Anti-shock body
Anti-shock body is the name given by Richard T. Whitcomb to a pod positioned on the upper surface of a wing.[1] Its purpose is to reduce wave drag while travelling at transonic speeds (Mach 0.8–1.0), which includes the typical cruising range of conventional jet airliners. The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary defines shock body (also known as Whitcomb body, Küchemann carrot or speed bump) as a streamlined volume added to improve area rule distribution.[2]
The anti-shock, or shock, body was one of a number of ways of implementing what was then the recently developed area rule. Another was fuselage shaping.
Theory
[edit]The theory behind the anti-shock body was independently developed during the early 1950s, by two aerodynamists, Richard Whitcomb at NASA and Dietrich Küchemann at the British Royal Aircraft Establishment.[3][4] The anti-shock body is closely associated with the area rule,[5]: 49–53 a recent innovation of the era to minimise wave drag by having a cross-sectional area which changes smoothly along the length of the aircraft.[6][7] The extension beyond the trailing edge was considered secondary to the body on the wing surface, which slowed the supersonic flow to give a weaker shock and acted as a fence to prevent outward flow. The extension was only long enough to prevent flow separation.[5]: 52 Whitcomb stated that the anti-shock body was no longer required on the top surface of a wing when the supercritical airfoil was introduced[8] because they both decreased the strength of, or eliminated, the shock and its attendant drag.
Applications
[edit]Aircraft that have used anti-shock bodies are the Convair 990 and Fokker 100 airliners.[9]
Küchemann carrots were added to the Handley Page Victor to provide volume for carrying chaff. They did not improve the performance of the aircraft, and when they became redundant for their intended purpose they were left in place to save the cost of removing them.[10]
Boeing tested the effect of adding similar bodies to a wind tunnel model of the Boeing 707. Although the speed beyond which the drag rose abruptly was increased, the additional friction drag on the surface area of the bodies cancelled out any advantage.[11]
Alternative
[edit]Modern jet aircraft use supercritical airfoils to minimize drag from shockwaves on the upper surface.[12]
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NASA Convair 990 with antishock bodies on the top of the wings -
Handley Page Victor B2 with Kuchemann carrots on wing surface -
![Fokker 100 showing anti-shock bodies[9] on upper surface of wing](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Austrian_Arrows_Fokker_F100_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/405px-Austrian_Arrows_Fokker_F100_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Fokker 100 showing anti-shock bodies[9] on upper surface of wing
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![Fokker 100 showing anti-shock bodies[9] on upper surface of wing](/wiki/File:Austrian_Arrows_Fokker_F100_(1)_(cropped).jpg)
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Whitcomb, Richard T. (June 1958). "NACA Technical Note 4293 - Special bodies added on a wing to reduce shock-induced boundary-layer separation at high subsonic speeds" (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary".
- ^ Wallace, Lane E. "The Whitcomb Area Rule: NACA Aerodynamics Research and Innovation". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Barnard and Philpott 2010, p. 254.
- ^ a b "Aviation Week: July 14, 1958". McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ Reis, Ricardo (1 December 2014). "Coca-Cola bottles and carrots". upmagazine-tap.com.
- ^ Hallion, Richard P. "Richard Whitcomb's Triple Play". airforcemag.com. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ "NASA Conference Publication 3256 - Proceedings of the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire and Supercritical Wing First Flight's 20th Anniversary Celebration" (PDF). 1996. p. 91. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ a b Ed Obert (2009), Aerodynamic Design of Transport Aircraft. ISBN 978 1 58603 970 7. Fig.40.28.
- ^ Roger R. Brooks, The Handley Page Victor: The History and Development of A Classic Jet. Volume 2. ISBN 978 1 84415 570 5. pp. 175,190.
- ^ The Road To The 707 The Inside Story of Designing the 707, William H.Cook,ISBN 09629605 0 0, p.259
- ^ "NASA Conference Publication 3256 - Proceedings of the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire and Supercritical Wing First Flight's 20th Anniversary Celebration" (PDF). 1996. p. 91. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
Bibliography
[edit]- ap Rees, Elfan. "Handley Page Victor: Part 2". Air Pictorial, June 1972, Vol. 34, No 6., pp. 220–226.
- Barnard, R. H. and D. R. Philpott. Aircraft Flight: A Description of the Physical Principles of Aircraft Flight. Pearson Education, 2010. ISBN 0-2737-3098-3.