Lezer Parser System".
- ^ "Building a ShopifyQL Code Editor". Shopify. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ^ "Sponsoring the Lezer parser system | Tines". www.tines.com. 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ^ "An LR(*) parser generator for C++".
- ^ "Racc". i.loveruby.net. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ "Racc Grammar File Reference". i.loveruby.net. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ "The SLK Parser Generator supports C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and C#, optional backtracking, free".
- ^ http://www.slkpg.tech/license.txt [bare URL plain text file]
- ^ "SLY (Sly Lex Yacc)".
- ^ "Tree-Sitter - An incremental parsing system for programming tools".
- ^ "Parse - Compile time (LR) type safe parser generator for C++". GitHub. 30 December 2021.
- ^ Maintained fork of PEG.js
- ^ taocpp/PEGTL, The Art of C++, 2024-03-14, retrieved 2024-03-16
- ^ "Parrot: Grammar Engine". The Parrot Foundation. 2011.
PGE rules provide the full power of recursive descent parsing and operator precedence parsing.
- ^ "Decl Summary (Bison 3.8.1)". www.gnu.org.