L-1 visa
An L-1 visa is a visa document used to enter the United States for the purpose of work in L-1 status. It is a non-immigrant visa, and is valid for a relatively short amount of time, from three months (for Iran nationals) to five years (India, Japan, Germany), based on a reciprocity schedule.[1] With extensions, the maximum stay is seven years.[2]
L-1 visas are available to employees of an international company with offices in both the United States and abroad. The visa allows such foreign workers to relocate to the corporation's US office after having worked abroad for the company for at least one continuous year within the previous three prior to admission in the US. The US and non-US employers must be related in one of four ways: parent and subsidiary; branch and headquarters; sister companies owned by a mutual parent; or "affiliates" owned by the same or people in approximately the same percentages.[2] One L-1 visa can allow multiple employees entry into the United States.
Spouses of L-1 visa holders are allowed to work without restriction in the US (using an L-2 visa) incident to status,[3] and the L-1 visa may legally be used as a stepping stone to a green card under the doctrine of dual intent. In 2019, there were 13,839 new work authorizations for L-1 visa spouses to work.[4]
In 2022, the agency approved 72,958 visas.[5] The government approves 97% of L-1 visa petitions. Between 1997 and 2019, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) approved 1.5 million L-1 visas.[6] The number of L-1 visa workers have grown from 140,810 in 1997 to 374,234 foreign visa workers in 2017, a 165.7% increase in two decades.[7]
In 2019, the largest occupation category for L-1A and L-1B workers were custom computer programming services, with 35.8% and 18.8% of total petitions approved, respectively.[8]
Since 2000, Indian nationals are the largest receivers of L-1 visas. The number of L-1 visas given to Indian nationals jumped from 4.5 percent in 1997 to 43.8 percent in 2006.[9] In 2019, Indian nationals received 18,354 L-1 visas, accounting for 23.8% of all L-1 visas issued in 2019.[7]
According to USCIS data, the largest employers to receive L-1 visas in 2019 were Tata Consultancy with 1,542 approved L-1 visa petitions, Infosys with 517, Amazon with 455, Cognizant with 382, and Deloitte with 305.[10] Between 2015 and 2019, Tata Consultancy received the greatest number of L-1 visas with 8,206 L-1 visas, followed by Cognizant with 4,774 L-1 visas.[11][12][13][14]
Policy History Timeline
[edit]- Congress created the L-1 visa in 1970.[15] It was introduced as a "noncontroversial amendment" for multinational American firms.[16] The original visa required that the work tenure correspond directly prior to applying for the company transfer.[17] Congress originally did not define "specialized knowledge".[18]
- In 1980, the State Department issued 26,535 L-1 visas.[16] In the late 1980s, the number of L-1 visa entries averaged 60,000-70,000.[19]
- The Immigration Act of 1990 expanded the visa, made it dual intent, and split the act into two categories, L-1A and L-1B.[20] Dual intent allowed foreigners on a non-immigrant temporary visa, the ability to apply for a green card. In 1990, there were 14,341 L-1 visa issuances.[21]
- The number of L-1 visas rose throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. During this period, The IT and computer outsourcing firms became major users of the L-1 visa program, with nine of the top ten firms for L-1B visa petitions.[22] Major Indian outsourcing firms such as Tata, Infosys, and Wipro increasingly used the L-1 visa to staff American multinational corporations. Half of Tata's workers brought to the United States came on L-1 visas.[19]
- The North American Free Trade Agreement had provisions regarding intracompany transfers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.
- Between 1998 and 2002, the number of L-1 visas granted increased 50% from 38,667 to 58,000.[23]
- By 2000, Immigration and National Service recorded 294,658 visa entries.[19]
- In 2002, Congress allowed L-1 visa spouses, who are on an L-2 visa, the authorization to work freely within the United States.
- In 2003, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the L-1 visa.[24]
- In fiscal year 2004, the number of L-1B visas surpassed the number of L-1A visas.[22]
- In 2004, the House of Representatives Committee on International Relations held a hearing on the L-1 visa.[19]
- In 2004, President Bush signed L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004.
- In 2004, the number of L-1B visas exceeded the number of L-1A visas.[22]
- In 2006, the United States Department of Homeland Security Inspector General issued a report on the L visa.[22]
- The report recommended verification of applications by State Department officials in the relevant country.
