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Legal status of ibogaine by country

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This is an overview of the legality of ibogaine by country. Ibogaine is not included on the UN International Narcotics Control Board's Green List, or List of Psychoactive Substances under International Control. However, since 1989, it has been on the list of doping substances banned by the International Olympic Committee and the International Union of Cyclists because of its stimulant properties.[1]

Country Possession Sale Transport Cultivation Notes

 Australia

Legal Controlled Legal Legal In 2010, ibogaine was scheduled as a Schedule 4 substance on the Therapeutic Goods Administration poisons list,[2] making it a prescription-only medicine.[3] However, ibogaine is not a controlled substance under Australian state and federal laws, and it is legal to possess, consume, and grow plants that contain ibogaine.[4][5][6]

 Belgium

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine, as well as its isomers, are listed in Chapter 2 of the Royal Decree of 1998 on psychotropic substances, which makes it illegal to 'import, export, manufacture, possess, sell or offer for sale, deliver or acquire', except with the express permission of Minister of Public Health.[7]

 Brazil

Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled On 14 January 2016, Ibogaine was legalized for prescription use in São Paulo, Brazil, with this legalization to extend to the rest of the country in a few months.[8]

 Canada

Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Health Canada added ibogaine to the Prescription Drug List (PDL) in 2017, meaning that the drug can only be obtained legally with a medical prescription.[9] In the past, ibogaine has been seized from several providers amid concerns over heart risks.[10]

 Costa Rica

Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Iboga and its chemical derivative, ibogaine, is not illegal in Costa Rica but the substance is also not regulated.[11]

 Denmark

Controlled Controlled Illegal Illegal Ibogaine as well as its salts and simple derivatives are included on List B of Denmark's Executive Order 698 of 1993 on Euphoric Substances, for 'substances used for medical and scientific purposes with substantial controls', meaning it is illegal to possess or distribute it. It may be possible to administer by doctors if they receive special permission from the Ministry of Health.[12]

 Finland

Legal Illegal Illegal Illegal Since 2014, ibogaine has been listed in the 'Government regulation of psychoactive consumer market of prohibited substances', in accordance with the Finnish Narcotics Act (373/2008) 3§3.[13]

 France

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal 'Tabernanthe iboga, Tabernanthe manii, ibogaine, its isomers, esters, ethers, and salts, whether natural or synthetic, and all preparations containing it, are included on the list of controlled substances of the French Ministry of Health, making ibogaine illegal to possess or distribute. The substance was included in 2007 following one death which was deemed to be connected to the use of iboga.[14]

 Gabon

Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Iboga legislation in Gabon falls under the jurisdiction of its Culture Ministry. Approval of the Culture Ministry must be granted for the export of any iboga tree products since the passage of a 1994 cultural protection law.[15]

 Germany

Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Ibogaine is unregulated in Germany, but for medical use it can be regulated by pharmacy rules (AMG).

 Hungary

Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Ibogaine is listed under Section C) New Psychotropic Substances of Government Regulation 66/2012. (IV. 2) on drugs and psychotropic substances.[16] This law makes the 'manufacture, import, export, transfer, purchase, distribution, warehousing, storage, maintenance, research, analysis, and preparation' subject to strict licensing restrictions.

 Ireland

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine is not specifically classified under Irish Law. However, since 2010, it may fall under the provisions of the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010.[17] The law prohibits all psychoactive substances, with certain caveats.[18]

 Israel

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal 2015 - Ibogaine is prohibited for distribution by Emergency declaration on distribution of prohibited substances under the fight against the use of hazardous materials 3834, which places it under the control of The Fight against the Phenomenon of the Use of Dangerous Substances Law until 25 February 2016.[19]

 Italy

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal In 2016, the Italian Ministry of Health issued an update[20] that added both 'ibogaine' and 'tabernanthe iboga plant' to Presidential Decree No. 309 (9 October 1990).[21] Both were added to Schedule 1, as defined according to Law 79 of 16 May 2014,[22] due to their central nervous system activity and 'hallucinogenic' properties. Possession or distribution may result in penalties including 2–12 months imprisonment.[23]

