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Wah Mee massacre

Coordinates: 47°35′53″N 122°19′27″W / 47.59806°N 122.32417°W / 47.59806; -122.32417
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(Redirected from Kwan Fia Mak)
This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Wah Mee massacre
The shuttered entrance of the Wah Mee Club (double doors at left), December 2007
Location665 South King Street Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Coordinates47°35′53″N 122°19′27″W / 47.59806°N 122.32417°W / 47.59806; -122.32417
DateFebruary 19, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-02-19)
12:30 a.m. (PST)
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, armed robbery, gang attack
WeaponsThree .22 caliber handguns[1]
Deaths13
Injured1
Perpetrators
  • Kwan Fai "Willie" Mak (麥群輝)
  • Keung Kin "Benjamin" Ng (伍強健)
  • Wai Chiu "Tony" Ng (伍偉超)
MotiveRobbery
Wah Mee massacre
Traditional Chinese華美大屠殺
Simplified Chinese华美大屠杀
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuáměi dàtúshā
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingwaa4 mei5 daai6 tou4 saat3

The Wah Mee massacre was a mass shooting that occurred during the night of February 18–19, 1983, in the Wah Mee gambling club at the Louisa Hotel in Seattle, Washington, United States. Fourteen people were bound, robbed and shot by three gunmen, 22-year-old Kwan Fai "Willie" Mak[note 1], 20-year old Keung Kin "Benjamin" Ng[note 2] and 25-year-old Wai Chiu "Tony" Ng[note 3] (no relation). Thirteen of the victims died, but 61-year-old Wai Yok Chin[note 4], a former U.S. Navy sailor and Pai Gow dealer at the Wah Mee, survived to testify against the three in the separate high-profile trials held between 1983 and 1985.[2][3]

Mak and Benjamin Ng were both given life imprisonment, after Mak's initial death sentence was overturned in 1988, while Tony Ng received a 30-year sentence, serving 28 years before he was released and deported to his native Hong Kong in 2014. It remains the deadliest mass murder in the history of Washington State.[4]

Background

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Louisa Hotel and Wah Mee Club

[edit]
Main article: Louisa Hotel
S King St frontage of Louisa Hotel (2009); Maynard Alley is on the right side of the photograph.
Louisa Hotel Building, Wah Mee club basement exposed on Maynard Alley during renovation (2015). This is a rare view and possibly the last image of the actual crime scene.

The Louisa Hotel was built in 1909.[5] Paul Woo purchased the building in 1963 for US$160,000 (equivalent to $1,590,000 in 2023).[6] Both before and after that purchase, it functioned as a single room occupancy hotel (SRO) with street-level spaces for shops and restaurants until 1970, when tightened building codes led to the closure of the SRO portion.[5][7][6]

Two nightclubs operated illegally in the basement space of the hotel by the 1920s. The one in the western half, entered from Maynard Alley South, was originally named Blue Heaven.[5] At its height, patrons of many ethnic backgrounds visited to partake in gambling, dancing and other forms of entertainment. By the 1950s, the club had been renamed to Wah Mee (華美; 'Beautiful China'), known for high-stakes gaming.[7][8] The Wah Mee operated illegally, as contemporary local blue laws required clubs to close before midnight; it was raided by police in 1972.[9] By the 1980s, the Wah Mee had gained a much seedier reputation as a dive bar.[7][10]

Planning and motive

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Regulars at the Wah Mee included many wealthy restaurant owners, several of whom were among the victims.[9] Many of the victims were members of the Bing Kung Tong out of San Francisco.[11][12] According to witnesses for the subsequent prosecution, Willie Mak had been planning the robbery for some time, discussing on multiple occasions his idea to rob a gambling club and kill the witnesses.[13][14] He eventually enlisted the help of Benjamin Ng; both Ng and Mak were born in Guangdong Province, had previously attended Cleveland High School, were members of the Hop Sing Tong.[10][15] and worked at the same restaurant in Blaine in 1981.[13] Both were also suspects in prior crimes, including the killing of two Chinese women in Beacon Hill on July 16, 1982. Ng was also known to have shot and injured a teenager named Michael Chinn in 1981, after the victim had confronted Ng about him slashing the tires of his car.[15]

