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List of loanwords in Malay

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The Malay language has many loanwords from Sanskrit, Persian, Tamil, Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Dutch, and Chinese languages such as Hokkien. More recently, loans have come from Arabic, English and Malay's sister languages, Javanese and Sundanese. English loans are mostly related to trade, science and technology while Arabic loans are mostly religious as Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam, the religion of the majority of Malay speakers. However, many key words such as surga/syurga (heaven) and the word for "religion" itself (agama) have origins in Sanskrit. Javanese elements are incorporated from the variant of Malay used in Indonesia due to the influence of the Indonesian media.

While it is based on Malay, Indonesian has been strongly influenced by Javanese, as the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. Dutch influence over Indonesian vocabulary is highly significant, as Malay was adopted due to usefulness as a trading language during the Dutch East India Company's rule over the archipelago. This has led to approximately 10,000 Dutch words being borrowed into Indonesian. Malay as spoken in Malaysia (Bahasa Melayu) and Singapore, meanwhile, have more borrowings from English.[1]

There are some words in Malay which are spelled exactly the same as the loan language, e.g. in English – museum (Indonesian), hospital (Malaysian), format, hotel, transit etc. By contrast, some Malay words have been loaned into other languages, e.g. in English – rice paddy ("padi"), orangutan, rattan, babirusa,[2] cockatoo,[3] compound,[4] gong, tuak, sago,[5][6] cootie,[7] amok, durian, agar, rambutan, keris, Pantoum/pantun,[8] "so long",[9] angrecum (anggrek/ anggrik), cassowary,[10] gingham, caddie, camphor (kapur), Gutta-percha (getah perca), launch, parang, sarong, dammar, and gambir.

Malay has also heavily influenced the forms of colloquial English spoken in Malaysia, also known as Manglish.

Some examples are as follows:

