Jump to content

Like a Virgin (song)

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Like A Virgin (song))

"Like a Virgin"
Madonna standing on a bridge wearing a light green see-through top, a bridal mini-veil and black pants.
Cover art for most 12-inch vinyl and later CD editions, including the 12-inch US maxi-single
Single by Madonna
from the album Like a Virgin
B-side"Stay"
ReleasedOctober 31, 1984
Recorded1984
StudioPower Station, New York City
GenreDance-pop
Length
  • 3:38
Label
Composer(s)Tom Kelly
Lyricist(s)Billy Steinberg
Producer(s)Nile Rodgers
Madonna singles chronology
"Lucky Star"
(1983) 		"Like a Virgin"
(1984) 		"Material Girl"
(1985)
Music video
"Like a Virgin" on YouTube

"Like a Virgin" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna from her second album of the same name. The song was written and composed by Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg, and it was released as the album's lead single on October 31, 1984. A dance song with two hooks, Madonna sings in a high register while a continuous arrangement of synths are heard along the bassline. The song's lyrics are ambiguous, consisting of hidden innuendos and open to various interpretations.

Upon release, "Like a Virgin" received positive reviews from music critics, who frequently singled out Madonna's vocals. It became her first number-one in the Billboard Hot 100, and topped the charts in Australia and Canada, while reaching the top ten elsewhere; "Like a Virgin" has sold over six million copies worldwide. The accompanying music video was directed by Mary Lambert, and showed Madonna sailing down the canals of Venice in a gondola, as well as roaming around a castle wearing a white wedding dress. The video received positive feedback; authors singled out the expression of Venetian vitality, and noted references to Saint Mark.

Madonna has included "Like a Virgin" in eight of her concert tours, the most recent being the Celebration Tour of 2023–2024; the song's performance at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards has been deemed a defining moment in pop culture, as well as one of the best performances in the show's history. "Like a Virgin" has been covered and parodied by a number of artists, including Elton John and "Weird Al" Yankovic. It's also been sung or referenced in feature films and TV shows such as Reservoir Dogs (1992), Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Glee (2010), among others. "Like a Virgin" has been recognized as one of Madonna's best songs, as well as the one that turned her into a superstar; "Like a Virgin" has also been credited with encouraging women and female performers from the time to embrace their sexuality.

Background

[edit]
A middle-aged man wearing glasses and a dark suit, talks to a microphone.
Tom Kelly (pictured), one of the authors of "Like a Virgin".

"Like a Virgin" was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly;[1] the former had just begun a new relationship after a long rough period, and came up with the lyrics one day while driving a pickup truck around his father's vineyards in the Coachella Valley.[2] Steinberg went on to reveal in an interview for the Los Angeles Times that the song was not written with a female singer in mind; it was inspired by how he coped with the difficult situation after ending a previous relationship.[3] When he took the lyrics to Kelly, together they decided that it would be a sensitive ballad, but could not decide how to include the word "virgin" in it.[1] Steinberg elaborated: "I wasn't just trying to get that racy word virgin in a lyric. I was saying [...] I've been battered romantically and emotionally like many people— but I'm starting a new relationship and it just feels so good, it's healing all the wounds and making me feel like I've never done this before".[3] They then recorded a demo, with Kelly singing lead and Steinberg singing backup.[2]

After the demo was recorded, Kelly invited Warner Bros. Records A&R executive Michael Ostin to his house to listen to it.[3] Ostin, who was set to meet with Madonna the following day, wanted to play the demo for her, as he believed the lyrics and groove were "perfect" for her; "when I played it [for Madonna] she went crazy, and I knew instantly it was a song for her and that she could make a great record out of it," Ostin recalled.[3] In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, the singer was asked by Austin Scaggs what were her first impressions after listening to the demos of "Like a Virgin" and "Material Girl"; she replied,

I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me. I am not a materialistic person, and I certainly wasn't a virgin, and, by the way, how can you be like a virgin? I liked the play on words; I thought they were clever. They're so geeky, they're cool. I never realized they would become my signature songs, especially the second one.[4]

Recording and production

[edit]
New York's Power Station studio, where "Like a Virgin" was recorded.

In mid-1984, Madonna met with Nile Rodgers at New York's Power Station studio to start working on her second studio album;[5] Rodgers put together an "economical" rhythm section, consisting of himself on guitars, Bernard Edwards from Chic on bass, and Tony Thompson on drums.[5] According to author Fred Bronson, Rodgers did not want Madonna to record "Like a Virgin", as he felt the lyric "like a virgin" was not a "terrific" hook, nor an "all-time catch phrase".[3] However, he began to have second thoughts after hearing the demo; "I couldn't get it out of my head after I played it, even though I didn't really like it [...] but it grew on me. I really started to like it. [...] But, my first reaction to it was, 'This is really queer'", Rodgers recalled.[6] The producer then "handed [my] apology [to Madonna] and said, 'you know... if it's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days, it must be something. So let's do it", thus the song was finally recorded.[3][6] Madonna was very eager to release her work with Rodgers, despite "Borderline" being a top-ten hit at the time; "not that I didn't love Reggie Lucas and 'Borderline' [...] but the thing is, when I put out my first record it didn't really do that well. [...] So it kind of had a resurgence right at the time we were going to release 'Like a Virgin'", she recalled.[7] Of the recording process, Billy Steinberg commented:

When Madonna recorded it, even as our demo faded out, on the fade you could hear Tom saying, "When your heart beats, and you hold me, and you love me..." That was the last thing you heard as our demo faded. [She] must have listened to it very, very carefully because her record ends with the exact same little ad-libs that our demo did. That rarely happens that someone studies your demo so carefully that they use all that stuff. We were sort of flattered how carefully she followed our demo on that.[3]

Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the "future" of recording because test pressings always sounded consistent.[5] To ensure this, Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24-track DASH recorder, and a Sony F1 PCM adaptor for the stereo mix; Madonna recorded her vocals inside a small, wooden, high-ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C, also known as Power Station's "R&B room".[5] Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone, with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer; "that was part of the Power Station way — nothing was subtle and everything had a particular sound", the engineer recalled.[5] Once the track was approved, Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts, playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano; Rodgers also played a Synclavier. Madonna, although not required, was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process, Corsaro commented: "Nile was there most of the time, but she was there all of the time. She never left".[5]

Composition and lyrics

[edit]
"Like a Virgin"
A 21-second sample of the song, in which Madonna sings the chorus "Like a Virgin/touched for the very first time"; this is supported by a continuous arrangement of drums and synth along the bassline.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Composed as a dance-oriented song, the intro of "Like a Virgin" consists of two hooks.[8] According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Inc., it is written in the key of F-sharp major, with a moderately groove tempo of 118 beats per minute;[9] Madonna's vocals range from the tonal nodes of low-tone G♯3 to high-tone C♯5.[10] Rikky Rooksby wrote in The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna (2004) that the bassline on the intro is a re-working of the three-note bass motif present in the Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" (1965), where Chuck Berry provided the chord arrangement.[8] The bassline shares similarities with Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" (1983), especially during the second verse. Madonna sings in her high register, while drum arrangement by Tony Thompson can heard alongside the bassline; this is supported by a synthesizer arrangement, giving it a circular progression through all the seven diatonic chords of I–IV–viio–iii–vi–ii–V–I.[8] In the second chorus, the singer exclaims the title phrase, followed by a Hey! sung in falsetto; the outro has "breathless" ad-libs such as "can't you hear my heart beat... for the very first time?".[11]