Tony Ng (no relation to Benjamin Ng), who had also attended Cleveland High School with them, was brought into the group as a "last-minute recruit".[16] According to Tony's testimony at his 1985 trial, he owed Mak $1,000 after gambling with Mak the night before the massacre. Mak offered to forgive the debt if he would participate in a shakedown at the Wah Mee.[17] The day before the robbery, Tony borrowed $1,000 to repay Mak; instead of accepting the money, Mak drew a gun, shot a bullet at Ng's feet, and threatened to kill Ng and his girlfriend, then destroy the Ng family's restaurant, if Ng went to the police.[18][19]

Facade of the Wah Mee Club (2010); the security office was housed behind the rows of glass blocks.

Security at the Wah Mee was based in part on a system of passing through two sets of locked doors, which had been used in similar Chinatown gambling dens for generations and had usually been quite effective. The security office at the front of the club had four rows of opaque glass blocks; one block facing the vestibule was transparent so the security guard on duty could identify patrons and staff. The outer set of doors could only be unlocked from the inside by the guard.[20] Mak and his accomplices defeated the system only because they were known and trusted by the people at the club. During the initial investigation, police stated there were no signs of resistance from the victims;[8] a spokesman said he "believe[d] they recognized [the killers]."[21] Their presumed intent in killing all occupants was to leave no witnesses, since club patrons could have readily identified them — as the one survivor, dealer Wai Yok Chin, did.

Massacre

[edit]

Sequence

[edit]

On the night of February 18, 1983, Chin arrived at approximately 11:50–11:55 PM for his regular shift as a pai gow dealer, which started at midnight.[13] Shortly after his shift began, he saw either Mak[13] or Benjamin (the identity varies depending on the source),[22] both of whom he recognized as club patrons, enter with a man he did not know (later identified as Tony). Both Mak (or Benjamin) and Tony then drew their guns, ordering everyone to lie down on the club's lower level.[22] At the time, there were ten other patrons and staff present besides the three gunmen. Approximately ten minutes later, either Benjamin[13] or Mak[22] entered the club; Mak stood on the club's upper level with a drawn gun,[14] supervising Benjamin and Tony as they methodically hogtied each victim's hands and feet with rope, laying them on their stomachs before proceeding to rob the victims of their wallets and money.[22]

While the robbery was in progress, four more patrons arrived; they too were bound and robbed. Chin convinced Tony, who was tying his bonds, to loosen the rope, as there was "no need to tie so tight, I'm an old man".[13][23] Once everyone was tied up, Chin heard and was struck by gunfire in the neck and jaw, and lapsed into unconsciousness.[23] Tony testified at trial that although he had a gun, he never used it and was forced to participate in the robbery under duress.[24] According to Tony, Mak instructed him to take the money and leave after all the victims had been bound; he fled across the alley to the Hop Sing Club to wait for Mak and Benjamin. Tony further testified that he heard gunshots after he had already exited the Wah Mee.[17] When Chin came to, he was able to loosen his ropes and staggered outside at 12:44 AM,[21] where he was able to find help from three patrons who had been buzzing to gain entry to the club.[1] After the police arrived, they found twelve dead; one more victim, Wah Mee manager John Loui, subsequently died of his injuries at the hospital,[8][21] and Chin was the sole survivor.[22]

According to the police, thirty-two shots were fired in total; twenty-six of those were fired from the same .22 caliber gun.[1] Each victim had been shot in the head at least once.[21]

Aftermath

[edit]

The buses come every day. Every day. It's not that I don't want it remembered so that it will never happen again. I just don't want it exploited like that. When there's a terrible murder somewhere else, you don't see a busload of Asians come out to look.