 Mexico

Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Ibogaine is unregulated in Mexico, therefore, it is a popular spot for ibogaine treatment.[24][25][26]

 Netherlands

Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known The Netherlands does not prohibit ibogaine, and there are various ibogaine treatment centers available. A Dutch naturopathic practitioner received an 8-year prison sentence in 2019 after being accused of administering ibogaine to a patient, leading to the patient's death. The defendant had been accused of the same crime several years prior, also in connection with the administration of ibogaine.[27][28]

 New Zealand

Legal Legal Legal Legal Ibogaine was gazetted in New Zealand in 2009 as a non-approved prescription medicine.[29][30]

 Norway

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine is illegal in Norway (as are all tryptamine derivatives).[31][32]

 Portugal

Decriminalized Decriminalized Decriminalized Decriminalized In 2001, Portugal decriminalized the possession of all drugs, which includes ibogaine.[33]

 South Africa

Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled The South African Medicine Control Council published a statement in 2016 regarding a resolution to list ibogaine as a Schedule 6/Poison substance under the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act 101 of 1965.[34] The MCC decision effectively means that ibogaine may now be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, and is subject to certain other conditions regarding its prescription, production, import, and export.[35]

 Sweden

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine was classified as a Schedule 1 substance in Sweden, and is now visible on the Drug Administration regulations (LVFS 2011: 10) on lists of drugs, which suggests it has no medical value. As such, it is illegal to possess or distribute.[36]

  Switzerland

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine is classified as a prohibited substance on the Regulation of the EDI on the lists of narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors, and auxiliary chemicals.[37] As such, it is subject to the prohibitions stated in the Federal Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, which make it illegal to possess, grow, import, manufacture, or distribute.[38]

 United Kingdom

Illegal to possess with intent to supply or possess on custodial premises Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine is not identified by name in the UK's Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. However, since 2016, it falls under the provisions of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.[39] The act makes it a criminal offense to import, export, produce, or supply any substance that 'is capable of producing a psychoactive effect in a person who consumes it.' It also makes it illegal to possess a psychoactive substance in a prison or other custodial institution. To date, there have been no cases of people being prosecuted in relation to possession of ibogaine.[40]

 United States

Illegal Illegal Illegal Illegal Ibogaine is classified as a Schedule I-controlled substance in the United States,[41] and is not approved there for addiction treatment (or any other therapeutic use) because of its hallucinogenic, neurotoxic, and cardiovascular side effects, as well as the scarcity of safety and efficacy data in human subjects.[42][43]

