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Jorge Chávez International Airport

Coordinates: 12°01′19″S 077°06′52″W / 12.02194°S 77.11444°W / -12.02194; -77.11444
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"Lima Airport" redirects here. For the airport in Lima, Ohio, see Lima Allen County Airport.
Jorge Chávez International Airport

Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerFraport
OperatorLima Airport Partners
ServesLima metropolitan area
LocationCallao, Peru
Opened29 October 1960; 64 years ago (1960-10-29)
Hub for
Focus city forAerosucre
Elevation AMSL34 m / 113 ft
Coordinates12°01′19″S 077°06′52″W / 12.02194°S 77.11444°W / -12.02194; -77.11444
Websitewww.lima-airport.com
Map
LIM/SPJC is located in Lima
LIM/SPJC
LIM/SPJC
Location of airport in Lima
LIM/SPJC is located in Peru
LIM/SPJC
LIM/SPJC
LIM/SPJC (Peru)
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
16L/34R 3,507 11,506 Asphalt
16R/34L 3,480 11,417 Asphalt
Statistics (2023)
Total Passengers22,876,785
Freight (tonnes)230,993
Aircraft movements169,898
Source: Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial[1]
Aerial view of the airport (2024) with the new passenger terminal (currently under construction)

Jorge Chávez International Airport (IATA: LIM, ICAO: SPJC, SPIM) is the main international airport serving Lima, the capital of Peru. It is located in Callao, 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) northwest of Lima Center, the nation's capital city and 17 kilometers (11 mi) from the district of Miraflores. In 2023, the airport served 22,876,785 passengers. Historically, the airport was the hub for Compañía de Aviación Faucett and Aeroperú. Now it serves as a hub for many aviation companies. The airport was named after Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez (1887–1910). It is among the busiest airports in South America.

Comparatively, it is the South American airport best connected to the rest of the American continent in terms of international flights, even surpassing others that have a greater volume of passengers. It is also one of the fastest growing airports in the region, having registered a 13% growth in passenger traffic during 2012. The recent free trade agreements signed by Peru with different Asian countries open the possibility of connecting to the airport with terminals in Asia and Oceania in the near future, that is, in late 2024 when the New Terminal begins operations, also foreseeing a greater number of connections with new cities.

In 2022 it entered the list of the 50 most important air hubs worldwide, occupying position number 47 after having been in position 58 in 2019 according to the international air statistics consultancy OAG.

On April 3, 2023, a second landing strip and a new control tower came into operation that will facilitate the growth of air movement. By the end of 2024, a new passenger terminal, currently under construction, will be inaugurated to absorb the increase in people in transit to and from South American cities.

History

[edit]

Construction

[edit]
Lima Airport in 1972 with a SATCO Douglas DC-4 operating an internal flight
Jorge Chavez International Airport in 1960

The airport was conceived in 1960 to replace the old Limatambo International Airport, which was located in the San Isidro District, because it had been surrounded by the new residential areas in the east of the city of Lima. Without the modern facilities built later, the first international flight was carried out on June 22, 1960; and four months later, on October 29, 1960, President Manuel Prado Ugarteche inaugurated it with the name Lima International Airport. Its later name is due to the young aviation pioneer, the Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez.

Lima's first airport was the Limatambo Airport in San Isidro. It ceased operations in 1960 due to a lack of space and capacity, and was replaced by the Lima-Callao International Airport, which was inaugurated by President Manuel Prado Ugarteche on 29 October of the same year. In June 1965, the Lima-Callao airport was renamed the "Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez" after the famous Peruvian aviator, Jorge Chávez Dartnell. In December 1965, the terminal building was officially opened by President Fernando Belaúnde after 11 months of reconstruction. The airport did not receive any renovation or change in infrastructure for 35 years.