 — Donnie Chin, proprietor of the Sun May souvenir shop, quoted in 2008 Post-Intelligencer article[25]

Following the shooting, the doors to the Wah Mee were padlocked shut,[26] and the contents were not disturbed after the police left.[7][27] The club was never reopened, although the site was a popular stop for tour buses.[25]

A spokesman for the Hop Sing Tong denied the massacre was an act of war against the Bing Kung Tong; Mak and Benjamin Ng were both members of the Hop Sing, and most of the victims were members of the Bing Kung.[12]

Part of a mural discovered in the Club Royale space while the building was being restored in the 2010s

Chin, the sole survivor of the massacre, made a full recovery despite an early medical setback[28] and possible assassination threats that forced prosecutors to depose him on videotape prior to the trials.[29] He died in May 1993, aged 71.[30]

The Louisa Hotel continued to host street-level businesses until a fire on Christmas Eve 2013 destroyed the top floor and interior of the building.[7][31][32] The Woo family, who still owned the building, decided to demolish the fire-damaged portion (which included all of the former Wah Mee space) while retaining as much of the building as possible to preserve its contribution to the Chinatown Historic District.[33][5] Demolition work was completed in April 2015.[34] Reconstruction began February 12, 2018, with a blessing by Buddhist monks and a procession.[5] The building reopened June 2019, with eighty-five rental apartments plus street-level retail and restaurant space.[34]

Victims

[edit]

All 13 victims, twelve men and one woman, were of Cantonese-speaking Chinese origin, most from Hong Kong or Taishan.[a] Four of the dead, 48-year-old John S. Loui[note 5][b], 54-year-old Hung Fat Gee[note 6], 52-year-old Henning G. Chinn[note 7] and 54-year-old Gim Lun Wong[note 8], were employees at the Wah Mee (manager, cook/waiter and doormen respectively). The remaining eight were patrons, identified as 52-year-old restaurateur Moo Min Mar[note 9], 47-year-old Jean Bick Chinn[note 10], 60-year-old retired postal worker Jack Mar[note 11], 68-year-old Kokusai Theater projectionist Dewey Mar, 59-year-old line cook and former U.S. Army sergeant Wing Wong[note 12][c], 60-year-old fisherman and cook Lung Wing Chin[note 13], 51-year-old car repair shop owner and part-time employee Chin Lee Law[note 14], 47-year-old chef George Mar[note 15], and 55-year-old cook and legionnaire of Cathay Post 186 Chong L. Chin[note 16]. Besides Moo Min Mar and Jean Chinn, who were husband and wife, none of the victims were related.[4][36][37][38][39][40] With the exception of Henning Chinn, all victims were members of the Bing Kung Tong.[12]

Arrests

[edit]

Chin was able to identify both Mak and Benjamin for the police; the identity of the third gunman was unknown to him.[22][21]

In the early morning of February 19, the Seattle police went to the home of Benjamin's brother, Stephen, who told them that Benjamin lived with his girlfriend in her parents' home. The police arrested Benjamin at the girlfriend's residence, where he had been sleeping.[41] After obtaining a search warrant, the police returned later that afternoon to find $7,500 in cash, two loaded .38 caliber revolvers, an M-1 rifle and ammunition in the bedroom.[22]

Mak called and turned himself in to police hours later.[8][9] Shortly after his arrest, he confessed that he had "shot them all", a statement he later repudiated.[42] Police recovered more guns and cash from Mak's home on February 19, but none of the guns matched those used in the murders.[11] An unidentified third man, who accompanied Mak to the surrender, was questioned and released.[20] Two men, including Mak's older brother, were accused of destroying evidence of the crime; Mak had borrowed a car from one of the men the night of the massacre.[43]

Police identified Tony Ng as the third suspect and issued a federal warrant for his arrest on March 31, 1983.[44] After speaking with his mother the morning after the massacre, Tony fled to Canada upon learning that thirteen people had been killed.[17] The Bing Kung Tong offered a US$60,000 (equivalent to $184,000 in 2023) reward for information leading to his arrest and conviction.[11] On June 15, 1984, Tony became the 387th person to be listed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.[44] He was arrested October 4, 1984, in Calgary, Alberta, by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting on a tip made to Seattle police.[45][46] At the time, Tony was working as an electronics assembly technician under the alias Jim Wong, living with a roommate who was unaware of his fugitive status; police suspected he had been partially supported by his family.[45] His extradition to the U.S. was blocked by his Canadian lawyer until American authorities dropped the charges that could have resulted in the death penalty.[16][45][47][48]

