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List of African American newspapers in Kansas

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Front page of the Colored Radical of 1876.
Front page of The Negro Star on December 17, 1920, announcing the NAACP's declaration of victory in the Elaine Race Riot cases

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the state of Kansas. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Although abolitionist newspapers were published in Kansas as early as 1854, the first Kansas newspaper published by and for African Americans was the Colored Radical, published briefly at Lawrence and Leavenworth in 1876.[1] With resurgent white supremacy in the South and the end of the Reconstruction era after 1876, westward emigration of African Americans from the South increased greatly, and African American newspapers blossomed across the state through 1920.[2]

Newspapers

[edit]

Newspapers that are currently published are highlighted in green.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Atchison The Atchison Blade
Blade		 1892[3] 1898[3] Weekly[3]
  • LCCN sn83040110, 2011254043
  • OCLC 9473982, 2640782, 708055638
Atchison / Lawrence Western Recorder / The Western Recorder[5] 1883[4] 1884[4] Weekly[4]
  • Founded by John L. Waller.[6]
  • Merged with the Topeka Tribune in 1885.[6]
Cherokee The Kansas Homestead 1889[7] 1900[7] Weekly[7]
  • Edited and published by John L. Lewis.
Coffeyville Afro-American Advocate 1891[8] 1893[8] Weekly[8]
  • “Published in the interest of the Negro race of Southeast Kansas and the Freedmen of the five civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.”[8]
Coffeyville The American 1898[9] 1899[9] Weekly[9]
  • Published by Weaver & Fuller.[10]
Coffeyville Coffeyville Herald 1908[11] ?[11] Weekly[11]
Coffeyville The Kansas Blackman 1894[12] 1896[12] Weekly[12]
Coffeyville The Vindicator
Vindicator[14]		 1904[13] 1906[13] Weekly[13]
Emporia The Emporia Citizen[16]
Emporia Citizen		 1932[15] 1932[15] Monthly newspaper[15]
  • Published by Rev. C.W. Arnold.[16]
Fort Scott / Topeka The Colored Citizen
Colored Citizen[18]		 1878[17] 1880[17] Weekly[17]
  • Published by Eagleson Brothers.[17]
  • Motto: “AMERICA—Our Country! We Toiled for it in 1776; We Fought for it in 1812; and We Saved it in 1863.”[17]
  • Moved to Topeka after six months.[1]
Fort Scott The Fair Play 1898[19] 1899[19] Weekly[19]
  • Edited by Jonathan C. Wood.[19]
Fort Scott The Messenger
Messenger[21]		 1917[20] 1918[20] Weekly[20]
  • Edited by A.B. Johnson.[21]
Fort Scott The Southern Argus 1891[22] 1892[22] Weekly[22]
  • Published by E.M. Woods.[22]
  • Published in Baxter Springs from June 18 to October 8, 1891.[22]
Hutchinson The Hutchinson Blade[24]
Hutchinson Blade		 1914[24] or 1915?[23] 1922?[23] Weekly[23]
  • Variously edited and published by M.B. Brooks (1918), Chester Lewis (1919–1922), Arthur Hughes (1922), Earl C. Patton (1922).[23]
Hutchinson The Hutchinson Journal
Hutchinson Journal[26]		 1907?[25] ?[25] Weekly[25]
Independence The People’s Elevator 1892[27] 1931[27] Weekly[27]
  • Place of publication varies: Guthrie, Oklahoma from 1900 to June 14, 1923; Wichita, Kansas, from February 21, 1924 to October 28, 1926.