Lyrically, "Like a Virgin" has been described as an "ode to a lover who makes the singer feel like new".[12] Madonna commented: "I like innuendo, I like irony, I like the way things can be taken on different levels"; this statement highlighted the ambiguity of the lyrics of the song, which is hung on the word "like".[8] According to Rooksby, the song can be interpreted in many different ways: actual virgins are encouraged to hold their compose before their first sexual encounter; in the case of men and more sexually experienced women, however, the lyrics talk about how they can re-live the feelings of their first sexual encounter.[8]

Release and critical reception

[edit]

"Like a Virgin" was released as the album's lead single on October 31, 1984.[13][14][15][16][17] Rodgers wanted "Material Girl" to be released as the lead single, but "Like a Virgin" was chosen instead, a decision Madonna herself found "quite controversial".[18] Afterwards, the song was included on the singer's compilations, The Immaculate Collection (1990), Celebration (2009) and Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022), as well as the EP Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits! (1985).[19][20] Upon release, "Like a Virgin" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. On his biography of the singer, J. Randy Taraborrelli described it as a "coy song that suggested [she] really was a virgin - excited, sexy and willing".[21] Author Thomas J. Ferraro called it "hilariously tongue-in-cheek".[22] In The History of American Pop, Stuart A. Kallen referred to it as "light and catchy, easy to dance to, and just plain fun".[23] From AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine named it, along with "Material Girl", one of the album's "definitive statements" that "overshadow" the rest of the songs;[24] Stewart Mason from the same website, felt it was "pure bubblegum fluff" and the song in which Madonna "sounds most like Marilyn Monroe".[25] Rolling Stone's Debby Miller deemed it "terrific", and opined that, despite her "little-girl voice [...] when she chirps, 'You made me feel/Shiny and new/Like a virgin', [...] you know she's after something".[26] The same magazine then said that, "even if the word 'virgin' is the only sexual reference in the lyrics, ['Like a Virgin'] still sounds saturated in lust".[27] From Billboard, Brian Chin praised the singer's "flawlessly phrased, witty" vocals and referred to the song as her "most pop-oriented cut yet".[28] Kenneth Partridge, also writing for Billboard, compared it to "Billie Jean" and referred to it as a "complex song about purity and sex".[29] Parade's Samuel Murrian singled out "just how clever and skillfully constructed this song is".[30]

A song that's sexy as hell while maintaining a core sweetness and never coming off the slightest bit exploitative. It's a rare thing to promise and a rarer thing to deliver, and it's the primary reason why "Like a Virgin" is still such an enjoyable listen 35 years after its release.

—Spin's Andrew Unterberger's review.[11]

The staff of Cash box opined that, "though the hooks are not as interesting as on her previous singles, Madonna's voice is in full force".[31] While Yahoo!'s Nicole Hogsett said it was a "flirtatious, innocent-sounding (yet not innocent at all) [...] undeniably fun discussion of love", The Guardian called it "saucy".[12][32] Amy Davidson from Digital Spy praised its "instantly memorable" lyrics, and said it had "one of the best basslines in pop".[33] For The Arizona Republic, Ed Masley wrote that, "['Like a Virgin'] features young Madonna at her chirpiest" and, when compared to other singles such as "Justify My Love" (1990), it "does feel pretty virginal".[34] Stereogum's Tom Breihan pointed out that "Rodgers' production and the Chic members' playing is sharp and in-the-pocket [...] [Madonna] projects personality all over it. But she also sounds tinny and small", ultimately concluding that it was a "pretty good" song.[2] In less favorable reviews, Entertainment Weekly's Dave Karger felt it came off a bit repetitious and immature.[35] The Backlot's Louis Virtel opined it's the Madonna song that has "aged [the] worst and most" since its release.[36] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine dismissed "Like a Virgin" as a novelty.[13]

Commercial performance

[edit]
A blonde woman sings to a microphone and has her arm stretched out; behind her, a male pulls a string attached to her garment.
"Like a Virgin" gave Madonna her first number one on the Billboard Hot 100; in the image, the artist singing the track on The MDNA Tour (2012).

On November 17, 1984, "Like a Virgin" debuted at number 48 of the Billboard Hot 100, and was the week's most added song to radio stations.[37][28] One week later, the single entered the Dance Club Songs chart at number 26.[38] On December 15, following the release of the Like a Virgin album, the song reached the Dance chart's first position, giving Madonna her second number one there after the "Holiday"/"Lucky Star" release from October 1983.[39] Additionally, it was the sixth Dance Club number one produced by Nile Rodgers.[40] After six weeks on the chart, "Like a Virgin" reached the Hot 100's top spot on December 22, tying Prince's "When Doves Cry" as the fastest-rising number one single of the year. With this feat, Madonna became the year's fourth female artist to top the Hot 100, following Deniece Williams, Cyndi Lauper and Tina Turner; "Like a Virgin" was the second number one by an act from Sire Records ―the other being "Pop Muzik" (1979) by M.[41]

On January 10, 1985, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping a million copies across the United States.[14] Nine days later, after having spent five consecutive weeks on the Hot 100's first spot, "Like a Virgin" became the longest running number one for a female since "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (1983) by Irene Cara;[42] it spent a total of six consecutive weeks at number one.[43][44] "Like a Virgin" was also Madonna's first top-ten entry on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at 9.[44][45] On Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart for 1985, "Like a Virgin" was placed at placed at two;[46] on the Dance Club Songs year-end chart, it peaked at number three.[47]

In Canada, the single debuted in the 71st position of RPM's Top Singles chart on the week of November 24, 1984;[48] it reached the top spot on January 19, 1985, and was ranked 35 on the magazine's 1985 year-end chart.[49][50] In the United Kingdom, "Like a Virgin" debuted at number 51 on the UK Singles Chart on November 17, 1984, and reached the third position almost two months later; it spent two weeks at number three, and eighteen on the chart overall.[51] It was the fourth best-selling song of 1984 in the United Kingdom, and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipment of 500,000 copies.[52][53] According to Music Week magazine, over 768,129 copies of the single have been sold as of 2008.[54] In Australia, "Like a Virgin" became Madonna's first number one song on the Kent Music Report chart;[55] in New Zealand, it entered the charts on December 9, 1984, and peaked at number two, remaining on that spot for two weeks.[56] "Like a Virgin" proved to be a success across Europe as well, peaking within the top ten of the charts of Austria,[57] Belgium,[57] France,[16] Germany,[17] Ireland,[58] Netherlands,[59][60] Norway and Switzerland.[61][62] It came in at number one on the European Hot 100 Singles chart.[63] It was less successful in Japan, where it barely reached the top 20.[64] According to Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, "Like a Virgin" has sold over six million copies worldwide.[65]

Music video

[edit]

Background and synopsis

[edit]
Refer to caption.
Screenshot of the "Like a Virgin" music video, showing Madonna riding on a gondola; she's wearing a black dress, blue stockings and a number of necklaces around her neck.