- Between 2004 and 2008, L-1 visa use increased 34%.[25]
- In 2010, the number of issued L-1 visas was 74,719.[26]
- In 2011, the number of L-1 visa approvals was 33,301, with 80.8% of visa approvals going to Indian nationals.[18]
- In 2013, the Office of the Inspector General within DHS released a report, titled, "Implementation of L-1 visa Regulation".[18]
- In 2015, Senators Grassley and Senator Durbin introduced the H-1B and L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2015.[27][28]
Types of L-1 Visas
[edit]The L-1 visa has two subcategories:
- L-1A for executives and managers, valid up to 7 years.
- L-1B for workers with specialized knowledge, valid up to 5 years
After the expiration of the 7 or 5 years respectively, the foreign national can generally only qualify for L-1 status again by working abroad for at least 1 year for the parent, subsidiary, affiliate or branch office of the U.S. company.
There are two types of L-1 procedures:
- Regular L-1 visas, which must be applied for and approved for each individual by the USCIS; and
- Blanket L-1 visas, which are available to employers that meet certain criteria.
For a regular L-1 visa, the company must file a petition with the USCIS and each petition is evaluated on its own merits.
In the case of a blanket visa L1 petition, it has already been determined by USCIS that the company qualifies for the issuance of Intracompany Transferee visa, so the individual visa applicant need only file a copy of the approved blanket petition, along with documents supporting their personal qualifications, with the U.S. consulate or embassy having jurisdiction over their place of residence proving the applicant's qualifications
Application process
[edit]Application to an L-1 visa begins with the filing of a petition with the U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services (USCIS) on Form I-129 along with supporting documentation showing that both the U.S. company and the foreign parent, subsidiary, affiliate or branch meet the qualifying factors set forth in the law and regulations.[29]
Notice of approval of the Form I-129 is given by the USCIS on a Notice of Action, Form I-797, and using this as the basis of the application, the alien may apply for visa issuance at a consulate or embassy of the United States in the country having jurisdiction over their residence.
Applicants who are in the United States at the time of the filing of the I-129 can request a change of status from their present nonimmigrant status (i.e. visitor, student, etc.), so long as they are in status at the time of the filing of the I-129. If they go out of status after the filing, but before approval, there is no negative consequence, and the person does not accrue unlawful presence.
Upon application at the consulate or embassy, the spouse and children of the primary applicant who are under the age of 21 may be issued L-2 visas. Children of the primary L-1 can attend school. The spouse of the primary L-1 has an automatic right to work in the United States. Children cannot accept paid employment. The spouse can, but need not, apply with the USCIS for employment authorization after arriving in the United States and, after issuance of the Employment Authorization Document (EAD, Form I-765), may thereafter work for any employer. According to the Social Security Administration, the L-2 spouse is permitted to work, even without an Employment Authorization Document.[30] The spouse may apply directly to Social Security for issuance of a Social Security Number. The documents required for the L-2 Social Security number application are the same as the L-1 holder, but with the addition of either the EAD or an original marriage certificate.
An I-797 Notice of Action showing the approval of the visa petition does not guarantee that a visa will be issued at the U.S. consulate or embassy, but L-1 visas are normally approved if the consular officer concludes that the individual is qualified and that both the U.S. company and the foreign parent, subsidiary, affiliate or branch are legitimate.
Basis for visa denial: A consular officer may deny the issuance of an L-1 visa in cases where the officer determines the U.S. company that filed the L-1 petition may not be qualified, or that the parent, subsidiary, affiliate or branch outside the United States is not qualified or does not intend to continue in business after L-1 visa issuance, or that USCIS approved the petition based on a fraud committed by the company or the visa applicant, or that the applicant is ineligible for that class of visa under section 212(a) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act. In addition, the consular officer may request that the underlying petition be reconsidered by USCIS.
For an L-1 visa applicant, "dual Intent" is allowed: unlike some classes of non-immigrant visas (e.g., J-1 visas), L-1 applicants may not be denied a visa on the basis that they are an intending immigrant to the United States, or that they do not have a residence abroad which they do not intend to abandon.
If the person is a Canadian citizen applying for admission as an L-1 under the North American Free Trade Agreement, the petition may be filed at the port of entry when the person applies for admission.