Trials and sentencing

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On February 24, 1983, Mak and Benjamin were charged with thirteen counts of aggravated first-degree murder and one count of first degree assault.[22] Benjamin was represented by Seattle defense lawyer John Henry Browne.[41] Mak was represented by the associated counsel for the accused, lawyers Jim Robinson[49] and Don Madsen.[50] The State was represented by William Downing and Robert Lasnik.[51] On March 22, Judge Frank D. Howard set a preliminary trial date for both Benjamin and Mak for April 20,[29] but they were tried separately because the defense believed Mak would blame Ng.[11] Tony was named the third suspect, charged in absentia on March 30, 1983, with thirteen counts of aggravated first-degree murder.

Benjamin Ng

[edit]

On August 25, 1983, Benjamin was convicted on the thirteen counts of aggravated first-degree murder after two to three hours of deliberation[1][52][53] and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on the next day.[42][54] During the sentencing phase, Benjamin's mother testified on his behalf, stating the family had emigrated from Hong Kong in 1975; while still in Hong Kong, Benjamin had been beaten on the head repeatedly with a piece of wood, resulting in brain damage, as corroborated by medical experts.[52]

Jury selection for the trial began on August 9.[41] Initially, Ng's defense claimed he did not shoot anyone,[53] as the weapons found in the bedroom of his girlfriend were a different caliber, but the prosecution asserted that .22 caliber shell casings recovered at the Wah Mee scene matched a gun that Ng once fired.[55] During the trial, Ng's attorney conceded that he had participated in the robbery and was guilty of first-degree murder, but not aggravated first-degree murder; the distinction, had he been convicted of first-degree murder without aggravation, would have made him ineligible for the death penalty and would have raised the possibility of parole.[23] The defense had contended that although Benjamin Ng had participated in planning the robbery, he did not plan to murder the victims to silence potential witnesses.[53] The jury concluded that Ng had killed in furtherance of the robbery, justifying the aggravated murder enhancement.[54]

Ng was sentenced to a 15th life sentence in December 1983, after testimony accusing him of the unrelated murder of Franklin E. Leach near Lake Washington on October 22, 1981, was introduced during Mak's trial.[45][56]

Willie Mak

[edit]

On October 6, 1983, Willie Mak was convicted of 13 counts of aggravated first degree murder and one count of first-degree assault[57][58] and sentenced to death by hanging on October 22.[59] On April 24, 1986, the Washington State Supreme Court upheld the verdict and death sentence.[60]

Jury selection for the trial began on September 12.[61] The defense were expected to blame an unnamed individual who wished to gain control over illegal gambling operations in Chinatown.[61] At his trial, Mak claimed that he had only gone to the Wah Mee to rough up a patron as retaliation for the beating of a senior Hop Sing Tong official. Mak, a member of the Hop Sing along with Benjamin Ng,[12] claimed he was directed to do so by Roy Chu, president of the Hop Sing, an allegation which Chu denied. According to Mak's testimony, Benjamin Ng and his companion were independently robbing the patrons and Mak left before any shooting occurred, but he heard "snapping sounds" as he left.[14][57] In addition, Mak's lawyer argued that Benjamin Ng was the shooter at the Wah Mee by blaming Ng for the unsolved murder of Franklin Leach, aged 71, in 1981. According to Jim Robinson, Leach was shot when he jogged by Mak and Ng as they were dumping a stolen safe into Lake Washington.[49] During the trial, prosecutors and police used hypnosis to change the testimony of a defense witness.[14]

On February 17, 1987 the Washington State Supreme Court issued a stay of execution a month before Willie Mak's scheduled execution, but on May 2, 1988 the State Supreme Court let Mak's murder conviction stand. However, on November 10, 1988, Willie Mak's execution was delayed indefinitely by a federal judge. On January 8, 1991 U.S. District Judge William Dwyer overturned Willie Mak's death sentence, saying Mak's attorneys failed to present evidence on their client's background that could have saved his life. On July 16, 1992, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals refused to reinstate Mak's death sentence.