The music video for "Like a Virgin" was directed by Mary Lambert, who had previously worked with Madonna on "Borderline";[66][67] it was filmed on location in Venice and New York at a cost of $150,000, "way more than we'd ever spent on a video" according to Warner Bros. creative director Jeff Ayeroff.[2][68][69] Shooting in Venice was Lambert's idea, as "[Madonna] singing in a gondola was the most outrageous thing I could think of".[70] The visual interspersed footage of the singer as "a knowing virgin", dressed in a white wedding dress, with scenes of her "strutting" throughout Venice in a "sluttish getup".[71] Also present are a male lion wandering through the streets, and a man in a lion's mask.[2] Madonna herself explained the concept: "[Mary] wanted me to be the modern-day, worldly-wise girl that I am. But then we wanted to go back in time and use myself as an actual virgin";[72] she also recalled that, at one point, she was "leaning against this pillar with [the lion's] head in my crotch [...] I thought he was going to take a bite out of me".[73]

It begins with Madonna getting off a boat at the Brooklyn Bridge. The setting then moves to Venice, where a "flirtatious" Madonna watches the lion walk through the streets; she then walks to the beat of the music.[22] Later on, the singer is seen walking through Ca' Zenobio degli Armeni,[74] a "fairytale castle" dressed in a "virginal" white wedding gown. These scenes are interspersed with shots of Madonna dancing suggestively on a gondola.[23] Towards the end, the singer meets a man wearing a lion mask who carries her into a bed. In the final shot, the couple rides off together in a gondola, and the video ends with the New York skyline.[75]

"Like a Virgin" was added to MTV on the week of November 10, 1984.[76] In 1986, the song's performance from the Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour release was published as a video and nominated for Best Choreography at the MTV Video Music Awards.[77][78] Five years later, the performance from the Madonna: Truth or Dare documentary was also released as music video and received nominations for Best Female Video and Best Choreography at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards.[79] The official video can be found on Madonna's video compilations The Immaculate Collection (1990), and Celebration: The Video Collection (2009).[67][20]

Reception and analysis

[edit]

The video was generally well received by critics. For The Independent, Ben Kelly pointed out that, "her ambition is on full display [in the video]. As the camera cuts between her eyes and those of a lion, it's hard to tell who looks hungrier"; he named it one of Madonna's ten best music videos.[80] "Like a Virgin" was considered the singer's eighth best video by Idolator's Mike Neid, who referred to it as a "timeless release".[81] Louis Virtel placed it in the 27th position of The Backlot's ranking of the singer's music videos.[82] Ferraro called it "funny, funky and bright".[22] Georges-Claude Guilbert, in Madonna as Postmodern Myth (2015), highlighted the "games with carnival masks, men, lions and 'werelions', [and] allusions to eighteenth-century practices", adding that it was an "extremely sexy" clip.[71] Author Michael Campbell concluded that with the video, Madonna created "the formula that would set the tone for her subsequent work: combine provocative, shocking and controversial themes and images with bright, accessible music".[83]

Author Margaret Plant noted the expression of Venetian vitality in the video, writing that "old sacrosanct Venice was propelled into a pop world of high-energy gyration, and endless circulation".[84] Tom Bromley wrote that the lion represented Saint Mark, the patron saint of Venice;[85] Plant also noted references to Saint Mark, adding that Madonna appeared to "stretch the boundaries of tolerance in the video", since Saint Mark represented a time in Venice when acts such as homosexuality and fornication were a capital offense.[84] Plant also wrote that the scene in which the masked man carries Madonna, symbolized an instance of the Saint taking the simulated Virgin: Madonna became a symbol for La Serenissima, the Republic itself.[84] Andrew Greeley opined that the video "celebrates a powerful erotic fantasy", finding parallels to "the way we are in the presence of God . . . Is not the gentle care with which [Madonna's] lover treats her the way God alleges that he treats us?"[86]

Live performances

[edit]

1984 MTV Video Music Awards

[edit]

On September 14, 1984, Madonna opened the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards ceremony with "Like a Virgin"; she initially wanted to perform with a full-grown Bengal tiger, but this idea was quickly nixed.[87] Instead, she emerged from a 17-foot wedding cake, donning a white wedding dress with a bustier, pearls, rosaries, lace fingerless gloves, and a belt with a buckle that read "Boy Toy".[88][87] During the number, she slithered and writhed across the floor, with her dress going up and her underpants showing. The singer explained that this was not intentional, as one of her shoes had come off at the beginning and she simply had tried to reach for it; "I thought, 'Well, I'll just pretend I meant to do this,' and I dove on the floor and I rolled around", she later recalled.[87]

MTV's Jessie Peterson opined that the performance put Madonna "on the map as Queen of Pop Music", and established the VMAs as "the place where water-cooler moments happen".[88] Ian Anglis, on Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time, saw the performance as Madonna's "coming-out party", further adding that it gave MTV "legitimacy when [it was trying] - by the roundabout means of award ceremonies and live music - to convince the world [...] of the worthiness of music video".[89][90]

For Courtney E. Smith, "although Cyndi Lauper took home the Moon Man for Best female video, [Madonna] made 1984 all about the 'Blonde ambition' [...] The act she put on that night convinced a lot of us that we shouldn't just buy in to her image, but that we wanted to [...] run out and buy a copy of her second album".[91] Similarly, Tom Breihan pointed out that many of the performers and presenters were already established figures: Rod Stewart, Huey Lewis And The News, and David Bowie among others, yet, "all anyone remembers is Madonna singing 'Like A Virgin' in public for the very first time".[2] For the staff of Rolling Stone, it's a moment in pop culture "as indelible as the Beatles on Ed Sullivan".[27] It was named one of the best performances in the show's history by Slant Magazine and Billboard,[92][93] with the singer's bridal look considered one of her most memorable and iconic.[94][95][96][97]

Other performances

[edit]
A blonde woman standing in front of purple lights and dressed in black sings to a microphone.
Madonna singing a remixed "Like a Virgin" during 2015―2016's Rebel Heart Tour.

On May 16, 1984, Madonna performed "Like a Virgin" at artist Keith Haring's birthday party, which took place on New York's Paradise Garage;[98] she wore a leather jacket personally painted by the artist, and sang on a brass bed covered with frilly material and strewn with white roses.[99] It was also sung on promotional television appearances throughout late 1984 and early 1985.[100] Furthermore, "Like a Virgin" has been included on eight of Madonna's concert tours: Virgin (1985), Who's That Girl (1987), Blond Ambition (1990), the Girlie Show (1993), Confessions (2006), MDNA (2012), Rebel Heart (2015―2016), and Celebration (2023―2024). On the first one, Madonna once again wore a white wedding dress and asked the audience if they wanted to marry her; she would then thrust her hips at their affirmative response, and sang a few lines from "Billie Jean".[101] On his review of one of the San Diego concerts, Robert Hilburn felt the singer was "at her best when working off an idea or concept", citing the song's performance as an example.[102] The performance was included in the VHS release Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour, recorded in Detroit, Michigan.[103] For 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, the song was performed in a medley with "Material Girl" and "Dress You Up";[104] Madonna changed her clothes in an onstage telephone booth and emerged wearing a dress covered in toys, trinkets and other plastic paraphernalia. Halfway through, she bent over to revel a pair of lace panties, which she then threw into the crowd, and sang a fragment of "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)".[105] Towards the end, she was joined by a young male dancer who acted as a bridegroom.[106] The number was deemed one of the concert's strongest by the Washington Post's Richard Harrington.[104] Two different performances can be found on the videos Who's That Girl: Live in Japan, filmed in Tokyo on June, and Ciao Italia: Live from Italy, filmed in Turin on September.[107][106]

A blonde woman with curly hair squats on top of a red bed. She's wearing a gold metallic corset and sings to a microphone. Behind her, a figure wearing a pointy brassiere holds his arms out.
For the performance of "Like a Virgin" on 1990's Blond Ambition World Tour, Madonna simulated masturbation; in Toronto, Canada, local police threatened to arrest her on obscenity charges if she didn't alter the number.

