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List of Kazakh khans

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Starting from the formation of the Kazakhs in the mid-15th century, the Kazakhs khans led both the unified Kazakh Khanate and later the three main Kazakh divisions. Khan is a title for a ruler used by nomadic and semi-nomadic groups throughout Central Asia.

The Kazakhs were originally members of the nomadic Uzbek tribes who, under the leadership of Abu'l-Khayr Khan, migrated from the northwestern part of the Dasht-i Qipchaq south towards Transoxiana in the 1430s and 1440s and attacked parts of the Timurid Empire.[1] Two tribal leaders, Kerei and Janibek, who were themselves descendants of Urus Khan and by extension Genghis Khan, decided to leave the service of Abu'l-Khayr Khan. Those who followed Kerei and Janibek become known as the Uzbek-Kazakhs, Kazakh being a Turkic word which roughly translates as "vagabond" or "freebooter".[1] Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1468, and for the next three decades many of his followers began recognizing the authority of the Uzbek-Kazakh khans - Kerei, Janibek, and Kerei's son Burundyq.[2] By 1500, however, a new leader known as Muhammad Shaybani Khan united many of the Uzbeks under his control and pushed further south into modern-day Uzbekistan, while the Uzbek-Kazakhs, who by this time were known simply as Kazakhs, remained in the steppe.[2] The Uzbeks continued to be ruled by Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his descendants, while the Kazakhs were ruled by the descendants of Kerei and Janibek.

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

After the death of Tauke Khan in 1718 the Kazakh Khanate ceased to exist as a unified entity. Instead, the three different jüz, or hordes, of the Kazakhs became independent units, each with their own khan.[3] Throughout the 18th century the Russians continued to expand into the steppe region. As part of diplomatic relations, the Kazakh khans, especially from the Junior jüz in the west, would declare allegiance to Russia and the tsar, though these declarations had no actual impact beyond words.[4] By the turn of the 19th century, however, the Russians began to exert authority over the Kazakhs and the position of khan. The Russians chose to not appoint a new khan for the Middle jüz after 1819 and abolished the position of khan in the Junior jüz after Shergazy Khan's death in 1824.

The Russians also effected the creation of a new line of khans, the "Inner Horde" or "Bokei jüz". This jüz was made up of members of the Junior jüz who were allowed in 1801 to use pastures west of the Ural river in Russian territory. The position of khan in the Bokei jüz lasted until 1845, when it was also abolished by the Russians.[5]

In the 1840s a man named Kenesary, a descendant of Ablay Khan, launched a rebellion against Russian rule, which by this time extended across most of modern-day Kazakhstan. He was recognized by most Kazakh leaders as Kenesary Khan, and is considered in Kazakh histories today to be an official khan, though he was never recognized by the Russian authorities as such. Though the Russians pursued Kenesary for years across the steppe, he had broad support among the Kazakhs and as a result was able to eluded capture until 1847, when he was executed in northern Kyrgyzstan.[5]

The following list shows the known khans of the Kazakhs from 1456 to 1847.

Kazakh Khans before the split into the three jüzs:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Kerei 1456–1473 Керей, كيري
Janibek 1473–1480 Жәнібек, جانيبك
Burunduk 1480–1511 Бұрындық (Мұрындық), بورونديق
Qasim 1511–1518 Қасым, قاسم
Muhammed 1518–1523 Мұхаммед, محمد
Tahir 1523–1533 Тахир, طاهر
Buidash 1533–1538 Бұйдаш, بويداش
Ahmed 1533–1535 Ахмед, أحمد
Toghym 1535–1537 Тоғым, توغيم
Haqnazar 1538–1580 Хақназар, حقنازار
Shygai 1580–1582 Шығай, شیغای
Tauekel 1582–1598 Тәуекел, تاوكل
Esim 1598–1628 Есім, عاصم
Jangir 1628–1652 Жәңгір, جهانگیر
Batyr Khan 1652-1680 Батыр, بهادور
Tauke 1680–1715 Тәуке, تاوكي
Qaiyp 1715–1718 Қайып, كايب
Bolat 1718–1729 Болат, بولات
Abulmambet Khan 1729–1771 Әбілмәмбет, أبو المامبيت
Ablai Khan 1771–1781 Әбілмансұр, أبو المنصور
Kenesary Khan 1841–1847 Кенесары, كينيساري
Stamp of Kazakhstan devoted to Abul Khair Khan
Junior jüz khans:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Abu'l-Khair 1718–1748 Әбілқайыр, أبو الخير
Nur Ali 1748–1786 Нұр Әли, نور علي
Eraly 1791–1794 Ералы, إيرالي
Esim 1795–1797 Есім, عاصم
Aishuaq 1797–1805 Айшуақ, ايشواق
Sher Ghazi 1812–1824 Шер Ғази, شيرغازي
Khans of Bokei:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Bokei 1801–1815 Бөкей, بوكي
Shygai 1815–1823 Шығай, شیغای
Jäñgir 1823–1845 Жәңгір, جهانگیر
Stamp from Kazakhstan featuring fantasy image of Ablai Khan
Middle jüz khans:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Sameke 1719–1734 Сәмеке, سميكي
Abilmambet 1734–1771 Әбілмәмбет, أبو المامبيت
Abu'l-Mansur 1771–1781 Әбілмансұр, أبو المنصور
Wäli 1781–1819 Уәли, الوالي
Gubaidullah 1819–1822 Ғұбайдуллаh, عبيد الله
The last official khan during the Russian Empire:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Kenesary 1841–1847 Кенесары, كينيساري
Central Asian Revolt of 1916:
Name Ruling period Name in Kazakh
Äbdiğapar Janbosynūly 1916–1917 Әбдіғаппар Жанбосынұлы, عبد الغبار جانبوسينولي
Ospan Şolaqūly 1916–1917 Оспан Шолақұлы, وـســپــاـنـ شــوـلــاـكــوـۆ

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bregel, p. 44.
  2. ^ a b Bregel, p. 50.
  3. ^ Bregel, p. 58.
  4. ^ Bregel, p. 60.
  5. ^ a b Bregel, p. 62.

References

[edit]
  • Bregel, Yuri. A Historical Atlas of Central Asia Handbook of Oriental Studies: Part 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. (Leiden: Brill) 2003.
  • Zholdaspaev, S. and D. Babaev. 7 klass - Istoriia srednevekogo Kazakhstana. (Almaty: Atamura) 2003.
  • Kasymbaev, Zh. K. 8 klass - Istoriia Kazakhstana (XVIII vek-1914). (Almaty: Mektep) 2004.
  • Test materials for History of Kazakhstan