After winning a competition to design the plans by the architects Carlos Arana, Antenor Orrego, Juan Torres, Miguel Bao and Luis Vásquez, and 11 months of reconstruction, it was officially reopened on December 30, 1965, by President Fernando Belaúnde. It was considered in its time as one of the most modern airports in Latin America due above all to the very advanced and award-winning architecture of the passenger terminal. The airport did not receive any major changes to its infrastructure for the next 35 years, except for isolated remodeling and expansions in different sectors of the terminal.

When it was in operation, Compañía de Aviación Faucett had its corporate headquarters on the airport premises.[2] Aerolíneas Peruanas was founded in 1956 as Peru's first flag carrier airline but would cease operations in 1971, being replaced by Aeroperú. For a long time, Aeroperú was the largest airline in Peru, and also one of the largest in South America. It would be declared bankrupt in 1999 after the Aeroperú Flight 603 accident, in which a Boeing 757 leaving the airport to Santiago de Chile, crashed in the Pacific Ocean, killing all 70 people on board. Along with Aeroperú, Faucett Perú and other large airlines would also cease operations. LATAM Peru, then known as LAN Peru, would become the largest airline in Peru, controlling most of the domestic market.

Projects and expansion

[edit]

By decision of the Government of Peru, in 2001, it was awarded a concession to the company Lima Airport Partners (LAP), a German-American consortium of Fraport, with the purpose of undertaking its expansion and comprehensive remodeling. As part of the process, the Peruvian congressional commission held talks with LAP. These conversations resulted in an agreement in which LAP committed to remodeling the airport facilities.The air traffic control is managed by the Peruvian Corporation of Airports and Commercial Aviation (CORPAC). The Peruvian government engaged Jaime Malagón, Jerome Jakubik, Paul Slocomb, and Víctor M. Marroquín of Baker and McKenzie international law firm, to oversee the changes.

In February 2005, the first phase of remodeling of the terminal was completed, which included the total renovation of the existing infrastructure, the construction of the Peru Plaza Shopping Center and the new concourse with 18 boarding gates, 7 of which have boarding bridges . In June 2007, a four-star hotel, Ramada Costa del Sol, opened at the airport, whose building is directly connected to the passenger terminal by an elevated pedestrian bridge.[3]

In January 2009, the second phase of the terminal expansion was commenced. The terminal has 28 gates, 19 with boarding bridges. In August 2009, the LAP announced that in 2010, the airport would have a new category III instrument landing system to help with landing in foggy conditions.[4] Arquitectonica, a Miami-based architectural office, and Lima Airport Partners planned a second terminal and expansion of the main terminal.

On October 24, 2018, the Peruvian state delivered all the land for the expansion and modernization of the Jorge Chavez airport to the airport operator "Lima Airport Partners". The estimated investment of US$1,200 million includes the construction of a new runway, a control tower and a passenger terminal in addition to the existing one. On the other hand, the state will build a new bridge and highway on the current Santa Rosa Avenue that will connect directly with the "Costa Verde" highway, benefiting a lot of tourists and entrepreneurs who are only going to visit Miraflores[5] and the south.[6] Works was to be completed in 4 years, by the beginning of the year 2023, and will allow the transit of 40 million passengers per year by 2030.[7][8][9] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, work was delayed but continued in 2021. The new terminal will be completed in December 2024.

Facilities

[edit]
Hotel Costa del Sol

The airport hosts the Wyndham Costa del Sol hotel which is located adjacent to the control tower and the arrivals exit. The hotel is built with noise canceling panels. The Peru Plaza Shopping Center is located near the passenger terminal in the Grand Concourse area. The food court is located near the entrance of the passenger terminal on the second floor and is always open. There is also an ice cream vendor selling some special Peruvian flavours such as chirimoya and lucuma.

The airport has numerous premium lounges in the departures terminal, such as VIP Peru. For passengers in first class, there is an exclusive salon near the gates, the VIP Club.