On the Blond Ambition World Tour of 1990, Madonna sang a slowed version of the song with a Middle East theme.[108] She wore a gold metallic corset with conical cups, designed by Jean Paul Gaultier, and sang on top of a red velvet bed flanked by two male dancers, also in conical brassieres.[109] As the artist sang, she humped the bed and pretended to masturbate, while the dancers caressed her body and stroked their own brassieres.[110] Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune singled out the performance for being "both seductive and hilarious", while Richard Harrington said it was the concert's "only clear miscalculation, probably meant to shock, but [was] only distressing".[111][112] Three different performances can be found in Blond Ambition Japan Tour 90, taped in Yokohama, Blond Ambition World Tour Live, taped in Nice, and in the documentary Madonna: Truth or Dare.[113][114][115] In Toronto, Canada, police threatened to arrest Madonna on obscenity charges, if she didn't alter the performance's masturbation sequence; the show went unaltered, and the singer later issued a statement saying she was willing to be arrested to protect her freedom to "express myself as an artist".[116][117] The incident was referenced and can be seen in Madonna: Truth or Dare.[116] The song's performance on the Girlie Show (1993) took place in a Berlin cabaret setting; Madonna sang in a heavy German accent, pronouncing the word "Virgin" as "Wurgin", dressed in a look similar to that of Marlene Dietrich in the 1930 film Morocco, consisting of top hat and tails.[118][119] Guilbert highlighted the singer's "funny" accent during the number.[119] The performance recorded on November 19, 1993, at the Sydney Cricket Ground, was included on The Girlie Show: Live Down Under home video release (1994).[120]

In April 2003, while promoting her ninth studio album American Life, Madonna did an impromptu acoustic rendition of "Like a Virgin" at New York's Tower Records.[121] That same year, a medley of "Like a Virgin" and "Hollywood" ―from American Life― was performed by Madonna, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera during the MTV Video Music Awards. It began with Spears, dressed in a white wedding gown, emerging from a giant wedding cake ―a reference to Madonna's 1984 performance―, singing the song's first verse; then, a dark-haired Aguilera, also in bridal gear, began to sing the chorus. Madonna took the stage dressed as groom with black top hat and tuxedo, and began singing "Hollywood". The three women danced together across the stage, before ending the performance with two open mouth kisses. Sal Cinquemani opined that "[Madonna] rarely shares the stage with other stars, and for it to be Britney and Christina [...] was nothing short of surreal";[122] according to Glamour's Christopher Rosa, it was an "important moment in our nation's history", that "spawned an entire generation of gay men".[123] On the Confessions Tour, Madonna, dressed in a "dominatrix equestrian" outfit, sang "Like a Virgin" on top of a black saddle as the backdrops flashed X-ray radiographies of the injuries she suffered on a horse-riding accident.[124][125] The number was positively received by Liz Smith for the Baltimore Sun, who named it one of the concert's best.[124] The performance from the August 15–16 London concerts was included on the singer's second live album The Confessions Tour (2007).[126]

Silhouettes of a man and a woman are shown on a white screen.
The "Like a Virgin"/"Billie Jean" video interlude of the Celebration Tour, depicting Madonna and Michael Jackson's silhouettes.

On the Rome stop of 2008's Sticky & Sweet Tour, Madonna dedicated "Like a Virgin" to Pope Benedict XVI;[127] she also did a capella renditions of the track on the Vancouver, Okland, and Buenos Aires concerts per the crowd's request;[128][129] one of these performances was included on the Sticky & Sweet Tour live album release (2010).[130] For the MDNA Tour of 2012, Madonna reworked "Like a Virgin" into a "gothic waltz", which she sang in bra and panties, backed by a piano player wearing a top hat.[131][132] Halfway through, a male dancer put a corset around her waist and tightened the strings until she couldn't sing anymore.[133] For The Kansas City Star, Timothy Finn compared the rendition to the work of Leonard Cohen;[131] according to Scott Marvis from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's, the number saw Madonna singing in "her most seductive vocal".[134] The performance of the song at the November 19–20, 2012 shows in Miami, at the American Airlines Arena, were recorded and released in the singer's fourth live album, MDNA World Tour (2013).[135] A remix of the song with a "pulsing industrial beat" was created by French producer Denis Zabee, and performed by the singer on her Rebel Heart Tour (2015―2016);[136][137] Madonna danced alone on the stage, doing moves similar to Michael Jackson's and, at one point, opened her blouse to show off her lingerie and cleavage.[138][139] The number was positively received by Alex Needham from The Guardian, who pointed out that Madonna sang the track "with all the allure and aggression with which she infused it when it was first released".[140] The New York Daily News' Jim Farber felt the singer danced "with a freedom and innocence that made her, at 57, seem once again new".[141] The song's performance at the March 19–20, 2016 shows in Sydney's Allphones Arena was recorded and released on Madonna's fifth live album, Rebel Heart Tour (2017).[142]

On the Celebration Tour, "Like a Virgin" was mashed up with "Billie Jean" and used as an interlude.[143] The number, which depicted silhouettes of Madonna and Jackson dancing with each other, was criticized by the Washington Blade's Kevin Naff: "[It] screamed 'He's the King of Pop and I'm the Queen' — it felt thirsty and superfluous".[144] Nick Levine from NME also dismissed the performance, deeming it "misguided in light of Jackson's sullied reputation" and "the only dud visual in an otherwise stunning show".[143]

Cover versions and usage

[edit]
See also: Like a Surgeon, List of cover versions of Madonna songs, and List of Madonna tribute albums
Elton John (left) sang "Like a Virgin" at the 2010 Rock for the Rainforest, while "Weird Al" Yankovic (right) spoofed it under the title "Like a Surgeon" in 1985.

In 1985, The Lords of the New Church covered "Like a Virgin" for their compilation album Killer Lords; AllMusic's Gary Hill singled out the "funny and obnoxious" rendition.[145] That same year, "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded "Like a Surgeon", a parody of the song, for his album Dare to Be Stupid; an acquaintance of Madonna, who happened to be friends with Yankovic's manager, suggested the idea, noting that it would not take long for Yankovic to satirize the song.[146] The track received positive reviews, with AllMusic's Eugene Chadbourne deeming it "perhaps his best parody ever".[147] "Like a Surgeon" peaked at number 47 of the Billboard Hot 100.[148] Six years later, Scottish band Teenage Fanclub included a rendition of "Like a Virgin" on The King (1991), their second studio album.[149]

In 2002, French–Dutch group Mad'House did a Eurodance take on the song, that was included on their album Absolutely Mad.[150] "The Madonna Trilogy", a mashup of "Like a Virgin", "Lucky Star" and "Burning Up", was recorded by The Meat Purveyors.[151] At the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, Katy Perry performed "Like a Virgin" alongside Travis Barker and DJ AM.[152] Doda included "Like a Virgin" in the 2009 re-edition of her album Diamond Bitch.[153] Elton John sang the track at the 2010 Rock for the Rainforest concert.[154] 2NE1 recorded the song for their album Collection (2012);[155] that same year, JoJo sang it at a Harvard-Westlake School charity held at LACMA, and Peruvian singer Wendy Sulca recorded a spanglish version.[156][157] In 2014, Cristina Scuccia, a nun who won that year's The Voice of Italy season, released a ballad rendition of the song as her debut single;[158] Madonna herself praised Succia.[159] Romanian singer Alexandra Stan recorded version the song with a new orchestration done by Chris Trace in late January 2017;[160] In 2019, Big & Rich did a rendition of the song with an altered melody;[161] that same year, Mötley Crüe covered the song for the soundtrack of The Dirt.[162]

In 1985, Max Baer Jr. approached Kelly and Steinberg with a proposal to turn the song into a film, just as he had done with Ode to Billy Joe (1970), and even began negotiations with them.[163] However, the ABC threatened to sue after hearing of the negotiations; lawyers claimed the songwriters had already agreed to sell the rights to the network for a television film. Baer subsequently sued ABC for interfering with his prospective economic advantage, and was awarded $2 million by a court, who agreed that the network had wrongly interfered with the producer's plans.[163] During the opening scene of Quentin Tarantino's 1992 film Reservoir Dogs, the character Mr. Brown (played by Tarantino himself) insists that "Like a Virgin" is "about a girl who meets a guy with a big dick";[2] when Madonna met Tarantino at a party after the film's release, she gave him an autographed copy of her album Erotica, signing, "Quentin: it's about love, not dick".[164][165] In Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge! (2001), "Like a Virgin" was turned into a "delightful comic number" performed by Jim Broadbent.[166] A sing-along of the track was performed by the titular character (Renée Zellweger) and a group of prostitutes at a Thailand jail in the 2004 film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason;[167] four years later, in "The Becoming", the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of American medical drama Grey's Anatomy, Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) hums the song while she removes the hearts of 50 cadavers.[168] It was namechecked in the Train's "Hey, Soul Sister" (2009) with the lyric "I believe in you/Like a virgin you're Madonna".[169] In "The Power of Madonna" (2010), fifteenth episode of American television series Glee, "Like a Virgin" was sung by three couples played by Jonathan Groff, Jayma Mays, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Matthew Morrison, and Naya Rivera;[170] the performance was praised by Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack, who hailed it as "one of the more ambitious numbers of the night".[171]

Legacy

[edit]

Recognition

[edit]

"Like a Virgin" was a real game changer when it hit the charts in 1984.