Word English translation From language Word
sebab reason Arabic السبب / alsabab
syarikat company Arabic شركة / sharika
abjad alphabet/alefbet Arabic أبجد / abjad
abolisi abolition Latin abolitia
akta act (law) Latin (via English) actus
aktivitas | aktiviti activity English activity
ad interim temporarily Latin ad interim
Ahad Sunday Arabic الأحد / al-Aḥad
ahli community, expert Arabic أهل / ahl
agama religion Sanskrit आगम / āgama
akhbar news Arabic أخبار / akhbār
aksara alphabetic letter, key Sanskrit अक्षर / akṣara
almari (Indonesian: "lemari") cupboard Portuguese armário
almamater revered name for one's university Latin alma mater: wise and nurturing mother
amnesti amnesty, state-granted pardon Latin amnestia
anggur grape Persian انگور / angūr
angkasa outer space, sky (literary) Sanskrit आकाश ākāśa "sky"
anugerah award, blessing Sanskrit anugraha अनुग्रह "favour"
apam kind of cake or hopper Tamil appam அப்பம்
arnab rabbit Arabic أرنب / ʻarnab
askar soldier Persian عسكرى / ʻaskarī / asker
asmara love, passion Sanskrit स्मर / smara "memory, sexual love"
badam almond Persian بادام / bādām
bahasa language Sanskrit भाषा / bhāṣā, Tamil பாஷை / pācai
bahaya danger Sanskrit भय / bhaya "risk, peril"
baju shirt Persian بازو / bâzu "arm"
baki remainder, leftover Arabic باقي / bāqī
bakti homage, devotion, service Sanskrit भक्ति / bhakti
baldi bucket Portuguese balde
bandar port/town Persian بندر / bandar
bangku stool/chairs Portuguese banco / bank
bangsa nation, race Sanskrit वंश / vaṃśa "lineage, race" - cf. "wangsa"
bus | bas bus English bus, from Latin "omnibus"
basikal bicycle English bicycle
baru new Hokkien/Teochew (Chinese) 麻汝
bayu (lit.) wind Sanskrit वायु / vāyu
bendera flag Portuguese bandeira
bendi (in Indonesian, it means "gig", different with "bhendi" in Hindi) okra/lady's finger Hindi भेंडी bhēṇḍī, Tamil veṇṭi / வெண்டி
becak | beca trishaw Hokkien (Chinese) 馬車,马车 / bé-tshia "horse-cart"
beda | beza difference Sanskrit भेद / bheda "cleft, partition, contrast, division"
biara monastery Sanskrit विहार / vihāra
bidadari fairy, angel Sanskrit विद्याधरी / vidyādharī "fay, sprite"
bina to build Arabic بناء / bināʼ / bina 'construction'
bihun rice vermicelli Hokkien (Chinese) 米粉 / bí-hún
biola violin Portuguese viola
biskuit | biskut biscuit English biscuit
bohsia sexually active girl Hokkien (Chinese) 無聲 bô siaⁿ 'without voice'
bomba fire brigade Portuguese bomba, "pump", or bombeiro, "fireman", lit. "pumper"
boneka doll Portuguese boneca
bola ball Portuguese bola
budi reason, virtue Sanskrit बुद्धि / buddhi "intelligence, mind, reason"[11]
buku book Dutch boek
bumi earth Sanskrit भूमि / bhūmi "land"
cadar bed linen Persian چادر / chādar "cloak"
cakoi youtiao Cantonese (Chinese) 油炸鬼 / jau4 zaa3gwai2
cawan cup Mandarin (Chinese) 茶碗 / cháwǎn '“tea bowl”
cendana sandalwood Sanskrit चन्दन / candana
cuai careless, negligent Mandarin (Chinese) 居癌 / jūái "home"+"cancer"
cukup enough Mandarin (Chinese) 足够 / zúgòu
dacin | dacing scales Mandarin (Chinese) 台秤 / táichèng
dakwah sermon Arabic دعوة / daʻwah
degil headstrong, stubborn Sinhala ඩීගිල් / ḍīgil
delima pomegranate, ruby Sanskrit दालिम / dālima or दाडिम / dāḍima "pomegranate"
demokrasi democracy Greek δημοκρατία / dēmokratía
dekan dean Portuguese decano
denda fine, punishment Sanskrit दण्ड / daṇḍa "rod"
desa countryside, village Sanskrit देश / deśa "country"
dewan hall Persian دیوان / dīvān "administration"
dewi Goddess Sanskrit देवी / devī "goddess"
dirgahayu "long live" (Dirgahayu Tuanku! - Long live the King!) Sanskrit दिर्घायु / dirghāyu "long-lived"
deskriptif descriptive English descriptive
dobi laundry Hindi धोबी / dhobī "caste of laundrymen who used to wash people's clothes in bygone days"
duka sadness Sanskrit दुःख / duḥkha "sorrow, distress, suffering"
dunia world Arabic دنيا / dunyā / dünya
durjana evil, wicked, malicious Sanskrit दुर्जन / durjana "bad man, villain"
email | emel email English email
erti (Indonesian variant "arti") meaning Sanskrit अर्थ / artha "aim, purpose"
falsafah philosophy Arabic Arabic فلسفة / falsafah, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία / philosophía
fitnah slander Arabic فتنة / fitnah "upheaval, scandal"