Britt Shop Peru

For tourist information, Iperú modules are available, located at national and international arrivals and national and international departures. There, free information material is distributed as well as information about the main tourist destinations in Peru.

On 12 May 2009, the airport opened Lima Cargo City, a hub for cargo airlines.[10]

Airlines and destinations

[edit]
International baggage claim bands.
Domestic baggage claim bands.
Airport check-in counters.
Domestic arrivals area of the airport.
Corridor of international airport gates.

Passenger

[edit]
AirlinesDestinations
Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires–Aeroparque
Aeroméxico Mexico City
Air Europa Madrid
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Transat Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson
American Airlines Miami
Arajet Punta Cana, Santo Domingo–Las Américas
ATSA Airlines Chachapoyas, Huánuco, Mazamari, Tingo María
Charter: Jaén
Avianca Bogotá, Medellín–JMC
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador
Boliviana de Aviación La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen
Delta Air Lines Atlanta
Iberia Madrid
JetSmart Argentina Buenos Aires–Aeroparque
JetSmart Chile Santiago de Chile
JetSmart Perú Arequipa, Cajamarca, Cartagena, Chiclayo, Cusco, Guayaquil, Medellín–JMC, Pereira, Piura, Quito, Talara, Tarapoto, Trujillo
KLM Amsterdam
LATAM Brasil São Paulo–Guarulhos
LATAM ChileAntofagasta, Los Angeles, Santiago de Chile
LATAM Ecuador Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Guayaquil
LATAM Paraguay Asunción
LATAM Perú Arequipa, Aruba, Atlanta, Ayacucho, Bogotá, Brasília, Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cajamarca, Cancún, Cartagena, Chiclayo, Cordoba (AR), Curitiba, Cusco, Guayaquil, Havana, Huaraz, Iquitos, Jauja, Juliaca, La Paz, Los Angeles, Madrid, Medellín–JMC, Mendoza, Mexico City, Miami, Montego Bay (resumes December 1, 2024),[11] Montevideo, New York–JFK, Piura, Porto Alegre (resumes 1 January 2025),[12] Pucallpa, Puerto Maldonado, Punta Cana, Quito, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Rosario (resumes December 1, 2024),[13] Salta, San José (CR), Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Tacna, Talara, Tarapoto, Trujillo, Tumbes
Plus Ultra Líneas Aéreas Barcelona, Madrid
Sky Airline Santiago de Chile
Sky Airline Peru Arequipa, Ayacucho, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cancún, Cusco, Florianópolis, Iquitos, Jauja, Juliaca, Miami, Montevideo, Piura, Pucallpa, Punta Cana, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Tarapoto, Trujillo, Tumbes
Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale (resumes December 4, 2024)[14]
Star Perú Cajamarca, Chiclayo, Huánuco, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Tarapoto
Turkish Airlines Istanbul (Begins. June 2025) [15] [16]
United Airlines Houston–Intercontinental, Newark
Volaris Mexico City
Wingo Bogotá

Cargo

[edit]
AirlinesDestinations
AerCaribe Bogotá[17]
AerCaribe Peru Iquitos, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru
Aerosucre Bogotá
Air Canada Cargo Miami, Toronto–Pearson[18]
Aloha Air Cargo Miami
Atlas Air[19] Campinas, Miami
Avianca Cargo Bogotá, Medellin–JMC, Miami
Cargojet AirwaysHamilton (ON), Miami
Korean Air Cargo Campinas, Los Angeles, Miami, Seoul–Incheon
LATAM Cargo Brasil Campinas, Miami
LATAM Cargo Chile Miami
LATAM Cargo Colombia Rio de Janeiro–Galeão
Lufthansa Cargo Frankfurt
Martinair Amsterdam, Campinas, Miami, Quito
Mas Air Campinas, Mexico City–AIFA
Northern Air Cargo Miami
Qatar Airways Cargo Campinas, Doha
Sky Lease Cargo Amsterdam, Campinas, Ciudad del Este, Bogotá, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Caracas, Manaus, Medellin–JMC, Montevideo, Quito, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Santiago de Chile
UPS Airlines Miami