—Nielsen Media Research about women's ruling record-setting recordings.[172]

"Like a Virgin" has been recognized as one of Madonna's best songs, as well as the one that turned her into a superstar. Samuel Murrian named it the singer's ninth greatest song, that marked "the moment she went from being a big star to being an icon".[30] It was also named her third best by Gay Star News' Joe Morgan.[173] PopMatters's Enio Chola added that, "when ['Like a Virgin'] hit, [Madonna's] status was elevated to that of pop culture icon. [...] [it's] the song that defined for us who Madonna was (at the time) and would be turning into (in the near future)".[174] Sal Cinquemani named it "iconic", as well as "the first—if not the—signature song of her career".[13]

Entertainment Weekly's Chuck Arnold named it the second best song of Madonna's catalogue, as well as one of the best songs from the 1980s decade;[175] a similar opinion was shared by Andrew Unterberger from Billboard, who named it one of the decade's "defining" tracks, and the singer's 10th best.[176] Writing for Consequence, Allison Franks and Michael Roffman said it would always remain a "cultural artifact of the 1980s".[177] Mike Wass from Idolator named it "one of the most iconic pop songs of all time".[178] Matthew Jacobs added that it was the singer's most famous song, as well as a "staple at wedding receptions, on the airwaves and on lists of controversial moments in popular culture".[100] Nicole Hogsett deemed it an "undeniable classic".[12] "Like a Virgin" is one of the songs that "have come to define our times, influenced trends and triggered change in politics and culture", discussed in the 2003 documentary Impact: Songs That Changed The World.[179]

Accolades for "Like a Virgin"
Work Accolade Rank Ref.
Cosmopolitan 50 Songs from the '80s That Are, Like, Totally Bitchin' 26 [180]
Elle The 55 Best '80s Songs 14 [181]
The 100 Greatest Pop Songs Since 1963 4 [182]
Rolling Stone 100 Best Singles from 1984 67 [183]
VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s 8 [184]
100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years 10 [185]

Cultural impact

[edit]
A wedding dress displayed on a mannequin.
The wedding dress worn by Madonna during the performance of "Like a Virgin" at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards; according to Yahoo! Music's Chris Willman, this dress "captivated a nation".[186]

On an article celebrating the Like a Virgin album's 35th anniversary, John Murph noted that "white conservatives" made "a nationwide fuss" following the single's release.[187] Family organizations criticized it, as they believed it promoted sex outside marriage and "undermined" family values, while others sought to ban it along with the music video.[188][189] Despite not being included on its "Filthy Fifteen" list, it has been argued that "Like a Virgin" is one of the songs that led to the creation of the Parents Music Resource Center in 1985.[190][191] Benjamin Brand and David J. Rothenberg wrote in Music and Culture in the Middle Ages and Beyond: Liturgy, Sources, Symbolism (2016), that the song's lyrics, specifically the word "virgin", "seemed to violate a respected - if not revered - state in 1984, both in the physiological and Christological sense of the word".[192] Carol Clerk noted that the song attracted an "unprecedented level of attention from social groups", something uncommon for a female singer; the author believed the public listened "superficially" to the lyrics, thus believed that they detailed or called on an "innocent's sexual initiation". She concluded by saying that, while one section of the population was outraged, others were taking joy at the "very notion of a virginal Madonna". The singer herself said she was surprised at the public's reaction; "everyone interpreted it as 'I don't want to be a virgin anymore. Fuck my brains out!'. That's not what I sang at all. 'Like a Virgin' was always absolutely ambiguous", she explained.[8][73]

The term "Madonna wannabe" was created to describe the thousands of girls who tried to emulate Madonna's style; both Adam Sexton and William McKeen noted that most of the singer's admirers were young girls raised with an image of old-fashioned female stereotypes, and saw in the artist a role model, someone who "injects middle-class ideas of femininity with examples of what feminism means to her [...] equal opportunity".[193][194] Madonna became the "last word in attitude and fashion. The epitome of cool".[193] Enio Chola concluded that with the song, "[Madonna] became a liberating mainstream sexual force"; author Debbi Voller added that "Like a Virgin" gave rise to "the icon Madonna".[195] According to Chuck Arnold, "Like a Virgin" paved the way for female artists to "unapologetically explore the sexual wilderness", adding that "no one had to act like a virgin anymore" following its release.[196][175] On the same vein, Thomas Harrison wrote that the "sexually charged" imagery of the song and its video, encouraged other female performers to embrace their own sexuality.[197] For HuffPost, Caroline Sullivan pointed out that before Madonna, no other female singer had ever "shoehorned the subject virginity into a pop song so bluntly, or made it clear that no matter what you were - virgin or sexually experienced - it was absolutely fine".[198] A similar opinion was shared by Jude Rogers from The Guardian, who claimed that until Madonna emerged, "the V-word" wasn't used by female singers "unless they were singing Christmas carols".[199] Out's Nathan Smith gave a detailed analysis:

From a contextual perspective, another appeal of 'Like A Virgin' was the way it reconstituted sex in mainstream music within discourses of religion and innocence. In a decade plagued by mass hysteria because of the HIV/AIDS crisis, and the way sex (for both heterosexual and homosexual couples) was characterized by illness, viral exchanges, and the threat of 'contamination'. Madonna's song moved away from discussing the seemingly abject nature of sex, in an epoch so preoccupied by the dangers of sex and illness. 'Like A Virgin' told women that they could be in charge of their erotic agendas, could, should, and would enjoy their sexual escapades, and did not even have to be virgins to do so. (Maybe just act a little virginal?)[200]

Track listings and formats

[edit]

Personnel

[edit]

Production credits

Credits adapted from the album and the 12-inch single liner notes.[205][206]

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Certifications and sales for "Like a Virgin"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
France — 300,000[237]
Japan — 121,780[238]
United Kingdom (BPI)[53] Gold 925,000[239]
United States (RIAA)[14] Gold 1,900,000[240]
Digital
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[241] Gold 45,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[242] Gold 30,000‡
United States — 240,000[243]
Summaries
Europe
1985 sales 		— 1,500,000[244]
Worldwide — 6,000,000[65]