Kansas City Kansas City Advocate
Kansas City Independent
Kansas City Advocate and Independent		 1914[28] 1926[28] Weekly[28]
  • Published and edited by Thomas Kennedy.[28]
Kansas City / Topeka The American Citizen 1887[29] or 1888[30][6] 1909[29] Weekly[29]
  • Published by John L. Waller and R.K. Morton.[6]
  • Published in Topeka from February 23, 1888 to July 19, 1889.[30]
  • First Kansas African American newspaper to last more than a decade.[6]
Kansas City Daily American Citizen 1897[31] or 1898[32] 1900[31] Daily (except Monday)[31]
  • Billed as “[t]he only Daily and Weekly Negro paper in this section of the Country.”[33]
Kansas City The Kansas Elevator 1916[34] ?[34] Weekly[34]
Kansas City Kansas State Globe 1983[37] 1980s[37] Weekly[38]
  • Edited by Samuel Jordan.[37]
Kansas City National Review
The National Review[40]		 1913[39] 1913[39] Weekly[39]
Kansas City / Topeka The Plaindealer
The Kansas City And Topeka Plaindealer (1932–1933)[42]
Plaindealer (1933–1958)[43]
The Topeka Plaindealer (1900–1932)[44]		 1899[41] 1958[41] Weekly[41]
  • Billed as "[t]he oldest race newspaper in the Southwest."[42]
  • Edited initially by J.H. Childers, and from 1905 to 1930 by owner Nick Chiles.[45]
Kansas City The Topics
Kansas Topics[47]
Kansas City Topics		 1895[46] 1800s[46] Weekly[46]
  • Published by John Homer Howlett & Co., edited by John Homer Howlett.[47]
Kansas City Western Christian Recorder 1800s[48] 1899[48] Weekly[48]
  • "Organ of the 5th Episcopal District of the A.M.E. Church."[48]
Kansas City Wyandotte Echo
The Wyandotte Echo[50]		 1928[49] ?[49] Weekly[49]
Lawrence Harambee
For Our People[52]		 1971[51] 1900s[51]
Lawrence The Historic Times 1891[53] 1891[53] Weekly[53]
  • Merged with: Leavenworth Advocate to form the Topeka Times-Observer.[53]
  • Edited by W.L. Grant.[54]
Lawrence Lawrence Vindicator 1870s[55] 1870s[55]
  • No issues survive; known only from mentions in the Colored Citizen.[55]
Leavenworth The Leavenworth Advocate 1889[56] 1891[56] Weekly[56]
  • Merged with Lawrence Historic Times to form the Topeka Times-Observer.[56]
  • Published by W.B. Townsend.[56]
Leavenworth / Lawrence Colored Radical
The Colored Radical[58]		 1876[57] 1876[57] Weekly[57]
  • Published by A. Williams. Edited by T.W. Henderson.[57]
Leavenworth The Leavenworth Herald 1894[59] 1899[59] Weekly[59]
Nicodemus Nicodemus Cyclone 1887[60] 1888[60] Weekly[60]
  • Formed from merger of Western Cyclone and Nicodemus Enterprise.[60]
Nicodemus Nicodemus Enterprise
The Nicodemus Enterprise		 1887[61] 1887[61] Weekly[61]
Nicodemus Western Cyclone 1886[62] 1887[62] Weekly[62]
  • Published by A.G. Tallman.[63]
North Topeka Benevolent Banner
The Benevolent Banner		 1887[65] 1887[64] Weekly[65]
Parsons Eye Opener
The Eye Opener		 1892[66] 1893[66] Weekly[66]
  • Published by E.M. Woods.[67]
Parsons The Parsons Weekly Blade
Parsons Blade
Blade		 1892[68] 1901[68] or 1904[69] Weekly[68]
Peru The Freeman's` Lance 1891[70] 1892[70] Weekly[70]
Pittsburg The Afro-American 1903[72] 1904[72]
  • Published by A.J. Lee.[72]
  • No issues survive.[72]
Pittsburg Afro-American Review 1915[72] 1915[72]
Pittsburg The Pittsburg Plain Dealer 1899[73] 1900[73] Weekly[73]
  • Followed by The Wichita searchlight.[74]
  • Published by W.N. Miller.[74]
Pittsburg The Uplift 1914[75] 1914[75] Weekly[75]
Salina The Black Word Is.. 1971[76] 1976[76] Bimonthly newspaper[76] or biweekly[77]
  • Continued by Ubiquity.[78]
  • Published by the Black American Citizens Organization of Salina.[78]
  • Edited by James Briscoe (Jomo Kenyatta).[77]
Salina Salina Enterprise
The Salina Enterprise[80]		 1908[79] 1909[79] Weekly[79]
Stockton Western Globe 1902[81] ?[81] Biweekly[81]
  • Published and edited by D.J. Green.[81]
Topeka The American Citizen 1888[29] 1909[29] Weekly[29]
  • Published by Waller & Morton.[29]
Topeka The Baptist Headlight 1893[82] 1894[82] Weekly[82]
Topeka The Colored Citizen 1897[83] 1900[83] Weekly[83]
  • Published by Eagleson & Holloway.[83]
Topeka The Colored Patriot 1882[84] 1800s[84] Weekly[84]
  • Published by attorney E.H. White.[84]
Topeka Daily Ledger 1893[85] 1893[85] Daily[85]
Topeka Topeka Ebony Times 1973[86] 1978[86]
  • "[C]ommitted to Black Liberation, Black Unity and Black Progress in a constructive manner."[86]
Topeka The Evening Call 1891[87] 1893[87] Daily (except Sunday)[87]
Topeka Herald of Kansas
Kansas Weekly Herald
Kansas Herald		 1880[88] 1880[88] Weekly[88]
  • Edited and published by H.C. Rutherford and W.L. Eagleson. [88]