 Uruguay

Legal Controlled Controlled Controlled Uruguay is one of a few countries that never criminalized the possession of drugs for personal use. Since 1974, the law establishes no quantity limits, leaving it to the judge's discretion to determine whether the intent was personal use.[44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "International status of ibogaine". ibogainealliance.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Poisons Standard February 2019". Federal Register of Legislation. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Australian Heroin Addicts Can't Use Ibogaine to Kick the Habit". vice.com. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  4. ^ Murdoch, Lindsay (22 December 2014). "What is ibogaine?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  5. ^ "Erowid Tabernanthe iboga Vault: Legal Status". erowid.org. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Could the iboga plant help treat drug addiction?". ABC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  7. ^ "Arrêté royal réglementant certaines substances psychotropes, et relatif à la réduction des risques et à l'avis thérapeutique" [Royal Decree regulating certain psychotropic substances and relating to risk reduction and therapeutic advice] (in French). ejustice.just.fgov.be. 22 January 1998. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. ^ CONSELHO ESTADUAL DE POLÍTICAS SOBRE DROGAS [1] Retrieved 14 January 2016
  9. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Health (12 May 2017). "Notice - Prescription Drug List (PDL): Multiple additions". www.hc-sc.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Unauthorized natural health product "Remogen" containing ibogaine and the risk of abnormal heart rhythms". healthycanadians.gc.ca. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Iboga clinic attracts "Kardashian" celebrity, scrutiny from Costa Rica officials". ticotimes.net. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  12. ^ "List of euphoriant substances subject to control in Denmark". laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  13. ^ "Narcotics Act" (PDF). finlex.fi. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  14. ^ "En France, l'iboga est désormais une drogue illicite" [In France, iboga is now an illegal drug] (in French). nouvelobs.com. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Loi n°2/94 du 23 décembre 1994 portant sur la protection des biens culturels" [Law No. 2/94 of 23 December 1994 on the protection of cultural property]. African Archaeology (in French). 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  16. ^ "A Kormány 66/2012. (IV. 2.) Korm. rendelete a kábítószerekkel és pszichotróp anyagokkal, valamint az új pszichoaktív anyagokkal végezhetõ tevékenységekrõl, valamint ezen anyagok jegyzékre vételérõl és jegyzékeinek módosításáról" [Government Decree 66/2012. (IV. 2.) Drugs and psychotropic substances as well as new psychoactive substances, activities, and the listing and amendment of such substances] (PDF) (in Hungarian). daath.hu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  17. ^ "CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES) ACT 2010". irishstatutebook.ie. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  18. ^ "Ibogaine Legal Status". ibogainealliance.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  19. ^ "THE FIGHT AGAINST THE PHENOMENON OF THE USE OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES LAW, 5773-2013" (PDF). health.gov.il. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  20. ^ "DECRETO 1 agosto 2016" [DECREE 1 August 2016] (in Italian). gazzettaufficiale.it. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  21. ^ "DECRETO DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA N. 309, 9 OTTOBRE 1990" [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC N. 309, 9 OCTOBER 1990] (in Italian). medicoeleggi.com. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  22. ^ "DECRETO-LEGGE 20 marzo 2014, n. 36" [DECREE-LAW 20 March 2014, n. 36] (in Italian). gazzettaufficiale.it. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  23. ^ "Italy Country Drug Report 2019". emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  24. ^ "Americans going abroad for illegal heroin treatment". bbc.com. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  25. ^ "Ibogaine: One Man's Journey To Mexico For Psychedelic Addiction Treatment". wbur.org. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  26. ^ "How Does Ibogaine Work?". beond.us. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  27. ^ "Dutch Iboga Therapist in Police Custody". psypressuk.com. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  28. ^ "Dutch natural healer gets 8 years for death of Swedish woman". nltimes.nl. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  29. ^ "Minutes of the 42nd meeting of the Medicines Classification Committee - 3 November 2009". medsafe.govt.nz. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  30. ^ "Ibogaine Treatment in Aotearoa / New Zealand: Developing a unique model of practice" (PDF). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  31. ^ "Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)". lovdata.no. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  32. ^ "Norway Country Drug Report 2019". emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  33. ^ "Want to Win the War on Drugs? Portugal Might Have the Answer". Time. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  34. ^ "Scheduling of Ibogaine" (PDF). Medicines Control Council. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  35. ^ "MEDICINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT 101 OF 1965" (PDF). Medicines Control Council. 19 June 1965. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  36. ^ "Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling" [The Swedish Medical Agency's constitutional collection] (PDF) (in Swedish). lakemedelsverket.se. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" [Regulation of the FDHA on the directories of narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors, and auxiliary chemicals] (PDF) (in German). admin.ch. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  38. ^ "Bundesgesetz über die Betäubungsmittel und die psychotropen Stoffe" [Federal Act on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances] (in German). admin.ch. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  39. ^ "Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Learn about the legal status of ibogaine in your country". thethirdwave.co. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  41. ^ "Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ Ibogaine. Basic data - drugwarfacts.org Retrieved 17 June 2015
  43. ^ "Busted for Iboga". villagevoice.com. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  44. ^ "About drug law reform in Uruguay". tni.org. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
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