On November 9, 1994, a King County Superior Court judge denied Mak's bid for a new trial but allowed prosecutors to hold a new sentencing hearing. On February 15, 2002, a King County Superior Court judge scheduled a sentencing hearing for September 2002. On April 29, 2002, a King County Superior Court judge ruled that Mak will not face execution since the 1983 jury wasn't asked to determine how much of a role he had in the crime. Mak was resentenced to life without parole.[62][63]

Tony Ng

[edit]

Tony Ng was acquitted on April 19, 1985, of murder, but convicted of 13 counts of first-degree robbery and a single count of assault with a deadly weapon.[64] Each robbery charge brought a minimum sentence of five years, some to be served consecutively.[65] On July 3, 1985, Tony Ng was sentenced to 13 life terms, one for each count of first-degree robbery, which would mean a term of 35 years in total.[66]

The jury selection for Tony Ng's trial was completed on April 4 after four days of proceedings.[67] Tony Ng was represented at his trial by Mark Mestel and John Muenster.[18][17] Defense attorneys questioned whether the 45-minute statement Ng gave to the RCMP upon his arrest in Calgary was admissible, as he had not been advised of his rights.[67] Prior to the trial, prosecutors stated they would not seek the death penalty, as the earlier trials of Benjamin Ng and Mak showed that Tony Ng did not play a part in the planning of the crime.[16] At his trial, the defense argued that Ng "had no reason in the world to [participate in the robbery]" and drew a contrast between the "homicidal maniacs" Mak and Benjamin Ng and his client, characterized as quiet, shy, and passive.[19] The prosecution countered by asking why Mak and Benjamin Ng would "drag an unwilling witness into a crime that had as a central facet the elimination of all witnesses".[19]

In 1997, federal magistrate John Weinberg concluded that Ng did not receive a fair trial in 1985 and recommended either his release or a new trial. No action was required unless a U.S. District Court judge acted on his recommendation.[68]

I want the victims [of the Wah Mee Massacre] to forgive me for my participation on that night. It was a mistake, and I want to say I’m sorry. [...] I shouldn’t have hung around [Mak and Benjamin Ng] but I did. I wasn’t street-wise and didn’t know how to say no. I want the Asian community to forgive the fact that I caused pain.

 — Tony Ng, Northwest Asian Weekly, December 2009[69]

On September 6, 2006, a parole board met to determine whether Tony Ng should receive parole on his 12th robbery term. If given parole, he would begin serving his 13th term, with the potential to be eligible for parole and freed in 2010. Both former King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng and former Seattle Police Chief Patrick Fitzsimons asked the parole board to deny parole on the 12th count. Relatives of the victims who came to the hearing expressed outrage that they were not made aware of previous parole hearings and that Tony Ng was so close to possible release because of it.[39] Ng was denied parole in 2007, which meant he could not begin serving time on the final count.[70]