Statistics

[edit]

Figures

[edit]
Annual passenger traffic at LIM airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual statistics
Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008
Passenger traffic 18,619,536 10,819,010 7,017,414 23,578,600 23,659,196 22,046,042 19,286,158 17,575,919 16,170,035 14,908,772 13,330,290 11,904,553 10,278,493 8,786,973 8,285,688
YoY growth% Increase 72.1% Increase 54.17% Decrease 336% Decrease 0.004% Increase 7.61% Increase 14.07% Increase 9.73% Increase 8.69% Increase 8.45% Increase 11.84% Increase 11.70% Increase 15.82% Increase 17.00% Increase 6.0% Increase 10.4%

Busiest routes

[edit]
Busiest international routes from/to Lima (LIM) in January–December 2018[20]
Rank Airport Passengers Airline(s)
1 Santiago de Chile, Chile Increase 1,654,378 Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca Perú, JetSmart, LATAM Chile, LATAM Perú, Sky Airline
2 Bogotá, Colombia Increase 839,947 Avianca, Avianca Perú, LATAM Perú, Viva Air Colombia
3 Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Argentina Decrease 883,845 Avianca Perú, Aerolíneas Argentinas, LATAM Argentina, LATAM Ecuador, LATAM Perú
4 Miami, United States Decrease 881,406 American Airlines, Avianca Perú, LATAM Perú
5 Madrid, Spain Increase 663,714 Air Europa, Iberia, LATAM Perú, Plus Ultra Líneas Aéreas
6 Mexico City, Mexico Increase 630,495 Aeroméxico, Avianca Perú, Interjet, LATAM Perú
7 Panama City-Tocumen, Panama Increase 511,965 Copa Airlines
8 São Paulo-Guarulhos, Brazil Increase 506,918 Avianca Perú, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Perú
9 Cancún, Mexico Increase 421,325 Avianca Perú, LATAM Perú
10 Quito, Ecuador Increase 399,307 Avianca Ecuador, LATAM Ecuador, LATAM Perú, TAME

Transport

[edit]
The road off the airport

Transportation between the airport and the city is provided by taxis, tour buses and vans. Airport Express Lima is the official bus of Jorge Chávez Airport. Line 2 and Line 4 of the Lima Metro are currently under construction. Some companies of taxis and buses offer services to visit the city, some of them transit through the avenues: Faucett, Linea Amarilla, Tomás Valle, De La Marina, Colonial and Costa Verde.[21] Some go north, east, to the historic center and the Financial Center; and others towards Miraflores and the south area like Pachacamac and Surco.

For safety reasons, it is advisable to only take taxis from companies that are located in the national or international arrivals area. You can also request taxi service via smartphone applications, which are secure and have standard rates. There is also the possibility of renting cars, contacting companies also located at international arrivals. They commonly travel through Elmer Faucett Avenues, La Marina Avenue (connects with the districts of southern Lima and those with high hotel offerings such as San Isidro and Miraflores), Tomás Valle (connects with Lima Norte, Lima Este, Rimac and with the Historic Center), Javier Prado, Pan-American Highway North, South, Vía de Evitamiento and Yellow Line.