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kheraj, Alim (October 29, 2016). "The surprising stories behind 6 of Madonna's biggest hits". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Breihan, Tom (September 16, 2020). "The Number Ones: Madonna's 'Like a Virgin'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Bronson 2003, p. 600
  4. ^ Scaggs, Austin (October 29, 2009). "Madonna looks back: The Rolling Stone interview". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Buskin, Richard (September 2007). "Madonna 'Like A Virgin'". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Rosen 1996, p. 283
  7. ^ Sandberg, Patrik (August 18, 2022). "Madonna is the wildest party favor". Paper. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, p. 17
  9. ^ "Madonna Digital Sheet Music: 'Like a Virgin'". Alfred Publishing. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  10. ^ "Madonna - 'Like a Virgin'". In What Key?. Alfred Publishing. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Unterberger, Andrew (November 12, 2019). "The 10 best things about Madonna's 'Like a Virgin'". Spin. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Hogsett, Nicole (April 19, 2010). "The 20 best Madonna songs". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "All 82 Madonna singles ranked". Slant Magazine. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  14. ^ a b c "American single certifications – Madonna – Like a Virgin". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  15. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > 'Like a Virgin'". Icon: Official Madonna Website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  16. ^ a b c "Madonna – Like a Virgin" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "Madonna – Like a Virgin" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  18. ^ Nolfi, Joey (August 19, 2022). "Madonna hilariously reacted to an ex-manager who pushed her to make 'Like a Virgin' sound like 'Thriller'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  19. ^ The Immaculate Collection (Liner notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 1990. 9 26440-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  20. ^ a b "'Celebration' - Track listing for CD & DVD announced". Icon: Official Madonna website. August 25, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  21. ^ Taraborrelli 2008, p. 210
  22. ^ a b c Ferraro 2005, p. 148
  23. ^ a b Kallen 2012, p. 87
  24. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (November 12, 1984). "Madonna > Like a Virgin > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  25. ^ Mason, Stewart (1983). "Madonna > "Like a Virgin"". AllMusic. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  26. ^ Miller, Debby (January 17, 1985). "Home > Music > Album Reviews > Like a Virgin". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  27. ^ a b "Madonna's 50 Greatest Songs: 'Like a Virgin' (from 'Like a Virgin', 1984)". Rolling Stone. July 27, 2016. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  28. ^ a b Chin, Brian (November 17, 1984). "Hot 100 singles radio action / Dance Trax" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 46. pp. 14 and 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  29. ^ Patrtridge, Kenneth (December 11, 2014). "Madonna's 'Like a Virgin' at 30: Classic track-by-track album review". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  30. ^ a b Murrian, Samuel R. (August 16, 2019). "We ranked the 100 best Madonna songs of all time". Parade. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  31. ^ "Reviews: Feature Picks" (PDF). Cash Box. 48 (24): 7. November 17, 1984. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  32. ^ "Flashback". The Guardian. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  33. ^ Davidson, Amy (March 7, 2015). "Madonna's biggest hits: Which ones are our favourites?". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  34. ^ Masley, Ed (October 16, 2015). "Essential Madonna: Her 30 best singles of all time". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  35. ^ Karger, Dave (November 10, 1995). "Madonna - Like a What?". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  36. ^ Virtel, Louis (March 2, 2013). "The 100 greatest Madonna songs". The Backlot. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  37. ^ "The Hot 100: Week of November 17, 1984". Billboard. November 17, 1984. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015.
  38. ^ "Hot Dance Disco" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 47. November 24, 1984. p. 54. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  39. ^ Murray, Gordon (August 23, 2018). "Madonna earns 48th No. 1 on Dance Club Songs Chart with 'I Rise'". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  40. ^ Grein, Paul (December 15, 1984). "Chart Beat: Madonna's 'Like a Virgin' heads for heights" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 50. p. 8. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  41. ^ Grein, Paul (December 22, 1984). "Chart Beat: Madonna makes it to the top spot just as quickly as 'Doves Cry'" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 51. p. 8. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  42. ^ Grein, Paul (January 19, 1985). "Chart Beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 3. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  43. ^ Grein, Paul (January 26, 1985). "Chart Beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 4. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  44. ^ a b c "Madonna Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  45. ^ a b "Chart History: Madonna: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  46. ^ a b "1985: The year in music & video - Top Pop Singles" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 52. December 28, 1985. p. T-21. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  47. ^ a b "Dance Club Songs – Year-End 1985". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  48. ^ "Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 12, November 24 1984". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. November 24, 1984. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  49. ^ a b "Top RPM Singles: Issue 9672." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  50. ^ a b "Top Singles - Volume 43, No. 16, December 28 1985". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 28, 1985. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  51. ^ a b "Madonna: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  52. ^ Griffits, George (March 26, 2021). "The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1984". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  53. ^ a b "British single certifications – Madonna – Like a Virgin". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  54. ^ Jones, Alan (August 19, 2008). "The immaculate guide to 50 years of Madonna". Music Week. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  55. ^ a b c Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 188. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  56. ^ a b "Madonna – Like a Virgin". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  57. ^ a b c "Madonna – Like a Virgin" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  58. ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Like a Virgin". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  59. ^ a b "Nederlandse Top 40 – Madonna" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  60. ^ a b "Madonna – Like a Virgin" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  61. ^ a b "Madonna – Like a Virgin". VG-lista. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  62. ^ a b "Madonna – Like a Virgin". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  63. ^ a b "European Top 100 Singles" (PDF). Eurotipsheet. 2 (5). February 4, 1985. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  64. ^ a b "Japan #1 Import disks by Oricon Hot Singles" (in Japanese). Oricon. 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  65. ^ a b "Like a Virgin". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). April 16, 2019. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  66. ^ Yamato, Jen (April 4, 2019). "Original 'Pet Sematary' director Mary Lambert on her horror classic, Madonna videos and meetings with Stephen King at Denny's". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  67. ^ a b Madonna (1990). The Immaculate Collection (VHS). Warner Music Vision.
  68. ^ Banks 2018, p. 42
  69. ^ "Express Yourself: The making of Madonna's 20 greatest music videos". Rolling Stone. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  70. ^ Tannenbaum & Marks 2011, p. 125
  71. ^ a b Guilbert 2002, pp. 78
  72. ^ St. Michael 2004, p. 65
  73. ^ a b Clerk 2002, p. 41
  74. ^ "Venice and the music: the best music videos shot in town". Visit Venezia Official. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  75. ^ Salucchi, Mariavittoria (December 7, 2021). "Dispelling a few myths about virginity". NSS Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  76. ^ "MTV Programming as of November 10, 1984" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 45. November 10, 1984. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  77. ^ "The 1986 MTV Video Music Awards will be the biggest party of all time! Bigger than the Communist Party?!" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 34. August 23, 1986. pp. 74–75. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  78. ^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 98
  79. ^ Hastings, Deborah (July 19, 1991). "R.E.M. gets most nominations for MTV Awards". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  80. ^ Kelly, Ben (August 11, 2018). "Madonna at 60: The ten best music videos from the Queen of Pop". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  81. ^ Nied, Mike. "From 'Vogue' to 'Hung Up': Madonna's 25 best videos". Idolator. Archived from the original (August 16, 2018) on November 22, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  82. ^ Virtel, Louis (August 16, 2013). "Madonna's 55 best videos, in honor of her 55th birthday". The Backlot. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  83. ^ Campbell 2012, p. 339