forum forum Latin forum
gajah elephant Sanskrit गज / gaja
gandum wheat Persian گندم / gandom
ganja cannabis, marijuana Sanskrit गञ्जा / gañjā
garasi | garaj garage English garage
garpu fork Portuguese garfo
gereja church Portuguese igreja
grafik graphic English graphic
gratis (mainly in Indonesian usage) for free Dutch gratis
guru teacher Sanskrit गुरु / guru "heavy, venerable"
had limit Arabic حد / ḥadd
halal permitted Arabic حلال / ḥalāl
haram forbidden Arabic حرام / ḥarām
harta asset, treasure Sanskrit/Tamil arttam/அர்த்தம், Sanskrit अर्थ / artha - cf "erti"
hartal strike, civil disobedience Gujarati હડતાળ / haḍtāḷ, હડતાલ / haḍtāl (pronunciation with r via Hindustani ہڑتال)
haiwan | hewan animal Arabic حيوان / ḥaywān
hasta hasta (unit) Sanskrit हस्त / hásta
hina lowly, inferior, mock Sanskrit हीन / hīna
hisab counting/arithmetic Arabic حساب / ḥisāb
humaniora (mainly Indonesian) humanities Latin humaniora
huruf word character/letter Arabic حرف / ḥarf (plural حروف ḥurūf)
ilmu knowledge Arabic علم / ʻilm
istana palace Sanskrit आस्थान / āsthāna "assembly, audience hall"
jawab | jawap to answer Arabic جواب / jawāb / Cevap
jelata the masses Sanskrit जनता / janatā "folk, community"
jendela (mainly in Indonesian usage) window Portuguese janela
Jepun (Indonesian: "Jepang") Japan Hokkien (Chinese) Ji̍tpún 日本
jiran neighbour Arabic jiran جيران
Jumat | Jumaat Friday Arabic الجمعة / al-Jumʿah
Kamis | Khamis Thursday Arabic الخميس / al-Khamīs
kaca glass (material) Sanskrit काच / kāca "glass, crystal, lens"
kamus dictionary Arabic قاموس / qāmūs / kamus
kantata (mainly Indonesian) song Latin cantata
kapal boat Tamil kappal கப்பல்
kauki/koki goji berry Cantonese (Chinese) 枸杞 / gau2 gei2
kaunter (Indonesian: konter (alternative of loket)) counter, desk English counter
kedai foodstall, shop Tamil kaṭai கடை
keju cheese Portuguese queijo
kelas class English class
kemeja shirt Portuguese camisa
kepala head Sanskrit कपाल / kapāla "skull"
kerana (Indonesian: karena) because Sanskrit कारण / kāraṇa
kuli coolie / port worker Hindustani قُلى qulī (itself derived from a Turkic language)
karton carton (classifier for packaging) English carton
kartun cartoon (animated movie) English cartoon
kereta carriage, car, (Indonesian: train) Portuguese carreta
kerusi | kursi chair, stool Arabic كرسي kursii
kemah | khemah tent Arabic via Persian خیمة / khaymah
kuil temple/shrine Tamil kōyil கோயில்
kismis raisin Persian کشمش / kishmish
kolam pool Tamil kuḷam குளம்
koma-koma saffron Sanskrit / Arabic कुङ्कुम / kuṅkuma
kompromi compromise The pronunciation (lack of the "s" phoneme) suggests that this was borrowed from French (perhaps via Dutch) compromis
komputer computer English computer
kurkuma saffron, turmeric Sanskrit / Arabic कुङ्कुम kuṅkuma 'saffron', influenced by Arabic كركم kurkum 'turmeric'
kongsi share, divide Hokkien (Chinese) 公司 / kong-si
korban sacrifice Arabic قربان / qurbān
kota city Tamil கோட்டை / kōṭṭai
kredo creed Latin credō
kucai chives Hokkien (Chinese) 韭菜 / kú-tshài
kuda horse Tamil கோடை kōṭai < Sanskrit घोट ghoṭa
kue | kuih | kek cake Hokkien (Chinese) kué 粿
kualitas | kualiti quality Latin kualitas, through Dutch: kualiteit
kurma date Persian خرما / khormā
lancia | lanca rickshaw Hokkien (Chinese) 人車,人车 / lâng-tshia "human drag cart"
lelong auction Portuguese leilão (archaic)
lemari (Malaysian: "almari") cupboard Portuguese armário
lirik lyrics English lyrics
lobak carrot Cantonese (Chinese) 蘿蔔,萝卜 / lo4 baak6
longan longan Cantonese (Chinese) 龍眼,龙眼/ long4 ngaan5
lungkang | longkang drain, sewer Hokkien (Chinese) 龍江,龙江 / liông-kang
lori truck/lorry English lorry
maaf sorry Arabic معاف / muʻāf 'pardoned'
maha great Sanskrit महा / mahā
makmal laboratory Arabic معمل / maʻmal
mangga mango Tamil mangkāy மாங்காய்
mani sperm, semen Arabic / Sanskrit مني / manī, Sanskrit मणि / maṇi "bead, jewel, gem"
manusia human Sanskrit मनुष्य / manuṣyá
masjid mosque Arabic مسجد / masjid
maya illusion (religious), imaginary Sanskrit माया / māyā
mentega butter Portuguese manteiga
mi | mee | mie noodles Hokkien (Chinese) 麪 / mī
meja table Portuguese mesa
melati jasmine (jasminum grandiflorum) Sanskrit मालती / mālatī