In December 2009, the parole of Tony Ng again came before the state parole board; relatives of the victims again spoke before the board, urging against his release.[65][69][71] In February 2010, a parole board unanimously decided "now is the time to parole Mr. [Tony] Ng to his final count."[72] On October 24, 2013, Tony Ng was granted parole.[73] Although the relatives of the victims continued to oppose the parole, he was released on October 25, 2013, from state prison directly to the Northwest detention center in Tacoma, into the custody of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement for deportation proceedings.[39][24] He was deported to Hong Kong on May 13, 2014.[74]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ With the exception of Henning Chinn, who was born to a Chinese family in Seattle, and Chin Lee Law, who was a Chinese Indonesian who lived in Mainland China and Hong Kong since childhood, the victims were all born in China.[35]
  2. ^ Similar to other victims who were only listed by their English first names, most sources provide only phonetic spellings of Loui's name, although the majority use the surname 雷 (léi in pinyin or lui3 in Taishanese) or 吕 (lǚ in pinyin or lui4 in Taishanese)
  3. ^ Also given the alternate name Biou Lew (Chinese: 劉標; pinyin: Liú Biāo; jyutping: lau4 biu1). Lew is the surname his son uses, but his paternal extended family is named Wong.
  1. ^ Mak Kwan Fai: Chinese: 麥群輝; pinyin: Mài Qúnhuī; Jyutping: mak6 kwan4 fai1
  2. ^ Ng Keung Kin: Chinese: 伍強健; pinyin: Wǔ Qiángjiàn; Jyutping: ng5 koeng4 gin6
  3. ^ Ng Wai Chiu: Chinese: 伍偉超; pinyin: Wǔ Wěichāo; Jyutping: ng5 wai5 ciu1
  4. ^ Chin Yok Wai: Chinese: 陳玉槐; pinyin: Chén Yùhuá; Jyutping: can4 juk6 waai4
  5. ^ John Loui: Chinese: 梅啟權; pinyin: Méi Qǐquán; Jyutping: mui4 kai2 kyun4
  6. ^ Gee Hung Fat: Chinese: 朱鴻發; pinyin: Zhū Hóngfā; Jyutping: zyu1 hung4 faat3
  7. ^ Henning Gin Chinn: Chinese: 陳健; pinyin: Chén Jiàn; Jyutping: can4 gin6
  8. ^ Wong Gim Lun: Chinese: 黄锦伦; pinyin: Huáng Jǐnlún; Jyutping: wong4 gam2 leon4
  9. ^ Mar Moo Min: Chinese: 馬禮佐; pinyin: Mǎ Lǐzuǒ; Jyutping: maa5 lai5 zo3
  10. ^ Chinn Jean Bick; also Jean C. Mar: Chinese: 陳碧珍; pinyin: Chén Bìzhēn; Jyutping: can4 bik1 zan1
  11. ^ Jack Mar: Chinese: 馬發; pinyin: Mǎ Fā; Jyutping: maa5 faat3
  12. ^ Wong Wing: Chinese: 王穎; pinyin: Wáng Yǐng; Jyutping: wong4 wing6
  13. ^ Chin Lung Wing: Chinese: 陳家源; pinyin: Chén Jiāyuán; Jyutping: can4 gaa1 jyun4
  14. ^ Law Chin Lee: Chinese: 羅俊利; pinyin: Luó Jùnlì; Jyutping: lo4 zeon3 lei6; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô Tsùn-lāi
  15. ^ George Mar: Chinese: 馬啟予; pinyin: Mǎ Qǐyǔ; Jyutping: maa5 kai2 jyu5
  16. ^ Chin Len Chong: Chinese: 陳昌連; pinyin: Chén Chānglián; Jyutping: can4 coeng1 lin4