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • November 27, 1962: Varig Flight 810, a Boeing 707-441 registration PP-VJB flying from Rio de Janeiro to Jorge Chávez International Airport, after initiating an overshoot procedure at the suggestion of the control tower because it was too high, proceeded to start another approach when it crashed into La Cruz peak, 8 miles (7.0 nmi; 13 km) from the airport. Possibly there was a misinterpretation of navigation instruments. All 97 passengers and crew aboard died.[22][23]
  • May 8, 1964: an Argentine Air Force Douglas C-54 registration T-47 flying from Buenos Aires to Jorge Chávez International Airport crashed into a sand dune during approach in poor visibility conditions, killing 46 of the 49 people on board.[24]
  • August 6, 1986: an explosion of unknown origin occurred at a restroom in the domestic terminal.[25]
  • December 8, 1987: a Peruvian Navy Fokker 27-400M registration AE-560 flying from Pucallpa to Jorge Chávez International Airport chartered by the Alianza Lima football team crashed into the Pacific Ocean shortly before landing. A malfunctioning cockpit indicator made the crew believe that the landing gear was not properly deployed and locked, so they requested the control tower to allow the plane to make a low pass for a visual check by ground personnel. After receiving the confirmation that the landing gear was down, the aircraft circled the airport for another attempt to land, but plunged into the ocean instead, killing all on board except the pilot.[26]
  • March 10, 1989: an Aero Condor Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander registration OB-1271 flying from Nazca to Jorge Chavez International Airport crashed into a building during approach killing all on board, apparently due to fuel exhaustion.[27]
  • January 25, 1991: a car bomb placed by the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) killed two Peruvians and wounded ten people. The attack occurred in a context of condemnation, by left-wing armed groups and political movements, of Operation Desert Storm; minutes after the attack, the US Embassy in Lima was attacked with an RPG and small arms fire by the MRTA.[28][29]
  • July 24, 1992: five American Airlines employees, charged with cleaning and baggage loading duties, were wounded by a bomb. This happened during the weekend in which Shining Path enforced a 48-hour nationwide "armed strike" that aimed at paralyzing, among other services, public transportation.[30][31]
  • January 22, 1993: three bullets hit the right side of the fuselage of American Airlines Flight 917 (inbound from Miami) while either landing or taxiing on the runway after landing. There were no casualties and damage to the plane was minimal. Despite Shining Path (SP) claiming responsibility for the attack, a subsequent investigation failed to identify the actual assailants. Airport authorities reportedly stated that the source of the shots was accidental, originating in a security guard working in the perimeter.[32] The incident, occurring in the context of a decade-long leftist insurgency against the Peruvian state, happened in the midst of a surge of terrorist attacks and assassinations during that month which also targeted US interests and businesses.[33]
  • April 15, 1995: an Imperial Air Tupolev Tu-134A-3 registration OB-1553 flying from Cusco to Jorge Chavez International Airport suffered a tire failure after departure. The crew decided to continue the flight to Lima, but the left main landing gear did not extend during landing. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[34]
  • October 2, 1996: Flight 603, an AeroPerú Boeing 757-23A registration N52AW flying the Miami-Lima-Santiago, Chile route crashed into the Pacific Ocean some minutes after its takeoff from Jorge Chávez International Airport, killing all on board. The accident investigation found that masking tape was accidentally left over the static ports during maintenance, rendering the airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed indicator unreliable.[35]
  • On December 13, 2003, at 22:48 local time, Aero Continente Flight 341, a Boeing 737-200 (registered OB-1544-P) operating from Caracas to Lima, belly-landed at the runway because the pilots had forgotten about lowering the landing gear since they had to cope with a problem concerning the flaps. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair, but all 94 passengers and six crew on board survived the accident.[36][37]
  • On October 11, 2013, an Airbus A320 (registration N492TA) from TACA Airlines, made an emergency landing at 8:20 am Local Time. The pilot declared an emergency due to smoke in the cockpit. The aircraft was en route from Jorge Chávez International Airport to El Salvador International Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador. There were 31 passengers plus crew on board. The aircraft landed safely.[38]
  • On November 18, 2022, a LATAM Peru A320neo taking off as Flight 2213 to Juliaca collided with a fire engine that was crossing the runway, killing two firefighters and injuring a third. All 102 passengers and 6 crew aboard the plane escaped unharmed.[39][40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Statistics Information". Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial (in Spanish). Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  2. ^ PDFarchive. "Flightglobal/view/1995/1995". www.flightglobal.com.