merana suffering, wasting away Sanskrit मारण / māraṇa "death"
merdeka free, independent(Country) Sanskrit महर्द्धिक / mahārdhika
merdu melodious, tuneful Sanskrit मृदु / mṛdu "soft"
mesej message English message
minggu week, Sunday (Indonesian) Portuguese domingo (domingo means Sunday, "dominus" meaning "Lord" in Latin and "die dominicu" meaning "day of the Lord")
miskin poor Arabic مسكين / miskīn
misi mission Latin (via English) missiō
mitos myth Greek μύθος / mýthos
motosikal motorcycle English motorcycle
muhibah goodwill Arabic muhibbah موهبه "loving"
muflis bankrupt Arabic مفلس / muflis
mula | mulai to start, to begin Sanskrit मूल / mūla "root, origin"
munafik hypocrite Arabic منافق / munāfiq
mungkin maybe, perhaps, possibly Arabic ممكن / mumkin "possible"
mustahil impossible Arabic مستحيل / mustaḥīl 'impossible, absurd'
museum | muzium museum English Derived from Greek, the "um" suffix is Latin museum, from Ancient Greek μουσεῖον / mouseîon and Latin suffix "-um"
nadi pulse, artery Sanskrit नाडी / nāḍī
najis excrement Arabic نجس / najis
nama name Sanskrit नामन् / nāman
naratif narrative English narrative
negara country Sanskrit नगर / nagara "town, city"
nanas | nenas pineapple Portuguese (itself from the Tupi language) ananás
neraka hell Sanskrit नरक / naraka
ngam appropriate Cantonese (Chinese) 啱 / ngaam1
nihil nil, nothing, zero Latin nihil
nisbah ratio Arabic نِسْبَة / nisba
nota bene actually, after look carefully, also Latin nota bene: note well, examine closely
nujum (in the compound ahli nujum) astrologer Arabic نجوم nujūm 'stars'
nila indigo dye Sanskrit नील / nīla "dark blue"
nilam sapphire Sanskrit नीलं / nīlam "blue"
nobat royal ensemble music Arabic نَوبة nawbah 'turn; changing of guards; bugle call; troupe of musicians'
Nusantara archipelago (esp. the Malay Archipelago) Javanese / Sanskrit Nusantara
oknum authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed Arabic أقنوم uqnūm < Syriac ܩܢܘܡܐ qnoma 'person'
paderi priest (Christian) Portuguese padre
pahala divine reward Sanskrit फल / phala "fruit"
pahlawan hero/warrior Persian پهلوان / pahlavān
pancaragam musical band Sanskrit pañca पञ्च "five" + rāga राग "melody/tune/musical note"
paracut | parasut parachute English parachute
pau | pao steamed bun Chinese "bāo" 包. False etymology ascribes the origin of the word to Portuguese pão (bread), but this is incorrect;[citation needed] a form of the word "bāo" was already present in Middle Chinese to refer to steamed dumplings.
perkasa mighty Sanskrit प्रकाश / prakāśa "enlightened"
permaisuri supreme lady, queen Sanskrit परम parama 'supreme' + ईश्वरी īśvarī 'female ruler', via Tamil பரமேஸ்வரி paramēsvari
perpustakaan library Sanskrit base word pustaka / पुस्तक "book, manuscript"
pesta party Portuguese festa
pasar market, bazaar Persian بازار / bāzār / pazar
peta map Tamil paṭam படம் 'cloth; picture'
perdana menteri prime minister Sanskrit pradhānamantri प्रधानमन्त्रिन्
pertama first Sanskrit प्रथम / prathama
pertiwi native soil, motherland Sanskrit पृथिवी / pṛthivī or पृथ्वी / pṛthvī "mother goddess of the earth"
piala cup (in the sense of a trophy) Persian پیاله / piyālah
pita tape, knot Portuguese fita
puasa fasting Sanskrit उपवास / upavāsa
puja idolize, worship Sanskrit पूजा / pūjā
punya (possessive verb) Sanskrit पुण्य / puṇya "merit, deserving"
pura Hindu temple, city Sanskrit पुर / pura "city, walled enclosure"
purnama (of the moon) full Sanskrit पूर्णमा / pūrṇamā - cf. "sempurṇa"
putra | putera prince, male child Sanskrit पुत्र / putra
purba ancient Sanskrit पूर्व / purva
rahasia | rahsia secret Sanskrit रहस्य / rahasya "private, mystery"
raja king Sanskrit राजन् / rā́jan
Rabu Wednesday Arabic الأربعاء / al-Arbaʻāʼ
raksasa monster Sanskrit राक्षस / rākṣasa "demon, demoniacal"
rasa taste, feeling Sanskrit रस / rasa
ratna jewel, gemstone Sanskrit रत्न / ratna
renda lace Portuguese renda
risiko risk Dutch risico
roda wheel Portuguese roda
ronda verb, to patrol Portuguese verb rondar or noun ronda
rokok cigarette Dutch roken "to smoke"
roti bread Sanskrit/Hindi रोटी roṭī 'bread'
rupa shape, form, appearance Sanskrit रूप / rūpa
sabda quote, say Sanskrit शब्द / śabda "sound, word"