Costs
[edit]The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Public Law 114-113), signed into law by President Obama on December 18, 2015, increases fees for certain H-1B and L-1 petitioners who employ 50 or more employees in the United States with more than 50 percent of their employees in the United States in H-1B or L (including L-1A and L-1B) nonimmigrant status. These petitioners must submit an additional fee of $4,000 for certain H-1B petitions and $4,500 for certain L-1A and L-1B petitions postmarked on or after December 18, 2015.[31]
Renewals
[edit]L-1 status may be renewed and extended within the United States. Except in the case of blanket petitions, a new I-129 petition must be filed. Renewal in the United States applies to status only, not the actual visa in the passport. For visa renewal, the applicant must go to a U.S. consulate or embassy outside the United States. An alien cannot leave the United States and then reenter without a valid L-1 visa, and must appear personally before a consular officer for visa issuance.
Change of Status from L-1B to L-1A
[edit]A petition to change status to visa L1A may be filed on behalf of a foreign national in L-1B status in order for the individual to move into a managerial position or an executive position. In order for the L-1B worker to be eligible for the full 7 years of L-1 status typically provided to L-1A workers, the petition must be approved by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services at least 6 months prior to the individual reaching the 5-year maximum period in L-1B status.[32]
Limits on employment authorization
[edit]A person in L-1 status generally may work only for the petitioning company. If the L-1 worker enters based on an L-1 blanket, however, it generally is possible for the worker to be moved in the same capacity to any other related company listed on the blanket.[33]
Criticism
[edit]The L-1 visa program has been criticized for many reasons.
No Wage and Labor Protections
[edit]A key problem that critics and labor experts have with the L-1 visa is that the program has no minimum wage requirement or wage protections, meaning companies can pay L-1 visa workers a far lower salary while in the United States. In one example, The U.S. Department of Labor fined Electronics for Imaging $3,500 for paying its L-1 visa workers $1.21 an hour and working some of them up to 122 hours a week.[34]
Worker Replacement
[edit]Some industry representatives have accused companies of utilizing the L-1 program to replace U.S. workers.[35][36][37][38]
Poor Skill Definition
[edit]Detractors and government officials have pointed out how the visa program does not define "specialized knowledge" for foreign workers in the L-1B visa category. The Inspector General for the Department of Homeland Security in 2006 found that the visa "is so broadly defined that adjudicators believe they have little choice but to approve almost all petitions.”[25]
Job Offshoring & Knowledge Transfer
[edit]Critics have taken issue with how the L-1 visa facilitates knowledge transfer to foreign countries and workers. American multinationals such as Intel use Americans to train L-1 visa workers so that they can return and manage their growing overseas offices. American workers are therefore asked to give away their knowledge to an up and coming foreign competitor while allowing companies to export their job more easily in the near future.[39]
When Siemens laid off computer programmers Patricia Fluno and Mike Emmons, they had to train their foreign L-1 visa replacements to receive their severance.[39]
The workers brought on visas via Tata Consultancy made a third the wage of an American.[24]
Bridge to Immigration?
[edit]Some policy scholars have noted that even as companies say the L-1 visa serves to transition guest workers into naturalized U.S. workers, employers have done little to sponsor these visa workers for green cards. In 2008, Intel and Exxon Mobil sponsored none of its L-1 visa workers for green cards after receiving 226 and 207, respectively.[25]
Visa Statistics
[edit]| Employer name | Employer industry | Approved Petitions |
|---|---|---|
| Tata Consultancy Services | Computer programming | 1,542 |
| Infosys | Computer programming | 517 |
| Amazon | Electronic Shopping | 455 |
| Cognizant | Computer Systems Design | 382 |
| Deloitte[a] | Professional services | 305 |
| IBM | Computer systems design | 280 |
| Tech Mahindra | Computer programming | 275 |
| Schlumberger | Oil and gas technology | 247 |
| Genpact | Computer programming | 190 |
| Sapient | Computer programming | 152 |
| Year | Number of L-1 Visa Issuances |
|---|---|
| 2000 | 54,963 |
| 2001 | 59,384 |
| 2002 | 57,721 |
| 2003 | 57,245 |
| 2004 | 62,700 |
| 2005 | 65,458 |
| 2006 | 72,613 |
| 2007 | 84,532 |
| 2008 | 84,078 |
| 2009 | 64,696 |
| 2010 | 74,719 |
| 2011 | 70,728 |
| 2012 | 62,430 |
| 2013 | 66,700 |
| 2014 | 71,513 |
| 2015 | 78,537 |
| 2016 | 79,306 |
| 2017 | 78,178 |
| 2018 | 74,388 |
| 2019 | 76,988 |
| 2020 | 35,228 |
| 2021 | 24,863 |
| 2022 | 72,958 |
Use for other countries
[edit]An individual with a valid L-1 visa does not need a visa to enter Costa Rica for tourism for up to 30 days.[40] The L-1 visa must be stamped in the passport and be valid for at least six months.[40] The passport needs to be valid for at least six months after entering Costa Rica.[40]
References
[edit]- ^ "Reciprocity by Country". Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ a b "Intracompany Transfers". Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Chapter 2 - Employment-Based Nonimmigrants". USCIS. Retrieved 18 Feb 2023.