  3. ^ "Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chavez - Lima, Peru - Airports on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  4. ^ "Peru this Week". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  5. ^ "¿De turismo por Miraflores? Estos son los 5 lugares que debes conocer". Hotel Ferré (in Spanish). 2017-06-26. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  6. ^ "Los barrios pobres de Lima, una atracción turística para extranjeros". www.efe.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  7. ^ "VIZCARRA HACE ENTREGA DE TERRENOS EN JORGE CHAVEZ y ASEGURA ANUNCIADAS INVERSIONES | T News". 24 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Aeropuerto Jorge Chávez | ¿Cuándo podrás disfrutar de la ampliación del Aeropuerto Jorge Chávez?". 25 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Ampliación del Jorge Chávez permitirá tránsito de 40 millones de pasajeros en 2030". 2018-10-24.
  10. ^ "Peru inaugurates largest and most modern air cargo hub". MercoPress. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  11. ^ "LATAM Airlines incorpora tres rutas internacionales". 14 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Latam anuncia retomada de voos de Porto Alegre para Lima e Santiago". Zero Hora (in Portuguese). 22 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  13. ^ "LATAM Airlines regresa a Rosario con vuelos desde Lima". 14 June 2024.
  14. ^ "Spirit Airlines reanudará sus vuelos a Perú y Bucaramanga". 7 June 2024.
  15. ^ https://www.turiweb.pe/turkish-confirma-su-llegada-a-lima-para-mediados-de-2025/#google_vignette
  16. ^ https://elaereo.com/2024/11/turkish-airlines-anuncia-que-aterrizara-en-lima-en-2025/
  17. ^ "Rutas".
  18. ^ "Air Canada announces routes for expanded cargo capacity". 14 June 2021.
  19. ^ "Atlas Air Schedule". Atlas Air. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  20. ^ ":::Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones:::". www.mtc.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  21. ^ "Licensed taxis". www.lima-airport.com. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  22. ^ Ranter, Harro (27 November 1962). "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-441 PP-VJB Lima-Callao International Airport (LIM)". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  23. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Back course". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 217–222. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  24. ^ Ranter, Harro (8 May 1964). "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-DO (DC-4) T-47 Lima International Airport (LIM)". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  25. ^ Thomas, Andrew R. (2008). Aviation Security Management [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313346538.
  26. ^ Ranter, Harro (8 December 1987). "ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 400M AE-560 Lima-Jorge Chavez International Airport (LIM)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  27. ^ Ranter, Harro (10 March 1989). "ASN Aircraft accident IRMA/Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander OB-T-1271 Lima". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  28. ^ Organization/20308.pdf. "Documents" (PDF). www.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Tupac amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing Threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  30. ^ Mickolus, Edward F.; Simmons, Susan L. (1997). Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a Selectively Annotated Bibliography. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313304682.
  31. ^ Shining Path Rebels Flaunt. "Their Power With Strike In Peru". tribunedigital-sunsentinel. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018.
  32. ^ Peruvian rebels bomb Coca-Cola plant. "Kill mayoral candidates; shots fired at American Airlines jet". UPI.
  33. ^ Organization/19813.pdf. "Documents" (PDF). www.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Ranter, Harro (15 April 1995). "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 134A-3 OB-1553 Lima-J Chavez International Airport (LIM)". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  35. ^ Ranter, Harro (2 October 1996). "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 757-23A N52AW Lima, Peru". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  36. ^ "Accident Boeing 737-2A9 OB-1544-P". aviation-safety.net.
  37. ^ "Official report on Flight 341" (PDF).
  38. ^ "INAC". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Plane hits vehicle on runway, catches fire at Lima's airport". news.yahoo.com. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  40. ^ Aquino, Marco (2022-11-18). "LATAM Airlines plane crashes at Peruvian runway, two firefighters dead". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
[edit]

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