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Turner, Wallace (25 August 1983). "20-YEAR-OLD IS CONVICTED IN DEATHS OF 13 IN SEATTLE". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. ^ "香港移民在美杀13人 经19年审判被判13次终身监禁". People's Daily. 2002-05-22.
  3. ^ "居殺案中的 帝皇演敢高法院提堂，被控以一級行规和一級 昨日在華盛 上國·西雅圆華埠居段案的兩名破告". Shing Wah Daily News. March 7, 1983. p. 16.
  4. ^ a b Chew, Ron (1983-09-15). "Willie Mak goes on trial". International Examiner. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  5. ^ a b c d e Moles, Kathleen (April 30, 2018). "Discovery of Prohibition-era murals in Seattle building with long and varied history is reported on February 6, 2018". HistoryLink. Seattle Office of Arts & Culture. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  6. ^ a b Boiko-Weyrauch, Anna (October 31, 2018). "How many Seattle buildings would be doomed in a big earthquake?". KUOW. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e Conklin, Ellis E. "The Broken Heart of Chinatown". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  8. ^ a b c d Finn, Terry (February 20, 1983). "Two men held in execution of 13 Asians". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Parker, Laura (February 20, 1983). "Police Discover 13 Fatally Shot In Seattle Club". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  10. ^ a b Parker, Laura (February 22, 1983). "Seattle's Wah Mee Club, Once a Respectable Bar, Became Place of Death". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d "First Chinatown mass murder suspect set for trial". United Press International. UPI. August 7, 1983. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d "Deny slayings signal tong war". United Press International. UPI. February 27, 1983. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Finn, Terry (September 22, 1983). "The sole survivor of the Chinatown massacre testified Thursday". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d Finn, Terry (October 4, 1983). "Closing arguments in Chinatown slayings". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  15. ^ a b Balter, Joni (February 21, 1983). "Mass murders suspects wanted in other killings". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  16. ^ a b c Green, Tom (October 17, 1984). "Prosecutors say no death penalty for Tony Ng". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d "Suspect claims innocence in massacre". United Press International. UPI. April 9, 1985. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  18. ^ a b Anderson, Rick (March 2, 2010). "SPD | Wah Mee's killing floor". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  19. ^ a b c "Seattle Chinatown massacre case goes to jury". United Press International. UPI. April 16, 1985. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  20. ^ a b Turner, Wallace (February 20, 1983). "13 Slain At Club In Seattle's Chinatown". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  21. ^ a b c d e "13 slain in Chinatown gambling club robbery; 2 suspects in custody". United Press International. UPI. February 19, 1983. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h The State of Washington vs. Benjamin Kin Ng, 104 Wn.2d 763 (The Supreme Court of Washington December 5, 1985).
  23. ^ a b c Parker, Laura (August 25, 1983). "Hong Kong Immigrant Is Convicted In Seattle Chinatown Club Slaughter". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  24. ^ a b Sullivan, Jennifer; Carter, Mike (October 26, 2013). "Wah Mee Massacre participant granted parole, will be deported". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  25. ^ a b Murakami, Kery (February 18, 2008). "Wah Mee: After 25 years, pain lingers". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  26. ^ Turner, Wallace (February 21, 1983). "Club Where 13 Were Slain Is Like Many In Coast Chinatowns". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  27. ^ Millman, Zosha (February 18, 2018). "Sunday marks 35 years since the Wah Mee Massacre". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  28. ^ "Wai Yak Chin, the sole survivor of the Chinatown..." United Press International. UPI. March 10, 1983. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  29. ^ a b Finn, Terry (March 22, 1983). "Trial date set in Chinatown mass murder". United Press International. UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  30. ^ Seven, Richard (May 6, 1993). "Wah Mee Survivor Wai Chin Dies At Age 71". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  31. ^ Rosenthal, Brian M. (December 26, 2013). "Fire battled at site of Wah Mee massacre". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  32. ^ "Site of notorious Seattle massacre gutted by fire". United Press International. UPI. December 26, 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  33. ^ Garnick, Coral (March 5, 2014). "Owners to raze part of Wah Mee building, preserve its exterior". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  34. ^ a b Brodeur, Nicole (June 17, 2019). "Historic Louisa Hotel, witness to Seattle history and tragedy, opens new chapter as apartment building". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  35. ^ Hackett, Nicola Trish (2018-05-28). "Harry Chinn – WW II Veteran and POW in Germany". Chinese Exclusion Act Case Files. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  36. ^ Turner, Wallace; Times, Special To the New York (1983-02-20). "13 SLAIN AT CLUB IN SEATTLE'S CHINATOWN (Published 1983)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  37. ^ "Wah Mee Massacre leaves 13 dead in Seattle's Chinatown International". HistoryLink. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  38. ^ "Should Willie Mak hang?". South China Morning Post. 1993-08-15. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  39. ^ a b c Singer, Natalie (September 7, 2006). "23 years haven't erased grief caused by Wah Mee Massacre". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
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