- ^ "Form I-765 Application for Employment Authorization" (PDF).
- ^ "State Department Visa Issuance FY2022" (PDF).
- ^ "State Department Visa Issuance FY1997-FY2021".
- ^ a b "The Facts About the L‑1 Visa Program". www.cato.org. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ "Summary of Approved L-1 Petitions by Employers for 2019" (PDF).
- ^ Lazonick, Bill. "Globalization of the High-Tech Labor Force" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "USCIS: Approved L-1 Petitions by Employer: Fiscal Year 2019" (PDF).
- ^ "2015 L-1 Visa Petitions by Employer" (PDF).
- ^ "2016 L-1 Visa Petitions by Employer" (PDF).
- ^ "2017 L-1 Visa Petitions by Employer" (PDF).
- ^ "2018 L-1 Visa Petitions by Employer" (PDF).
- ^ "Abuses in the L-Visa Program: Undermining the U.S. Labor Market". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ a b Gonzalez, M. F. (2018). Highly skilled immigration in the united states in an age of globalization: An institutional and agency approach (Order No. 10825243). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; Social Science Premium Collection. (2074816399).
- ^ "Testimony by Stephen Yale-Loehr on L-1 Visas" (PDF). Congress.
- ^ a b c "Implementation of L-1 Visa Regulations" (PDF). DHS Office of the Inspector General.
- ^ a b c d "L Visas: Losing Jobs Through Laissez-Faire Policies?" (PDF).
- ^ "1990 Immigration Act" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ a b c d Department of Homeland Security Office of the Inspector General, “Review of Vulnerabilities and Potential Abuses of the L-1 Visa Program,”
- ^ "A Mainframe-Size Visa Loophole". Bloomberg.com. 2003-03-06. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ a b "The L-1 Visa and American Interests in the 21st Century" (PDF).
- ^ a b c "Bridge to Immigration or Cheap Temporary Labor? The H-1B & L-1 Visa Programs Are a Source of Both". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ "Guestworkers in the high-skill U.S. labor market: An analysis of supply, employment, and wage trends" (PDF). Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ "H-1B and L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2015".
- ^ "Analysis of the "H-1B and L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2015"". CIS.org. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ^ L1 Visa Guidelines USCIS
- ^ "Employment Authorization for Non-immigrants". Social Security Administration. 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
For COAs displaying a double asterisk (**) (non-immigrant E-1, E-2, and L-2 classifications), the spouse is also authorized to work without specific DHS authorization.
- ^ "New Law Increases H-1B and L-1 Petition Fees". USCIS. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
- ^ "8 C.F.R. §214.2(l)(15)(ii)". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 22 August 2013. "When an alien was initially admitted to the United States in a specialized knowledge capacity and is later promoted to a managerial or executive position, he or she must have been employed in the managerial or executive position for at least six months to be eligible for the total period of stay of seven years. The change to managerial or executive capacity must have been approved by the Service in an amended, new, or extended petition at the time that the change occurred."
- ^ "Foreign Affairs Manual - 9 FAM 402.12-8(I)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
- ^ "Workers paid $1.21 an hour to install Fremont tech company's computers". The Mercury News. 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ Costa, Daniel (November 11, 2014). "Little-known temporary visas for foreign tech workers depress wages". The Hill.
- ^ Tamen, Joan Fleischer (August 10, 2013). "Visa Holders Replace Workers". Sun Sentinel.
- ^ Velasco, Schuyler (February 3, 2016). "Americans are losing jobs to a visa program. Can it be fixed?" Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Kirby, Carrie (2003-05-25). "Visa's use provokes opposition by techies / L-1 regarded as threat to workers". SFGATE. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
- ^ a b Hira, Ron. Outsourcing America.
- ^ a b c "Situations That Do Not Need Tourist Visa to Enter Costa Rica". Embassy of Costa Rica in Washington, D.C. Retrieved December 10, 2018.