Topeka The Kansas Baptist Herald 1911[89] 1910s[89] Monthly newspaper[89]
Topeka The Kansas Blackman 1894[90] ?[90] Weekly[90]
  • Published by W.D. Driver[90]
Topeka Kansas Sentinel
The Kansas Sentinel[92]		 1960[91] 1964[91] Weekly[91]
  • Suspended with November 26, 1960 issue and resumed with June 6, 1964 issue.[92]
  • Published by C & C Enterprises.[92]
Topeka Kansas State Tribune
Topeka Tribune (1880)[55]		 1880[55] 1880s[93] Weekly[93]
Topeka The Kansas Watchman 1903?[94] ?[94] Weekly[94]
  • Published by G.W. Harts.[95]
Topeka The Kansas Whip
Kansas Eagle[97]
The Kansas American		 1933?[96] 1956[96] Weekly[96]
  • Billed in 1930s as the "[o]nly colored democratic paper in Kansas."[98]
Topeka The Little Weekly 1929?[99] ?[99] Weekly[99]
  • Attested through at least 1938.[100]
Topeka Topeka Messenger 1969[101] 1970[101] Weekly[101]
Topeka National Watchman
The National Watchman[103]		 1905?[102] ?[102] Weekly[102]
  • Published by P.C. Thomas.[103]
Topeka Topeka Post-Review 1970[104] 1900s[104] Weekly[104]
  • Attested through at least 1971.[104]
Topeka The Topeka Sentinel 1994[105] [105] Semimonthly[105]
Topeka The State Ledger
Kansas State Ledger (1894–1906)[107]
The Kansas State Ledger(1892–1894)[108]		 1892[106] 1906[106] Weekly[106]
  • Published and edited by Fred L. Jeltz.[106]
Topeka The Times-Observer 1891[109] 1892[109] Weekly[109]
Topeka The Topeka Tribune and Western Recorder 1885[110] 1885[110] Weekly[110]
Topeka The Weekly Call
The Topeka Call (1891–1893)[112]		 1891[111] 1898[111] Weekly[111]
  • Edited by W.M. Pope.[113]
Weir Weir City Eagle 1899[115] 1900?[114] Weekly[114]
Wichita The American Times[117]
American Times		 1908[116] ?[116] Weekly[116]
Wichita The Colored Citizen[119]
Colored Citizen		 1902[118] 1904[118] Weekly[118]
  • Published by E. Harrison.[18]
Wichita The Community Voice 1995[120] current Biweekly[120]
Wichita The Wichita Factarian[122]
Wichita Factarian		 1913?[121] 1914[121] Weekly[121]
Wichita Wichita Globe 1887[123] 1887[123] Weekly[123]
  • Edited by D.L. Roberson.[123]
Wichita Kansas Black Journal 1983[37] 1985[37] Twice monthly[124]
  • Published by L.V. Jack Hudson.[124]
Wichita The Kansas Headlight 1894[125] 1894[125] Weekly[125]
  • Motto: "A fearless advocate of the rights of a worthy people."[126]
  • Published by W.A. Bettis.[126]
Wichita Kansas Sunflower
The Kansas Sunflower[128]		 1890[127] 1890[127] Weekly[127]
  • Published by J.B. Gibbs.[128]
Wichita Kansas Voice
The Kansas Voice[130]		 1946?[129] ?[129] Unknown[129]
  • Published by George Brock.[130]
Wichita Kansas Weekly Journal 1970s[131] or 1980[2] 1981[2] Weekly[131]
  • Published by L.V. Hudson.[131]
Wichita Midwest News Press
The Midwest News Press[133]		 1958?[132] ?[132] Bimonthly[132]
  • Attested through at least 1959.[133]
Wichita National Baptist World 1894 1894[134] Weekly[134]
Wichita The National Reflector: for the Afro-American Race 1895[135] 1897[135] or 1898[136] Weekly[135]
Wichita The Negro Star 1908[137] 1953[137] Weekly[137]
  • Published and edited by H.T. Sims.[137]
Wichita News Hawk
The News Hawk[139]		 1973?[138] ?[138] Weekly[138]
  • Published and edited by Leonard Garrett.[138]
Topeka The People’s Friend 1894[140] 1896[140] Weekly[140]
  • Place of publication varies: published in Wichita on at least December 11, 1896.[141]
  • Edited by William Jeltz.[140]
Wichita Wichita Post Observer
The Post Observer[143]		 1953[142] 1954[142] Weekly[142]
Wichita The Wichita Protest 1918?[144] ?[144] Weekly[144]
  • Edited by W. A. Bettis.[144]
Wichita The Wichita Searchlight
The Searchlight		 1900[145] 1912[145] Weekly[145]
  • Published by Miller & Lewis.[145]
Wichita The Wichita Times 1970[146] 1977?[146] Weekly[146]
Wichita Wichita Tribune
The Wichita Tribune[148]		 1898[147] 1899[147] Weekly[147]
  • Published by Robinson & Covington.[148]

See also

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Works cited

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Smith 1996, p. 108.
  2. ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 132.
  3. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 52, ¶ 532.
  4. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6398.
  5. ^ "About The Western recorder. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  6. ^ a b c d e Smith 1996, p. 111.
  7. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3394.
  8. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 24, ¶ 234.
  9. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 396.