  84. ^ a b c Plant 2002, p. 413
  85. ^ Bromley 2012, p. 238
  86. ^ Detweiler & Taylor 2003, p. 16
  87. ^ a b c Tannenbaum, Rob (October 28, 2014). "The real story behind Madonna's iconic 'Like a Virgin' performance at the 1984 VMAs". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  88. ^ a b Peterson, Jessie (August 16, 2014). "Happy birthday to Madonna, Queen of the VMAs". MTV. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  89. ^ Anglis 2013, p. 129
  90. ^ Anglis 2013, p. 137
  91. ^ Smith 2011, p. 122
  92. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (September 8, 2021). "The 20 greatest MTV Video Music Awards performances of all time". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  93. ^ Staff (August 20, 2014). "MTV VMAs' 15 best performances of all time". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  94. ^ Gavilanes, Grace (August 16, 2014). "Madonna's most iconic looks ever: 1984". InStyle. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  95. ^ Blair, Olivia (August 16, 2018). "Madonna's most iconic fashion moments through the years: Like a Virgin". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  96. ^ "Madonna's most iconic looks throughout the years". Billboard. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  97. ^ Shultz, Cara Lynn; Parsley, Aaron (August 11, 2008). "Madonna: 50 looks we can't forget - Virgin Territory". People. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  98. ^ Katz & Kott 2018, p. 92
  99. ^ Gruen 1992, p. 108
  100. ^ a b Jacbobs, Matthew (November 6, 2014). "How Madonna's 'Like A Virgin' has changed over 30 years". HuffPost. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  101. ^ Leitch 2014, p. 134
  102. ^ Hilburn, Robert (April 22, 1985). "Pop Review: Madonna makes a hot topic". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  103. ^ Madonna (1985). Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour (VHS). Warner Music Vision.
  104. ^ a b Harrington, Richard (July 3, 1987). "Madonna's star turn at RFK". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  105. ^ Morgan 2015, p. 103
  106. ^ a b Madonna (1988). Ciao Italia: Live from Italy (VHS). Warner Home Video.
  107. ^ Madonna (1987). Who's That Girl: Live in Japan (VHS). Warner Home Video.
  108. ^ Brown, Joe (June 8, 1990). "Madonna tour in Vogue". Washington Post. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  109. ^ Gunn 2013, p. 16
  110. ^ Taraborrelli 2008, p. 431
  111. ^ Kot, Greg (May 6, 1990). "Nothing is 2nd rate, as Madonna opens her 'Blond Ambition' tour". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  112. ^ Harrington, Richard (June 9, 1990). "Madonna's bare ambition". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  113. ^ Madonna (1990). Blond Ambition Japan Tour 90 (VHS). Warner-Pioneer Japan.
  114. ^ Madonna (1990). Blond Ambition World Tour Live (Laserdisc). Pioneer Artists.
  115. ^ Madonna: Truth or Dare (Media notes). Madonna. LIVE Entertainment. 1991. 68976.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  116. ^ a b Friend, David (May 28, 2016). "The time Toronto Police nearly arrested Madonna". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  117. ^ Harrington, Richard (June 3, 1990). "Essay". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  118. ^ Kaye, Jeff (September 27, 1993). "The Blue Material Girl: Pop music: Madonna's lusty 'Girlie Show' tour opens in London to cheers of 72,000 fans". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  119. ^ a b Guilbert 2002, p. 139
  120. ^ Madonna (1994). The Girlie Show: Live Down Under (VHS). Warner Music Vision.
  121. ^ Christman, Ed (May 10, 2003). "Retail Track: Madonna makes music" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 19. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  122. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (August 29, 2003). "2003 MTV Video Music Awards Recap". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  123. ^ Rosa, Christopher (August 21, 2019). "8 things you never noticed about the Britney-Madonna kiss performance at the 2003 VMAs". Glamour. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  124. ^ a b Smith, Liz (May 25, 2006). "Madonna's 'Confessions' concert: good, if over the top". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  125. ^ Danton, Eric R. (June 26, 2006). "Stage Presence". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  126. ^ Madonna (2007). The Confessions Tour (CD/DVD). Warner Home Video.
  127. ^ Michales, Sean (September 8, 2008). "Madonna dedicates Like a Virgin to the Pope". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  128. ^ Usinger, Mike (October 31, 2008). "Madonna hits Vancouver with multimedia hurricane". The Georgia Straight. Archived from the original on November 7, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  129. ^ Vaziri, Aidin (November 3, 2008). "Madonna gives Oakland the hard sell". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  130. ^ Madonna (2010). Sticky & Sweet Tour (CD/DVD). Warner Bros. Live Nation. Semtex Films. 9362-49728-4.
  131. ^ a b Finn, Timothy (October 31, 2012). "Madonna gives Kansas City an everlasting hello". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  132. ^ Pareles, Jon (August 29, 2012). "A Pop Queen flaunts her toned maturity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2022.(subscription required)
  133. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (September 7, 2012). "Madonna (New York, NY – September 6, 2012)". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  134. ^ Marvis, Scott (November 7, 2012). "Madonna is a 'girl gone wild' for Obama in Consol concert". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  135. ^ MDNA World Tour (CD, DVD, Blu-ray). Madonna. Interscope Records. 2013. 602537507054.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  136. ^ "Dens54 fait chanter Madonna sur sa version de "Like A Virgin"" (in French). CNews. December 18, 2015. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  137. ^ Bruce, Keith (December 21, 2015). "Review: Madonna, SSE Hydro, Glasgow". Glasgow Times. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  138. ^ Katz, Leslie (October 20, 2015). "Madonna takes control in San Jose". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  139. ^ Pareles, Jon (September 17, 2015). "Madonna returns to the Garden, unapologetic and playful". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  140. ^ Needham, Alex (September 17, 2015). "Madonna at Madison Square Garden review – 'There is no other performer like her'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  141. ^ Farber, Jim (September 10, 2015). "Madonna seemed to be happy at last during upbeat 'Rebel Heart' tour opener: review". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  142. ^ Madonna (2017). Rebel Heart Tour (2× CD, DVD, Blu-ray). Eagle Records.
  143. ^ a b Levine, Nick (October 16, 2023). "Madonna live in London: pop queen grapples with her legacy". NME. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  144. ^ Naff, Kevin (December 20, 2023). "REVIEW: Madonna's joyful, nostalgic, chaotic 'Celebration'". Washington Blade. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  145. ^ Hill, Gary (1985). "The Lords of the New Church > Killer Lords > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  146. ^ Cormier, Roger (July 21, 2014). "20 weird and not so weird facts aboud "Weird Al" Yankovic and his songs". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  147. ^ Chadbourne, Eugene (1985). "Weird Al Yankovic > Dare to be Stupid > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  148. ^ Bronson, Fred (July 20, 2022). "Chart Beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 29. p. 4. ISSN 0265-1548. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  149. ^ "Teenage Fanclub > The King > Overview". AllMusic. 1991. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  150. ^ "Mad' House > Absolutely Mad > Overview". AllMusic. September 3, 2002. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  151. ^ "The Madonna Trilogy (Like a Virgin/Lucky Star/Burning Up) by The Meat Purveyors". Spotify. 2002. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  152. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (August 31, 2009). "DJ AM 'left a really wonderful legacy,' Katy Perry Says". MTV. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  153. ^ "Doda > Diamond Bitch (Reedycja) > Overview". AllMusic. October 13, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  154. ^ Prince, David J. (May 14, 2010). "Springsteen joins Lady Gaga, Elton John at Rainforest Benefit". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  155. ^ "2NE1 > Collection > Overview". AllMusic. March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  156. ^ "JoJo performs 'Like a Virgin' at charity event". Rap-Up. May 2, 2012. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  157. ^ "Wendy Sulca versiona hit de Madonna 'Like a virgin'" (in Spanish). Radio Programas del Perú. November 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  158. ^ Davies, Lizzie (October 21, 2014). "Ode to Madonna: Singing nun to release Like a Virgin cover". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  159. ^ Lavanga, Claudia (October 24, 2014). "Madonna Tweets Support for Italian Singing Nun Sister Cristina". NBC News. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  160. ^ Romanesc, Top (January 23, 2017). "Alexandra Stan aduce hitul 'Like A Virgin' in Romania!" (in Romanian). Top Românesc. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  161. ^ Whitaker, Sterling (May 18, 2019). "Listen to Big & Rich's unusual cover of Madonna's 'Like a Virgin'". A Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  162. ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 15, 2019). "Hear Motley Crue's metal rendition of Madonna's 'Like a Virgin'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  163. ^ a b Deutch, Linda (February 14, 1991). "Actor who played Jethro Bodine strikes gold - a jury award, that is". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  164. ^ Zimmerman, Paul (December 24, 2012). "'Making the Movie on the Page': Rare 1992 Interview with Quentin Tarantino for 'Reservoir Dogs'". IndieWire. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  165. ^ Guilbert 2002, p. 76