Sabtu Saturday Arabic السبت / al-Sabt
sabun soap Arabic to Portuguese Portuguese sabão < صابون ṣābūn < Late Latin sapo < Proto-Germanic saipon
sahaja (Indonesian: "saja") only, casual, relaxed (e.g. duduk bersahaja "seated casually"), (something) alone Sanskrit सहज / sahaja "simple, natural, sudden"
sains science English science
sama same Sanskrit सम / sama
samseng gangster Hokkien (Chinese) 三牲 / sam-sing
sakti miraculous power, powerful Sanskrit शक्ति / śakti "strength, ability"
salju | salji snow Arabic ثلج thalj
sekolah school Portuguese escola
seks sex English sex, from Latin
selamat safe, well-being Arabic سلامات salāmāt, used for greeting phrases as 'selamat pagi', etc.
Selasa Tuesday Arabic الثلاثاء / al-Thulāthāʼ
sempurna perfect, complete Sanskrit संपूर्ण / sampūrṇa "complete, whole" - cf. "purnama"
sengsara Suffering Sanskrit संसार / saṃsāra "wandering through"
Senin (Malaysian: "Isnin") Monday Arabic الإثنين / al-Ithnayn
spanduk | sepanduk banner Dutch spandoek
sekolah school Greek σχολή skholē
sepatu (mainly in Indonesian usage) shoe Portuguese sapato
serigala wolf Sanskrit शृगाल / śṛgāla "jackal"
seteru adversary, enemy Sanskrit शत्रु / śatru "foe, rival"
singa lion Tamil, Sanskrit ciṅgam சிங்கம், siṁha सिंह
sejarah history Arabic شجرة shajarah 'tree'
sengkuang Pachyrhizus erosus Philippine from Nahuatl via Spanish Philippine singkamás < Spanish jícama < Classical Nahuatl xīcama
seks sex English Sexual intercourse
serdadu | soldadu (obsolete) soldier Portuguese soldado
stadion | stadium stadium Greek στάδιον / stádion "running race in the Ancient Olympics"
status status Latin status
stesen station English station
sopir | supir (dialectal/Indonesian) driver French chauffeur
syariah Islamic law Arabic الشريعة / sharīʻah
syukur thankful, grateful Arabic شكر / shukr / Şükür
syurga | surga heaven Sanskrit स्वर्ग / svargá
sistem system English system
suci clean, pure, wise Sanskrit शुचि / śuci "shining, clear"
suka like someone/something, happiness Sanskrit सुख / sukha "easy, pleasant, comfort"
sula to impale Sanskrit शूल / śūla "stake, spear, pike"
syor recommendation Mandarin (Chinese) 說,说 / shuō
suria | surya sun Sanskrit सूर्य / sūrya
takhta throne Persian تخت / takht 'platform'
tangki tank Portuguese tanque
tanglung lantern Cantonese/Hokkien (Chinese) 燈籠,灯笼 / tanglong
tapau takeaway Cantonese (Chinese) 打包 / daa2 baau1
topan | taufan typhoon Persian طوفان
taoge | taugeh bean sprouts Hokkien (Chinese) 豆芽 / tāu-gê
tahu | tauhu bean curd, know Hokkien 豆腐 / tāu-hū
tarikh date Arabic تاريخ / tārīkh
teh black tea Hokkien (Chinese) 茶 / tê
teja (archaic) magnificence, splendor, radiance Sanskrit तेजस् / tejas "sharp edge, glow, splendor"
taksi | teksi taxi English taxi
teko teapot Hokkien (Chinese) 茶壺,茶壶 / tê-ko
televisi television Dutch televisie
televisyen television English television
tembaga copper possibly Sanskrit or Spanish tāmra ताम्र (Sanskrit) or tumbaga (Spanish). The Spanish word rather refers to a copper-gold alloy.
tempo | tempoh period Portuguese tempo "time"
topi hat Sanskrit/Hindi टोपी ṭopī
tuala towel Portuguese toalha
tukar to exchange, switch Portuguese trocar
umur age Arabic عمر / ʻumur
universitas | universiti university Latin universitas
unta camel Hindi ऊँट ūṇṭ < Sanskrit उष्ट्र uṣṭra
upacara ritual, ceremony Sanskrit उपचार / upacāra "approach, service"
usia age Sanskrit आयुष्य / āyuṣya
utama main Sanskrit उत्तम / uttama "principal" (adj.)
utara north Sanskrit उत्तर / uttara "upper, higher, better, later"
waham delusion Arabic وهم/wahm[12]
waktu time Arabic وقت / waqt
wangsa dynasty Sanskrit वंश / vaṃśa "lineage, race" - cf. "bangsa"
wanita woman Sanskrit वनिता / vanitā
wantan wonton Cantonese (Chinese) 雲吞,云吞 / wan4 tan1
warna colour Sanskrit वर्ण / varṇa "form, shape, covering, race, species, kind"
warta news Sanskrit वार्त्ता / vārttā
zarafah | zirafah | jerapah giraffe Arabic زرافة / zarāfah

See also

[edit]

References

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Loan Words in Indonesian and Malay languages - Professor J.G. de Casparis
  • Loan Words in Indonesian and Malay — University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-90-6718-304-8