  10. ^ "About The American. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1898-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  11. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 159, ¶ 1651.
  12. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3385.
  13. ^ a b c "About The vindicator. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1904-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  14. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 590, ¶ 6174.
  15. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 211, ¶ 2197.
  16. ^ a b "About The Emporia citizen. [online resource] (Emporia, Kan.) 1932-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  17. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1682.
  18. ^ a b "About Colored citizen. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1878-1880". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  19. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 221, ¶ 2307.
  20. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 359, ¶ 3760.
  21. ^ a b "About The messenger. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1917-1918". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  22. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5491.
  23. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3017.
  24. ^ a b "About The Hutchinson blade. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  25. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3018.
  26. ^ "About The Hutchinson journal. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  27. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4783.
  28. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3386.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g "About The American citizen. (Kansas City, Kan.) 1887-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  30. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 40, ¶ 404.
  31. ^ a b c "About Daily American citizen. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1897-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  32. ^ "About Daily American citizen. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1898-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  33. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 183, ¶ 1906.
  34. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3392.
  35. ^ "About The Kansas elevator. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1916-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  36. ^ Mangun, Kimberley (2007-01-22). "The New Age, Portland, OR (1896-1907)". blackpast.org. The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
  37. ^ a b c d e Smith 1996, p. 131.
  38. ^ "About Kansas State globe. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  39. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4102.
  40. ^ "About The national review. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1913-1913". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  41. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 466, ¶ 4851.
  42. ^ a b "About The Kansas City and Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1932-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  43. ^ "About Plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1933-1958". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  44. ^ "About The Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1900-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  45. ^ Smith 1996, p. 118.
  46. ^ a b c "About The topics. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1895-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  47. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3397.
  48. ^ a b c d "About Western Christian recorder. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  49. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 622, ¶ 6501.
  50. ^ "About The Wyandotte echo. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1928-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  51. ^ a b "About Harambee. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  52. ^ "About For our people. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  53. ^ a b c d "About The historic times. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1891-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  54. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 277, ¶ 2908.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g Smith 1996, p. 110.