  166. ^ Ansen, David (May 27, 2001). "Yes, 'Rouge' can, can, can". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  167. ^ Travers, Peter (November 16, 2004). "Home > TV & Movies > TV & Movies Reviews > Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  168. ^ Barrows, Laura (May 9, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: "The Becoming" Review". IGN. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015.
  169. ^ Eakin, Marah (September 1, 2015). "Drunk History's Derek Waters on why 'Hey Soul Sister' is 'the sound of diarrhea'". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  170. ^ Bentley, Jean (April 20, 2010). "'Glee' Recap: Madonna invades William McKinley High". MTV. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  171. ^ Stack, Tim (April 21, 2010). "Glee recap: The Most Madge-ical hour ever!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  172. ^ "International Women's Day: Celebrating Women in Music". Nielsen Media Research. March 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  173. ^ Morgan, Joe (August 15, 2014). "The definitive ranking of Madonna's top 55 songs". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  174. ^ Chola, Enio (February 8, 2012). "The top 15 Madonna singles of all time". PopMatters. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  175. ^ a b Arnold, Chuck (August 15, 2018). "Madonna's 60 best singles, ranked". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  176. ^ "The 100 greatest Madonna songs: Critics' picks". Billboard. August 15, 2018. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  177. ^ Franks, Allison; Roffman, Michael (August 16, 2022). "Madonna's top 20 songs". Consequence. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  178. ^ Wass, Mike (April 19, 2019). "From 'Everybody' to "'Medellín', Madonna's lead singles ranked". Idolator. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  179. ^ "Fall 2002 Highlights: CMT". CMT Canada. August 1, 2022. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2002.
  180. ^ Allen, Kelly (May 12, 2020). "50 songs from the '80s that are, like, totally bitchin'". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  181. ^ "The 55 best '80s songs". Elle. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  182. ^ "MTV's, Rolling Stone's top 100 pop songs since 1963 listed". Brainerd Dispatch. December 6, 2000. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  183. ^ "100 Best singles of 1984: Pop's greatest year". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2014. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  184. ^ "VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the 80's". Rock on The Net. 2006. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  185. ^ "VH1's '100 greatest songs of the past 25 years". Sydney Morning Herald. June 12, 2003. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  186. ^ Willman, Chris (August 31, 2012). "How Madonna's 1984 VMAs wedding dress wed her to pop culture forever". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  187. ^ Murph, John (November 12, 2019). "Madonna's 'Like a Virgin' Turns 35". Tidal. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  188. ^ Cross 2007, p. 31
  189. ^ Voller 1999, p. 18
  190. ^ Cavendish 2009, p. 565
  191. ^ Keyes 2002, p. 4
  192. ^ Brand & Rothenberg 2016, p. 296
  193. ^ a b Sexton 1993, p. 187
  194. ^ McKeen 2000, p. 232
  195. ^ Morton 2002, p. 766
  196. ^ Arnold, Chuck (December 11, 2019). "Madonna's 'Like a Virgin' at 35: All the songs ranked from worst to best". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022.
  197. ^ Harrison 2017, p. 243
  198. ^ Sullivan, Caroline (November 11, 2014). "Like a Virgin is 30". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  199. ^ Rogers, Jude (August 16, 2018). "Every one of Madonna's 78 singles – ranked!". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  200. ^ Smith, Nathan (March 10, 2015). "Still virginal". Out. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  201. ^ Like a Virgin (7-inch Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1984. W 9210.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  202. ^ Like a Virgin (United States 12-inch Maxi Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1984. 20239-0.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  203. ^ Like a Virgin (Canadian 12-inch Maxi Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1984. 92 02390Q.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  204. ^ Like a Virgin (1995 CD Maxi Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1995. 7599 20239-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  205. ^ Like a Virgin (Liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1985. 7599-25181-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  206. ^ Like a Virgin (LP, Vinyl, CD). Madonna. Sire Records. 1984. 0-20239.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  207. ^ "Madonna – Like a Virgin" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  208. ^ Nanda Lwin (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
  209. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
  210. ^ "Ísland (RÁS II)" (in Icelandic). Timarit.is. February 1, 1985. p. 43. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  211. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved July 9, 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Madonna"
  212. ^ "Madonna – Like a Virgin". Singles Top 100. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  213. ^ "Disco and Dance: Top Singles" (PDF). Music Week: 31. December 22, 1984. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  214. ^ "Madonna Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  215. ^ "Madonna Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  216. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles: Week ending December 29, 1984". Cash Box. December 29, 1984. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007.
  217. ^ "Madonna". Radio & Records. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  218. ^ "Bolivia: Del 9 al 15 de Agosto, 2021" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021.
  219. ^ "National Top 100 Singles for 1984". Kent Music Report. No. 548. December 31, 1984. Retrieved July 29, 2022 – via Imgur.
  220. ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 1984" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  221. ^ "Top 100 Singles: January 3-December 29, 1984" (PDF). Music Week: 37. January 26, 1985. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  222. ^ "National Top 100 Singles for 1985". Kent Music Report. No. 599. December 30, 1985. Retrieved July 29, 2022 – via Imgur.
  223. ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 1985" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  224. ^ Bakker, Machgiel (December 23, 1985). "Pan-European Awards 1985" (PDF). Eurotipsheet. 2 (51/52): 7. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  225. ^ "Top - 1985". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2022 – via Top-France.fr.
  226. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (in Dutch). Ofizielle Deutsche Charts. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  227. ^ "Top selling singles of 1985". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  228. ^ "Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1985" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  229. ^ "Topp 20 Single Vinter 1985" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  230. ^ "Top 20 Hit Singles of 1985". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 16, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  231. ^ "Top 100 Singles (January 5–December 28, 1985)" (PDF). Music Week: 10. January 18, 1986. ISSN 0265-1548. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  232. ^ "The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1985". Cash Box. December 28, 1985. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  233. ^ Jones, Alan (January 6, 1990). "Charts". Record Mirror. p. 46.
  234. ^ Gambaccini, Paul; Rice, Tim; Rice, Jonathan, eds. (1990). Guinness Hits of the 80s. Guinness Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-85112-398-1.
  235. ^ "Hot 100 Turns 60!". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  236. ^ "Greatest of All Time: Hot 100 songs by women". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018.
  237. ^ Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Fabrice Ferment (ed.). "TOP – 1985". 40 ans de tubes : 1960–2000 : les meilleures ventes de 45 tours & CD singles (in French). OCLC 469523661. Retrieved December 9, 2020 – via Top-France.fr.
  238. ^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Charts. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
  239. ^ Myers, Justin (April 24, 2019). "Madonna's lead singles ranked". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  240. ^ Skow, John (May 27, 1985). "Madonna rocks the land". Time. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  241. ^ "Danish single certifications – Madonna – Like a Virgin". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  242. ^ "Spanish single certifications – Madonna – Like a Virgin". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  243. ^ Trust, Gary (April 30, 2010). "Ask Billboard: 'Glee'-ful about Madonna". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  244. ^ "Madonna mania now spreading all over Europe!" (PDF). Music & Media. 2 (38): 8. September 23, 1985. Retrieved August 20, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_Virgin_(song)&oldid=1257759265"