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Kongō Gumi

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Kabushiki Gaisha Kongō Gumi
株式会社金剛組
Kongō Gumi
Company typeSubsidiary (since 2006)
IndustryConstruction
Founded578; 1446 years ago (578)[1]
FounderShigemitsu Kongō
Headquarters
Osaka
,
Japan
ParentTakamatsu Construction Group (2006–present)
Websitekongogumi.co.jp
Kongō Yoshie, the 38th master carpenter of Kongō Gumi and employees[2]

Kongō Gumi Co., Ltd. (株式会社金剛組, Kabushiki Gaisha Kongō Gumi) is a Japanese construction company, purportedly founded in 578 A.D.,[3] making it the world's oldest documented company. The company mainly works on the design, construction, restoration, and repair of shrines, temples, castles, and cultural heritage buildings. While Kongō Gumi historically specialized in traditional architecture, increased competition from major construction companies due to the growing use of concrete in shrines and temples resulted in the company becoming a subsidiary of the Takamatsu Construction Group in January 2006.[4][5]

History

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Headquartered in Osaka, Kongō Gumi was a family-owned construction company for over 1,400 years. A 3-metre-long (9.8 ft) 17th century scroll traces the 40 generations back to the company's start. [6] It has continued operation through the founder's descendants.[7] As with many distinguished Japanese families, sons-in-law often joined the clan and took the Kongō family name.[7] This allowed the company to continue with the same name when there were no sons in a generation.[7] Thus, through the years, the line has continued through either a son or a daughter. Another factor for the company's longevity is the Buddhist temple construction business, which has been a reliable mainstay due to millions of Buddhist adherents.[7] Over the centuries, Kongō Gumi participated in the construction of many famous buildings, including the 16th century Osaka Castle.[8]

Kongō Gumi was one of the first construction companies in Japan to use concrete with wood to build temples after the Meiji Restoration. They also pioneered the use of computer-aided design (CAD) for temple design.[citation needed]

The company fell on hard times and went into liquidation in January 2006, and was purchased by the Takamatsu Construction Group.[7] Before its liquidation, it had as few as 100 employees. In 2005 it had annual revenue of ¥7.5 billion (US$70 million), and it still specialized in building Buddhist temples. The last president was Masakazu Kongō, the 40th Kongō to lead the firm. As of February 2023, Kongō Gumi continues to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Takamatsu Construction Group.[9]

Timeline

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In 578, Kongō Shikō, one of the three Miyadaiku (specialized carpenters who build shrines and temples) invited from Baekje by Prince Shōtoku[citation needed] to construct Shitennō-ji, founds the company. Until the Edo period, Kongō Gumi remains the Miyadaiku for Shitennō-ji.

In 593, Shitennō-ji was completed. The construction method used to build it is still alive in the Kongō Construction's "assembly method".[citation needed]

In 1576, Shitennō-ji was burned down by Oda Nobunaga. The company participated in the construction of Osaka Castle during the 16th century. In the winter of 1614 during the Siege of Osaka, Shitennō-ji burned down again. It has been rebuilt seven times due to war and natural disasters, and each time, the successive Kongō Gumi worked to rebuild it.

In 1868, Shitennō-ji lost its temple estate, and Kongō Gumi could no longer receive the stipend from Shitennō-ji.

In 1903, Kongō Gumi built the Daimon Gate.

In 1934, the Shitennō-ji Gojū-no-tō (five-story pagoda) collapsed due to the 1934 Muroto typhoon. Kongō Gumi was able to rebuild it under the leadership of Yoshie Kongō, the first woman to become the head carpenter in the company's history.

In 1955, Kongō Gumi incorporated.

In November 2005, Shin-Kongo Construction, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Takamatsu Construction, was established.

In January 2006, the company transferred its business to Shin-Kongo Construction and most of its employees moved to the new company. The old Kongō Construction remained only in the real estate division and changed its name to KJ Construction Co., Ltd. The over-1,400-year-old Kongō family's management structure essentially closed its doors.

In July 2006, KJ Construction filed for bankruptcy due to insufficient funds. The total debt was about 4 billion yen.

In July 2007, they[clarification needed] acquired all the shares of Nakamura Shaji, a company undergoing civil rehabilitation.

In May 2008, they[clarification needed] established Kongō Construction Engineering as a subsidiary specialized in the construction and repair of yamakasa, danjiri, and mikoshi (floats and portable shrines used in festivals).

The Shitennō-ji complex around 1880, for which Kongō Gumi served as Miyadaiku for centuries

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Nikkei Asia (2021). Japan's oldest company defies time with merit-based succession.
  2. ^ https://www.kongogumi.co.jp/ [bare URL]
  3. ^ "金剛組｜社寺の新築・修復工事調査". 社寺建築のプロ【株式会社金剛組】公式サイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  4. ^ "土地活用・賃貸マンション建設なら高松建設". www.takamatsu-const.co.jp. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  5. ^ Daily, The Chosun (2024-02-24). "End of the Road for World's Oldest Firm". The Chosun Daily (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  6. ^ "金剛組｜社寺の新築・修復工事調査". 社寺建築のプロ【株式会社金剛組】公式サイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  7. ^ a b c d e "The End of a 1,400-Year-Old Business". Bloomberg. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
  8. ^ "金剛組｜社寺の新築・修復工事調査". 社寺建築のプロ【株式会社金剛組】公式サイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  9. ^ Yasuhiko Nakazawa (December 31, 2020). "Japan's oldest company defies time with merit-based succession". Nikkei. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021.
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