  56. ^ a b c d e "About The Leavenworth advocate. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan.) 1889-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  57. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 163, ¶ 1694.
  58. ^ "About The colored radical. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan. ;) 1876-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  59. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 334, ¶ 3493.
  60. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4427.
  61. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4428.
  62. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6386.
  63. ^ "About Western cyclone. [volume] (Nicodemus, Kan.) 1886-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  64. ^ "About The benevolent banner. [online resource] (North Topeka, Kan.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  65. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 67, ¶ 687.
  66. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 219, ¶ 2287.
  67. ^ "About The eye opener. [online resource] (Parsons, Kan.) 1892-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  68. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 454, ¶ 4731.
  69. ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 115.
  70. ^ a b c d "About The freeman's Lance. [online resource] (Peru, Kan.) 1891-1892". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  71. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 241, ¶ 2524.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g Smith 1996, p. 116.
  73. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 465, ¶ 4844.
  74. ^ a b "About The Pittsburg plain dealer. [volume] (Pittsburg, Kan) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  75. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 581, ¶ 6074.
  76. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 105, ¶ 1086.
  77. ^ a b Smith 1996, p. 130.
  78. ^ a b "About The Black word is. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1971-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  79. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5215.
  80. ^ "About The Salina enterprise. [online resource] (Salina, Kan.) 1908-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  81. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6389.
  82. ^ a b c "About The Baptist headlight. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1893-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  83. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1683.
  84. ^ a b c d "About The colored patriot. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1882-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  85. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1912.
  86. ^ a b c Smith 1996, p. 129.
  87. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2253.
  88. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2879.
  89. ^ a b c "About The Kansas Baptist herald. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1911-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  90. ^ a b c d "About The Kansas blackman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  91. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3395.
  92. ^ a b c "About The Kansas sentinel. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1960-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  93. ^ a b "About Kansas State tribune. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1881-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  94. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3399.
  95. ^ "About The Kansas watchman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  96. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3400.
  97. ^ "About Kansas eagle. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1934-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  98. ^ "About The Kansas whip. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-1934". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  99. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 344, ¶ 3607.
  100. ^ "About The little weekly. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  101. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 563, ¶ 5882.
  102. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 395, ¶ 4116.
  103. ^ a b "About The national watchman. [microfilm reel] (Topeka, Kan.) 1???-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  104. ^ a b c d "About Topeka post-review. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  105. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 564, ¶ 5884.
  106. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 541, ¶ 5635.
  107. ^ "About The state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  108. ^ "About The Kansas state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1892-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  109. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 561, ¶ 5864.
  110. ^ a b c "About The Topeka tribune and western recorder. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1885-1885". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  111. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6333.
  112. ^ "About The Topeka call. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1891-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  113. ^ Smith 1996, p. 114.
  114. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6359.
  115. ^ "About Weir City eagle. [volume] (Weir, Kan.) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  116. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 428.
  117. ^ "About The American times. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1908-190?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  118. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1684.
  119. ^ "About The colored citizen. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1902-1904". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  120. ^ a b c "About The community voice. (Wichita, Kan.) 1995-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  121. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6418.
  122. ^ "About The Wichita factarian. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  123. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6419.
  124. ^ a b "About Kansas black journal. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  125. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3393.
  126. ^ a b "About The Kansas headlight. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  127. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3396.
  128. ^ a b "About The Kansas sunflower. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1890". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  129. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3398.
  130. ^ a b "About The Kansas voice. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 194?-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  131. ^ a b c "About Kansas weekly journal. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  132. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 364, ¶ 3804.
  133. ^ a b "About The Midwest news press. [online resource] (Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kan.) 1958-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  134. ^ a b "About National Baptist world. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  135. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4100.
  136. ^ "About The national reflector. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1895-1898". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  137. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4194.
  138. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 419, ¶ 4355.
  139. ^ "About The news hawk. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  140. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4785.
  141. ^ "About The People's friend. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1896". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  142. ^ a b c "About Wichita post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1954". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  143. ^ "About The post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1953". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  144. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6420.
  145. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6421.
  146. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6422.
  147. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6423.
  148. ^ a b "About The Wichita tribune. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1898-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
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